1
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Gisbert VG, Garcia R. Insights and guidelines to interpret forces and deformations at the nanoscale by using a tapping mode AFM simulator: dForce 2.0. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:5857-5868. [PMID: 37305960 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Amplitude modulation (tapping mode) AFM is the most versatile AFM mode for imaging surfaces at the nanoscale in air and liquid environments. However, it remains challenging to estimate the forces and deformations exerted by the tip. We introduce a new simulator environment to predict the values of the observables in tapping mode AFM experiments. The relevant feature of dForce 2.0 is the incorporation of contact mechanics models aimed to describe the properties of ultrathin samples. These models were essential to determine the forces applied on samples such as proteins, self-assembled monolayers, lipid bilayers, and few-layered materials. The simulator incorporates two types of long-range magnetic forces. The simulator is written in an open-source code (Python) and it can be run from a personal computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Gisbert
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Liang X, Kojima T, Ito M, Amino N, Liu H, Koishi M, Nakajima K. In Situ Nanostress Visualization Method to Reveal the Micromechanical Mechanism of Nanocomposites by Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12414-12422. [PMID: 36852783 PMCID: PMC9999342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomechanical technique was used to directly visualize the micromechanical behaviors of polymer nanocomposites during compressive strain. We obtained a stress distribution image of carbon black (CB)-filled rubber at the nanoscale for the first time, and we traced the microscopic deformation behaviors of CB particles. Through this experiment, we directly revealed the microscopic reinforcement mechanisms of rubber composites. We found that CB-filled rubbers exhibited heterogeneous local microscopic deformations, which were related to the dispersion of CB particles in rubber matrices. The local stress distributions of the rubber composites showed heterogeneity, and the stresses were concentrated in the regions near the CB particles during compression. The area of stress concentration gradually expanded with increasing strain and eventually formed a stress network structure. This stress network bore most of the macroscopic stress and was considered the key reinforcement mechanism of CB-filled rubber. The stress transfer process in the rubber matrix was visualized in real space for the first time. Based on the image data from the AFM experiments, we used finite-element method (FEM) simulations to reproduce the microscopic deformation process of CB-filled rubber. The stress distribution images simulated by FEM showed heterogeneity consistent with AFM. In this study, an in situ visualization of material deformation confirmed the predictions of microscopic deformation behavior from previous theories and models; it also provided new insights into the microscopic reinforcement mechanisms of CB-filled rubber composites based on microscopic stress distribution images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liang
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- AI
Laboratory, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1, Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Naoya Amino
- AI
Laboratory, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1, Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masataka Koishi
- AI
Laboratory, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1, Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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3
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Wang S, Luo Z, Liang J, Hu J, Jiang N, He J, Li Q. Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics: Understanding the Matrix/Particle Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13612-13656. [PMID: 36107156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics possess exceptional electric properties that are absent in the pristine dielectric polymers. The matrix/particle interface in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics is suggested to play decisive roles on the bulk material performance. Herein, we present a critical overview of recent research advances and important insights in understanding the matrix/particle interfacial characteristics in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. The primary experimental strategies and state-of-the-art characterization techniques for resolving the local property-structure correlation of the matrix/particle interface are dissected in depth, with a focus on the characterization capabilities of each strategy or technique that other approaches cannot compete with. Limitations to each of the experimental strategy are evaluated as well. In the last section of this Review, we summarize and compare the three experimental strategies from multiple aspects and point out their advantages and disadvantages, critical issues, and possible experimental schemes to be established. Finally, the authors' personal viewpoints regarding the challenges of the existing experimental strategies are presented, and potential directions for the interface study are proposed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Nguyen HK, Shundo A, Liang X, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Nakajima K. Unraveling Nanoscale Elastic and Adhesive Properties at the Nanoparticle/Epoxy Interface Using Bimodal Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42713-42722. [PMID: 36070235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The addition of a small fraction of solid nanoparticles to thermosetting polymers can substantially improve their fracture toughness, while maintaining various intrinsic thermomechanical properties. The underlying mechanism is largely related to the debonding process and subsequent formation of nanovoids at a nanoscale nanoparticle/epoxy interface, which is thought to be associated with a change in the structural and mechanical properties of the formed epoxy network at the interface compared with the matrix