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Dreier P, Ahn J, Chang T, Frey H. End group Functionality of 95 to 99%: Epoxide Functionalization of Polystyryl-Lithium Evaluated via Solvent Gradient Interaction Chromatography (SGIC). Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200560. [PMID: 35942664 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
End group functionality is a key parameter of functional polymer chains. The end-capping efficiency of living polystyryl lithium with various epoxides, namely ethylene oxide (EO), ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) and isopropylidene glyceryl glycidyl ether (IGG), is investigated with solvent gradient interaction chromatography (SGIC). Generally, end-capping efficiencies > 95% are observed. Hydroxyl functional polystyrene (PS-OH, PS-EEGE-OH and PS-IGG-OH) with molar masses ranging from 13.8 to 15 kg mol-1 are obtained, with dispersities of 1.05-1.06. Deprotection of the acetal (PS-EEGE-OH) and ketal protective group (PS-IGG-OH) is investigated. Nearly quantitative deprotection (> 99%) resulting in the corresponding multihydroxy functional PS (PS-(OH)2 and PS-(OH)3 ) are observed via SGIC. Esterification of PS-OH with succinic anhydride shows a conversion of 98% to the corresponding ester. A detailed picture of side reactions during the carbanionic polymer synthesis subsequent epoxide termination is obtained, demonstrating 95-99% terminal functionality. Depending on the polarity of the end group, an elution order of PS-OH < PS-(OH)2 < PS-(OH)3 < PS-COOH is obtained in SGIC. The study demonstrates both the analytical power of SGIC and the exceptionally high terminal functionalization efficiency of anionic polymerization methods. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dreier
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Junyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673, Pohang, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673, Pohang, Korea
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Goodson AD, Rick MS, Troxler JE, Ashbaugh HS, Albert JNL. Blending Linear and Cyclic Block Copolymers to Manipulate Nanolithographic Feature Dimensions. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:327-337. [PMID: 35059643 PMCID: PMC8762643 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) consist of two or more covalently bound chemically distinct homopolymer blocks. These macromolecules have emerging applications in photonics, membrane separations, and nanolithography stemming from their self-assembly into regular nanoscale structures. Theory suggests that cyclic BCPs should form features up to 40% smaller than their linear analogs while also exhibiting superior thin-film stability and assembly dynamics. However, the complex syntheses required to produce cyclic polymers mean that a need for pure cyclic BCPs would present a challenge to large-scale manufacturing. Here, we employ dissipative particle dynamics simulations to probe the self-assembly behavior of cyclic/linear BCP blends, focusing on nanofeature size and interfacial width as these qualities are critical to nanopatterning applications. We find that for mixtures of symmetric cyclic and linear polymers with equivalent lengths, up to 10% synthetic impurity has a minimal impact on cyclic BCP feature dimensions and interfacial roughness. On the other hand, blending with cyclic BCPs provides a route to "fine-tune" linear BCP feature sizes. We analyze simulated blend domain spacings within the context of strong segregation theory and find significant deviations between simulation and theory that arise from molecular-level packing motifs not included in theory. These insights into blend self-assembly will assist experimentalists in rationally designing BCP materials for advanced nanolithography applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D. Goodson
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Maxwell S. Rick
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Jessie E. Troxler
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Henry S. Ashbaugh
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Julie N. L. Albert
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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3
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Lee J, Kim K, Lee HC, Kim D, Kwon M, Joo H, Cho HY, Jeon HB, Paik H. Glasses‐shaped triblock copolymer prepared by combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and ring opening polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Hong Chan Lee
- Department of Smart Interdisciplinary Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Myeonghee Kwon
- Department of Chemistry Kwangwoon University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hongil Joo
- Department of Chemistry Kwangwoon University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hong Y. Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry Kwangwoon University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun‐jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
