1
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Yu S, Lu S, Xing J. The regulation of ethanol in reaction medium on the properties of nanogels prepared by photopolymerization at 532 nm. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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2
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Zhang Y, Li P, Zhang K, Wang X. Temporary Actuation of Bilayer Polymer Hydrogels Mediated by the Enzymatic Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15433-15441. [PMID: 36459698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most soft actuators have the ability of monotonic responsiveness. That is, there is only one response action after being stimulated once. In this work, a temporarily responsive bilayer hydrogel actuator is designed and fabricated by combining a tertiary amine-containing pH-responsive layer and a urease-containing non-responsive layer. The hydrogel actuator can achieve programed deformation and recovery driven by chemical fuels (i.e., acidic urea solutions), which is essentially regulated by rapid acidification and slow enzymatic production of ammonia for recovering the pH of the system. The actuation extent and duration can be simply controlled by the fuel levels, and the repeated actuations are also possible via refueling. Furthermore, we fabricate several hydrogel devices that can display specific patterns or lift an item. This enzymatic method shows new possibilities to control the temporary actuation of polymer hydrogels potentially useful in many fields such as soft robotics, biomimetic devices, and environmental sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong, China
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3
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Zhao T, E Y, Cui J, Hao J, Wang X. Nonequilibrium regulation of interfacial chemistry for transient macroscopic supramolecular assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Ansar R, Saqib S, Mukhtar A, Niazi MBK, Shahid M, Jahan Z, Kakar SJ, Uzair B, Mubashir M, Ullah S, Khoo KS, Lim HR, Show PL. Challenges and recent trends with the development of hydrogel fiber for biomedical applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:131956. [PMID: 34523459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel is the most emblematic soft material which possesses significantly tunable and programmable characteristics. Polymer hydrogels possess significant advantages including, biocompatible, simple, reliable and low cost. Therefore, research on the development of hydrogel for biomedical applications has been grown intensely. However, hydrogel development is challenging and required significant effort before the application at an industrial scale. Therefore, the current work focused on evaluating recent trends and issues with hydrogel development for biomedical applications. In addition, the hydrogel's development methodology, physicochemical properties, and biomedical applications are evaluated and benchmarked against the reported literature. Later, biomedical applications of the nano-cellulose-based hydrogel are considered and critically discussed. Based on a detailed review, it has been found that the surface energy, intermolecular interactions, and interactions of hydrogel adhesion forces are major challenges that contribute to the development of hydrogel. In addition, compared to other hydrogels, nanocellulose hydrogels demonstrated higher potential for drug delivery, 3D cell culture, diagnostics, tissue engineering, tissue therapies and gene therapies. Overall, nanocellulose hydrogel has the potential for commercialization for different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Ansar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
| | - Sidra Saqib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research, Jaranwala Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Zaib Jahan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Salik Javed Kakar
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Bushra Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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5
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Peng Y, Wang Z, Peña J, Guo Z, Xing J. Effect of TEOA on the Process of Photopolymerization at 532 nm and Properties of Nanogels. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:132-140. [PMID: 34390000 DOI: 10.1111/php.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanogel is an important kind of biomaterials applied for wound dressings, drug delivery, medical diagnostics and biosensors. The properties of nanogels closely depend on the density of the crosslinking network. In this study, the role of triethanolamine (TEOA) in the effect on the crosslinking degree of nanogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) was investigated and illustrated. The effect of TEOA on the process of photopolymerization at 532 nm and properties of the nanogels was systematically investigated by using UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, 1 H NMR, DLS, SEM, AFM and DSC. In brief, the double bond conversion of photopolymerization and the crosslinking degree of nanogels can be effectively regulated by TEOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Metrological Supervision and Testing, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jhair Peña
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhiming Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Metrological Supervision and Testing, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jinfeng Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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6
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Joshi S, Mahadevan G, Verma S, Valiyaveettil S. Bioinspired adenine-dopamine immobilized polymer hydrogel adhesives for tissue engineering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:11303-11306. [PMID: 32840264 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04909c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nontoxic adhesive hydrogels are of great importance in tissue engineering. Herein, we report a simple synthesis of a few biocompatible hydrogels from adenine and dopamine immobilized polyacrylic acid (PAA) and alginic acid (Alg) polymers. The adenine-dopamine adduct incorporated hydrogels showed enhanced adhesiveness, transparency and biocompatibility, and induced cell proliferation in 2D and 3D-cell culture models within 24 h. Moreover, blending the modified PAA and Alg polymers (P2P4) further increased the stability and bioactivity of the hydrogel. Such biogels can be developed as smart materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore117543. and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
| | - Gomathi Mahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore117543.
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore117543.
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7
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Zhao X, Chen X, Yuk H, Lin S, Liu X, Parada G. Soft Materials by Design: Unconventional Polymer Networks Give Extreme Properties. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4309-4372. [PMID: 33844906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are polymer networks infiltrated with water. Many biological hydrogels in animal bodies such as muscles, heart valves, cartilages, and tendons possess extreme mechanical properties including being extremely tough, strong, resilient, adhesive, and fatigue-resistant. These mechanical properties are also critical for hydrogels' diverse applications ranging from drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implants, wound dressings, and contact lenses to sensors, actuators, electronic devices, optical devices, batteries, water harvesters, and soft robots. Whereas numerous hydrogels have been developed over the last few decades, a set of general principles that can rationally guide the design of hydrogels using different materials and fabrication methods for various applications remain a central need in the field of soft materials. This review is aimed at synergistically reporting: (i) general design principles for hydrogels to achieve extreme mechanical and physical properties, (ii) implementation strategies for the design principles using unconventional polymer networks, and (iii) future directions for the orthogonal design of hydrogels to achieve multiple combined mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological properties. Because these design principles and implementation strategies are based on generic polymer networks, they are also applicable to other soft materials including elastomers and organogels. Overall, the review will not only provide comprehensive and systematic guidelines on the rational design of soft materials, but also provoke interdisciplinary discussions on a fundamental question: why does nature select soft materials with unconventional polymer networks to constitute the major parts of animal bodies?