region. However, a direct characterization of the local physical properties at this nanoscale interface remains significantly challenging. Here, we employ a recently developed bimodal atomic force microscopy technique for the direct mapping of nanoscale elastic and adhesive responses of an amine-cured epoxy resin filled with ∼50 nm diameter silica nanoparticles. The obtained elastic modulus and dissipated energy maps with high spatial resolution evidence the existence of a ∼20-nm-thick interfacial epoxy layer surrounding the nanoparticles, which exhibits a reduced modulus and weaker adhesive response in comparison with the matrix properties. While the presence of such a soft and weak-adhesive interfacial layer is found not to affect the architecture of structural heterogeneities in the epoxy matrix, it conceivably supports the toughening mechanism related to the debonding and plastic nanovoid growth at the silica/epoxy interface. The incorporation of this soft interfacial layer into the Halpin-Tsai model also provides a good explanation for the effect of the silica fraction on the tensile modulus of cured epoxy nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung K Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Atsuomi Shundo
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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5
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Liang X, Nakajima K. Study of the Mullins Effect in Carbon Black-Filled Styrene–Butadiene Rubber by Atomic Force Microscopy Nanomechanics. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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6
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Nguyen HK, Nakajima K. Evidence of the Transition from a Flexible to Rigid Percolating Network in Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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7
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Xiang Z, Hu F, Wu X, Qi F, Zhang B, Zhao N, Ouyang X. Preparation of poly(ionic liquid)/multi-walled carbon nanotube fillers using divinylbenzene as a linker to enhance the impact resistance of polyurethane elastomers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1777-1787. [PMID: 35425162 PMCID: PMC8979035 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brittle fracture of polyurethane elastomer (PUE) under high-speed impact limits its application in high-speed impact protection. Here, based on the principle of free radical polymerization and π-π conjugation, composite nanoparticles (C-MWCNTs) are prepared by copolymerization of epoxy group ionic liquid (GVIMBr) and divinylbenzene (DVB) on MWCNTs using DVB as a linker. C-MWCNTs participate in the curing process of PUE through epoxy groups to form in situ crosslinked C-MWCNTs/PUE, which improves the energy absorption and high-speed impact properties of PUE. Compared with neat PUE, the maximum compressive strength and energy absorbed by C-MWCNTs/PUE are increased by 46.3% and 23.6%, respectively. By observing the microsurface and fracture morphology of C-MWCNTs/PUE, the relationship between macroscopic mechanical properties and microstructure is constructed. The improvement of the mechanical properties of the C-MWCNTs/PUE is attributed to the interfacial interaction and homogeneous dispersion of the C-MWCNTs in the PUE matrix. These microscopic effects are caused by the good compatibility between GVIMBr and PUE matrix and the synergistic enhancement between GVIMBr and MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Fan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Fugang Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Nie Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
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8
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Gong K, Tian H, Liu H, Liu X, Hu GH, Yu B, Ning N, Tian M, Zhang L. Grafting of Isobutylene–Isoprene Rubber with Glycidyl Methacrylate and Its Reactive Compatibilization Effect on Isobutylene–Isoprene Rubber/Polyamides 12 Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangqiang Gong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongchi Tian
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Material Company Limited, Longkou 265700, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (LRGP), CNRS UMR 7274, École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques, University of Lorraine, Nancy 54001, France
| | - Bing Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nanying Ning
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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9
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Belguise A, Cantournet S, Fabre V, Le gorju K, Gaucher V, Tahon JF, Bresson B, Fretigny C, Lequeux F, Montes H. Confinement and Distribution of the Composition in Semicrystalline/Amorphous Miscible Blends of PEKK/PEI: A Calorimetry Study. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Belguise
- UMR 7615, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris 75 005, France
- Centre des Matériaux, UMR 7633, CNRS, Mines ParisTech, PSL University, Paris 91003, France
| | - Sabine Cantournet
- Centre des Matériaux, UMR 7633, CNRS, Mines ParisTech, PSL University, Paris 91003, France
| | - Victor Fabre
- Research and Innovation Centre, Hutchinson SA, Chalette-sur-Loing 45120, France
| | - Karine Le gorju
- Research and Innovation Centre, Hutchinson SA, Chalette-sur-Loing 45120, France
| | - Valérie Gaucher
- UMET, UMR 8207, CNRS, Université de Lille, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Jean-François Tahon
- UMET, UMR 8207, CNRS, Université de Lille, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Bruno Bresson
- UMR 7615, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris 75 005, France
| | | | - François Lequeux
- UMR 7615, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris 75 005, France
| | - Helene Montes
- UMR 7615, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris 75 005, France
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10
