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Zhang W, Killian L, Thevenon A. Electrochemical recycling of polymeric materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8606-8624. [PMID: 38873080 PMCID: PMC11168094 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials play a pivotal role in our modern world, offering a diverse range of applications. However, they have been designed with end-properties in mind over recyclability, leading to a crisis in their waste management. The recent emergence of electrochemical recycling methodologies for polymeric materials provides new perspectives on closing their life cycle, and to a larger extent, the plastic loop by transforming plastic waste into monomers, building blocks, or new polymers. In this context, we summarize electrochemical strategies developed for the recovery of building blocks, the functionalization of polymer chains as well as paired electrolysis and discuss how they can make an impact on plastic recycling, especially compared to traditional thermochemical approaches. Additionally, we explore potential directions that could revolutionize research in electrochemical plastic recycling, addressing associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lars Killian
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Thevenon
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
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García Y, O’Dell LA. Understanding the interfacial region in organic ionic plastic crystal composite electrolyte materials by solid-state NMR. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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El Daraï T, Cousin SF, Stern Q, Ceillier M, Kempf J, Eshchenko D, Melzi R, Schnell M, Gremillard L, Bornet A, Milani J, Vuichoud B, Cala O, Montarnal D, Jannin S. Porous functionalized polymers enable generating and transporting hyperpolarized mixtures of metabolites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4695. [PMID: 34349114 PMCID: PMC8338986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) has enabled promising applications in spectroscopy and imaging, but remains poorly widespread due to experimental complexity. Broad democratization of dDNP could be realized by remote preparation and distribution of hyperpolarized samples from dedicated facilities. Here we show the synthesis of hyperpolarizing polymers (HYPOPs) that can generate radical- and contaminant-free hyperpolarized samples within minutes with lifetimes exceeding hours in the solid state. HYPOPs feature tunable macroporous porosity, with porous volumes up to 80% and concentration of nitroxide radicals grafted in the bulk matrix up to 285 μmol g-1. Analytes can be efficiently impregnated as aqueous/alcoholic solutions and hyperpolarized up to P(13C) = 25% within 8 min, through the combination of 1H spin diffusion and 1H → 13C cross polarization. Solutions of 13C-analytes of biological interest hyperpolarized in HYPOPs display a very long solid-state 13C relaxation times of 5.7 h at 3.8 K, thus prefiguring transportation over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo El Daraï
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Chimie, Polymères et Procédés, UMR 5265, Lyon, France
| | - Samuel F Cousin
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Quentin Stern
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Morgan Ceillier
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Gremillard
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, MATEIS UMR CNRS 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélien Bornet
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonas Milani
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Basile Vuichoud
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Cala
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Université de Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Chimie, Polymères et Procédés, UMR 5265, Lyon, France.
| | - Sami Jannin
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon, UMR5082 - CNRS/UCBL/ENS de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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Tanaka S, Liao WC, Ogawa A, Sato K, Copéret C. DNP NMR spectroscopy of cross-linked organic polymers: rational guidelines towards optimal sample preparation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3184-3190. [PMID: 31858098 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked polystyrenes (PS) are an important class of polymers, whose properties are strongly dependent on incorporated functionalities, for which detailed understanding of their structure remains a challenge. Here, we develop a rational guideline for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) sample formulation for cross-linked PS to interrogate their structure. We show that the DNP enhancement on a series of cross-linked PS bearing alkylammonium groups as prototypical organic polymers correlates with the polymer swelling properties in both apolar and polar formulations (TEKPol/1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and AMUPol/dimethyl sulfoxide). This work provides guidelines to easily optimize DNP formulation using a simple swelling test and enables natural abundance 15N NMR to be recorded on a series of PS-supported quaternary alkylammonium salts, allowing a detailed structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 305-8565, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Chmelka BF. Materializing opportunities for NMR of solids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:91-97. [PMID: 31377152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in sensitivity and resolution of NMR of solids are opening a bonanza of fundamental and technological opportunities in materials science. Many of these are at the boundaries of related disciplines that provide creative inputs to motivate the development of new methodologies and possibilities for new applications. As Boltzmann limitations are surmounted by dynamic-nuclear-polarization- and laser-enhanced hyperpolarization techniques, the correlative benefits of multidimensional NMR are becoming more and more impactful. Nevertheless, there are limits, and the atomic-level information provided by solid-state NMR will be most useful in combination with state-of-the-art diffraction, microscopy, computational, and materials synthesis methods. Collectively these can be expected to lead to design criteria that will promote discovery of new materials, lead to novel or improved material properties, catalyze new applications, and motivate further methodological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley F Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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