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyunwoo Yuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shaoting Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - German Parada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Li Z, Meng X, Xu W, Zhang S, Ouyang J, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Niu Y, Ma S, Xue Z, Song A, Zhang S, Ren C. Single network double cross-linker (SNDCL) hydrogels with excellent stretchability, self-recovery, adhesion strength, and conductivity for human motion monitoring. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7323-7331. [PMID: 32677629 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, as a kind of soft materials, are good candidates for smart skin-like materials. A double network is usually fabricated to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels, and involves two different kinds of networks. In this work, a novel strategy for preparing single network double cross-linker (SNDCL) hydrogels was proposed and the prepared hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical properties, including stretchability, compressibility, self-recovery, adhesion, shape memory and mechanical strength. N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide forms covalent bonds with the network, while citric acid can form multiple weak interactions due to the polycarboxylic structure. This improves the tensile properties (6564%) and compressive properties of the hydrogel, and the hydrogels also exhibit long-lasting self-adhesion ability on various substrates. In addition, the hydrogels with multiple properties can be used as flexible strain sensors, allowing the monitoring of body movements. The hydrogels can hopefully be used in wearable electronic sensor devices and for healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Xiangxin Meng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Jiahui Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuzhong Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Songmei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Zhongxin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Aixin Song
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
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9
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Ozay H, Gungor Z, Yilmaz B, Ilgin P, Ozay O. Dual use of colorimetric sensor and selective copper removal from aqueous media with novel p(HEMA-co-TACYC) hydrogels: Cyclen derivative as both monomer and crosslinker. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121848. [PMID: 31874756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the scope of this study, p(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-tetraacrylic cyclen) (p(HEMA-co-TACYC)) hydrogels were synthesized for the first time in the literature using a tetraacrylic cyclen (TACYC) as both functional monomer and crosslinker. The hydrogels designed especially for Cu2+ ions showed colorimetric sensor behavior selective for Cu2+ ions in all aqueous media (deionized, tap, river and sea water) and in metal ion mixtures. The p(HEMA-co-TACYC) hydrogels forming a stable complex with Cu2+ ions simultaneously showed properties of being a good adsorbent material. The hydrogels have reuse capacity as both sensor and adsorbent material. Changing the amount of TACYC in the hydrogel structure changes the maximum adsorption capacity for Cu2+ ions. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption constants for Cu2+ ion adsorption of the hydrogels, acting as selective adsorbent in all aqueous media and metal ion mixtures, were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Ozay
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Gungor
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Betul Yilmaz
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ilgin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Lapseki Vocational School, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale/Lapseki, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozay
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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10
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Zhang W, Wang R, Sun Z, Zhu X, Zhao Q, Zhang T, Cholewinski A, Yang FK, Zhao B, Pinnaratip R, Forooshani PK, Lee BP. Catechol-functionalized hydrogels: biomimetic design, adhesion mechanism, and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:433-464. [PMID: 31939475 PMCID: PMC7208057 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a unique class of polymeric materials that possess an interconnected porous network across various length scales from nano- to macroscopic dimensions and exhibit remarkable structure-derived properties, including high surface area, an accommodating matrix, inherent flexibility, controllable mechanical strength, and excellent biocompatibility. Strong and robust adhesion between hydrogels and substrates is highly desirable for their integration into and subsequent performance in biomedical devices and systems. However, the adhesive behavior of hydrogels is severely weakened by the large amount of water that interacts with the adhesive groups reducing the interfacial interactions. The challenges of developing tough hydrogel-solid interfaces and robust bonding in wet conditions are analogous to the adhesion problems solved by marine organisms. Inspired by mussel adhesion, a variety of catechol-functionalized adhesive hydrogels have been developed, opening a door for the design of multi-functional platforms. This review is structured to give a comprehensive overview of adhesive hydrogels starting with the fundamental challenges of underwater adhesion, followed by synthetic approaches and fabrication techniques, as well as characterization methods, and finally their practical applications in tissue repair and regeneration, antifouling and antimicrobial applications, drug delivery, and cell encapsulation and delivery. Insights on these topics will provide rational guidelines for using nature's blueprints to develop hydrogel materials with advanced functionalities and uncompromised adhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Ruixing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - ZhengMing Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Xiangwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Aleksander Cholewinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Fut Kuo Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Rattapol Pinnaratip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.
| | - Pegah Kord Forooshani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.
| | - Bruce P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.
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11
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Yang WJ, Xu W, Tao X, Wang W, Hu Y, Li X, Kang ET, Wang L. Two-stage thiol-based click reactions for the preparation and adhesion of hydrogels. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-stage thiol-based click reactions have been employed as a facile strategy for hydrogel preparation and self-adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Wenya Xu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Xi Tao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Kent Ridge
- Singapore
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
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