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Collinson DW, Sheridan RJ, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC. Best practices and recommendations for accurate nanomechanical characterization of heterogeneous polymer systems with atomic force microscopy. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Okamoto K, Toh M, Liang X, Nakajima K. INFLUENCE OF MASTICATION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The effects of the masticated state of isoprene rubber (IR) at the carbon black (CB) addition stage on subsequent mixing, microstructure, and physical properties in the case of a kneader with a characteristic large-diameter shaft are investigated by examining the mastication-time dependence. A sufficiently masticated IR shows a shorter black incorporation time, which results in an improved dispersion of CB and better physical properties. Observing the microstructure of a rubber compound using the atomic force microscope–based nanomechanical technique, poor CB dispersion is revealed for insufficient mastication. Specifically, large CB agglomerations surrounded by the interfacial rubber region with higher elastic modulus than that of a rubber matrix are formed. Such a large CB agglomeration, on the other hand, does not appear in rubber compounds with longer mastication times. The thickness of the interfacial region becomes shorter in these cases. These observations are further discussed by the concept of “rheological unit” introduced by Mooney et al. This study demonstrates that the microstructure of a rubber compound is highly heterogenous with rubber regions of different microscopic elastic moduli and that the microstructure has an influence on CB dispersion and the physical properties of rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okamoto
- Nihon Spindle Manufacturing, 4-2-30, Shioe Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-8510, Japan
| | - Michiharu Toh
- 5123, Oaza-Sasaguri, Sasaguri, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-2405, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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12
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Kritikos G. Exploring a unified description of the super-Arrhenius region above and below the glass transition temperature. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6902-6913. [PMID: 32647837 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00539h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new approach is presented in order to check whether the hypothesis of an Arrhenius component surviving in the α-relaxation region is consistent with experimental data. The temperature dependence of the dynamics in the whole glassy regime is described by an equation which assumes an Arrhenius component in the cooperative diffusion. Based on thermodynamic arguments, the dynamic heterogeneities close to the glass transition region are related to structural heterogeneities in a manner consistent with the idea of a sigmoidal shape in the cohesion energy. By doing so, a characteristic temperature which can be identified as the glass transition temperature (Tg) emerges, while an additional parameter for the extension of the super-Arrhenius region is introduced. In the analysis of experimental data, the activation energy parameter, determined from the temperature dependence of the β-relaxation, is fixed, and the relation between the experimental and the predicted glass transition temperature is examined. The results of this comparison support the idea that dynamics above and below Tg can be described in a unified manner. The proposed model is tested against experimental data of glass-forming liquids, polymers and polymer composites. In the latter systems, it is shown that the Arrhenius-like behavior characterizing the dynamics of the polymeric bound-layer can be accounted for by such an extension of the super-Arrhenius region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kritikos
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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13
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Garcia R. Nanomechanical mapping of soft materials with the atomic force microscope: methods, theory and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5850-5884. [PMID: 32662499 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Fast, high-resolution, non-destructive and quantitative characterization methods are needed to develop materials with tailored properties at the nanoscale or to understand the relationship between mechanical properties and cell physiology. This review introduces the state-of-the-art force microscope-based methods to map at high-spatial resolution the elastic and viscoelastic properties of soft materials. The experimental methods are explained in terms of the theories that enable the transformation of observables into material properties. Several applications in materials science, molecular biology and mechanobiology illustrate the scope, impact and potential of nanomechanical mapping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Champagne J, Cantournet S, Colombo D, Jamonneau S, Le Gorju K, Lequeux F, Montes H. Role of Glassy Bridges on the Mechanics of Filled Rubbers under Pressure. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Champagne
- Mines ParisTech, Centre des Matériaux, CNRS 7633 BP 87, PSL University, Évry, Paris F-91003 Cedex, France
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - S. Cantournet
- Mines ParisTech, Centre des Matériaux, CNRS 7633 BP 87, PSL University, Évry, Paris F-91003 Cedex, France
| | - D. Colombo
- Mines ParisTech, Centre des Matériaux, CNRS 7633 BP 87, PSL University, Évry, Paris F-91003 Cedex, France
| | - S. Jamonneau
- Research and Innovation Centre, Hutchinson SA, Châlette-sur-Loing, France
| | - K. Le Gorju
- Research and Innovation Centre, Hutchinson SA, Châlette-sur-Loing, France
| | - F. Lequeux
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - H. Montes
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Paris Cedex 5, France
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15
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Collinson DW, Eaton MD, Shull KR, Brinson LC. Deconvolution of Stress Interaction Effects from Atomic Force Spectroscopy Data across Polymer−Particle Interfaces. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. Catherine Brinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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16
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Ma Z, Yang P, Zhang X, Jiang K, Song Y, Zhang W. Quantifying the Chain Folding in Polymer Single Crystals by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1194-1199. [PMID: 35619456 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chain folding is a motif of polymer crystallization, which is essential for determining the crystallization kinetics. However, the experimental quantification of the chain folding remains a challenge because of limited instrumental resolution. Here, we quantify chain folding in solution-grown single crystals by using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single-molecule force spectroscopy. The fingerprint spectrum of force-induced chain motion allows us to decipher the adjacent and nonadjacent re-entry folding with spatial resolution of subnanometers. The average fractions of adjacent re-entry folds ⟨f⟩ are in the range 91-95% for polycaprolactone, poly-l-lactic acid, and polyamide 66, which is higher than the values determined by other classical technologies. The established single-molecule method is applicable to a broad range of crystalline polymer systems with different chain conformations or compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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Benaglia S, Amo CA, Garcia R. Fast, quantitative and high resolution mapping of viscoelastic properties with bimodal AFM. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15289-15297. [PMID: 31386741 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mapping of viscoelastic properties of soft matter with a nanoscale spatial resolution is an active and relevant research topic in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoscale science characterization. The AFM has demonstrated its accuracy to measure the energy dissipated on a sample surface with an atomic-scale resolution. However, the transformation of energy dissipation values associated with viscoelastic interactions to a material property remains very challenging. A key issue is to establish the relationship between the AFM observables and some material properties such as viscosity coefficient or relaxation time. Another relevant issue is to determine the accuracy of the measurements. We demonstrate that bimodal atomic force microscopy enables the accurate measurement of several viscoelastic parameters such as the Young's modulus, viscosity coefficient, retardation time or loss tangent. The parameters mentioned above are measured at the same time that the true topography. We demonstrate that the loss tangent is proportional to the viscosity coefficient. We show that the mapping of viscoelastic properties neither degrades the spatial resolution nor the imaging speed of AFM. The results are presented for homogeneous polymer and block co-polymer samples with Young's modulus, viscosity and retardation times ranging from 100 MPa to 3 GPa, 10 to 400 Pa s and 50 to 400 ns, respectively. Numerical simulations validate the accuracy of bimodal AFM to determine the viscoelastic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Benaglia
- Material Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Ehrburger-Dolle F, Morfin I, Bley F, Livet F, Heinrich G, Chushkin Y, Sutton M. Anisotropic and heterogeneous dynamics in stretched elastomer nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3796-3806. [PMID: 30990483 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to investigate the dynamics of a stretched elastomer by means of probe particles. The particles dispersed in the elastomer were carbon black or silica aggregates classically used for elastomer reinforcement but their volume fraction is very low (φ < 10-2). We show that their dynamics is slower in the direction of the tensile strain than in the perpendicular one. For hydroxylated silica which is poorly wetted by the elastomer, there is no anisotropy. Two-time correlation functions confirm anisotropic dynamics and suggest dynamical heterogeneity already expected from the q-1 behavior of the relaxation times. The height χ* of the peak of the dynamical susceptibility, determined by the normalized variance of the instantaneous correlation function, is larger in the direction parallel to the strain than in the perpendicular one. It also appears that its q dependence changes with the morphology of the probe particle. Therefore, the heterogeneous dynamic probed by the particles is not related only to that of the strained elastomer matrix. In fact, it results from modification of the dynamics of the polymer chains near the surface of the particles and within the aggregate porosity (bound polymer). It is concluded that XPCS is a powerful method for investigating the dynamics, at a given strain, of the bound polymer-particle units which are responsible, at large volume fractions, for the reinforcement.
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Pastore R, David A, Casalegno M, Greco F, Raos G. Influence of wall heterogeneity on nanoscopically confined polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:772-779. [PMID: 30548037 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06757k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate via molecular dynamics simulations the behaviour of a polymer melt confined between surfaces with increasing spatial correlation (patchiness) of weakly and strongly interacting sites. Beyond a critical patchiness, we find a dramatic dynamic decoupling, characterized by a steep growth of the longest relaxation time and a constant diffusion coefficient. This arises from dynamic heterogeneities induced by the walls in the adjacent polymer layers, leading to the coexistence of fast and slow chain populations. Structural variations are also present, but they are not easy to detect. Our work opens the way to a better understanding of adhesion, friction, rubber reinforcement by fillers, and many other open issues involving the dynamics of polymeric materials on rough, chemically heterogeneous and possibly "dirty" surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Pastore
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli 80125, Italy.
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