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Hwang K, Song S, Kang YY, Suh J, Jeon HB, Kwag G, Paik HJ, Kim W. EFFECT OF EMULSION SBR PREPARED BY ASYMMETRIC REVERSIBLE ADDITION-FRAGMENTATION TRANSFER AGENT ON PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED COMPOUNDS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The development of ultra-high-performance tires that satisfy fuel efficiency, traction, handling performance, and abrasion resistance has gained significant importance in the tire industry. Solution SBR has been used as a raw material, owing to its useful characteristics (e.g., narrow dispersity controllable microstructure and chain-end functionalization). In a recent improvement, emulsion SBR (ESBR), a high-molecular-weight compound with narrow dispersity, has been reported for application in the tire tread compounds. In particular, S,S-dibenzyl trithiocarbonate (DBTC) reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) ESBR has exhibited excellent abrasion resistance and fuel efficiency in unfilled and carbon black–filled vulcanizates. However, owing to the symmetrical structure of DBTC RAFT ESBR, the polymer chain was shortened by the reaction of a silane coupling agent with trithiocarbonate, leading to poor abrasion resistance and fuel efficiency in the case of silica-filled vulcanizates. In this study, benzyl (4-methoxyphenyl) trithiocarbonate (BMPTC), an asymmetric RAFT agent that promotes unilateral polymer growth, was synthesized and used in the polymerization of BMPTC RAFT ESBR. Chain cleavage was not observed. Upon application to silica-filled vulcanizates, BMPTC RAFT ESBR exhibited improved abrasion resistance (by 9%), improved fuel efficiency (by 20%), and improved wet traction performance (by 10%) compared with the DBTC RAFT ESBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Hwang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu yeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeKon Suh
- R&BD Center, Korea KUMHO Petrochemical Co., Ltd., P.O. Box 64, Yuseong, Daejon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangHoon Kwag
- R&BD Center, Korea KUMHO Petrochemical Co., Ltd., P.O. Box 64, Yuseong, Daejon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Xue Y, Li X, Zhang S, Guo R. Direct Determination of Interchain Transfer Constants for Radical Polymerization of Benzyl Acrylate by RAFT Polymerization and Polymer Chromatography. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao J, Li B, Fan H. Molecular Weight Distribution in Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Propylene Oxide Catalyzed by Double Metal Complex: A Model Simulation. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bo‐Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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Kim K, Lee J, Cho HY, Lee EH, Lee SH, Chang T, Jeon HB, Paik HJ. Molecular Weight Distribution of Two Types of Living Chains Formed during Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization of Styrene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000624. [PMID: 33543520 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Different types of polymer chains generated during the nitroxide-mediated polymerization of styrene are separated for the first time, and their molecular weight distribution (MWD) is investigated. Living and dead chains are monitored during the reaction; specifically, two types of living chains derived from the initiation of the alkoxyamine (RT) and the self-initiation of styrene and dead chains present in the as-prepared polystyrene (PS). To distinguish between each polymer species, different numbers of hydroxyl groups are introduced onto the T and R groups of the alkoxyamine (one and two groups, respectively). Each living and dead chains is resolved according to the distinct number of hydroxyl groups on its chain-end using high-performance liquid chromatography. Molecular structures of the fractionated PS are characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the results of which show two distinct initiation paths: one originating from RT and the other from the self-initiation of styrene. Molecular weight and MWD are measured using size-exclusion chromatography and reveal a narrow MWD for the living chains derived from RT. Contrastingly, a broad and skewed MWD is observed for the other living chains derived from the self-initiation of styrene and the dead chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Hong Y Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Eun Ho Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Seo-Hui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
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Park M, Kim K, Mohanty AK, Cho HY, Lee H, Kang Y, Seo B, Lee W, Jeon HB, Paik HJ. Redox-Initiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene using PPEGMA-Based Macro-RAFT Agent. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000399. [PMID: 32902024 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Redox-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerizations are successfully conducted with an employment of trithiocarbonate-based macro-RAFT agents and surfactant. Two macro-RAFT agents-hydrophilic poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA27 ) and amphiphilic poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-b-polystyrene (PPEGMA27 -b-PS33 )- are examined for the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. The use of PPEGMA27 (in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) results in a slow polymerization rate with a broad particle size. In the absence of SDS, the use of PPEGMA27 -b-PS33 results in a broad particle size distribution due to its inability to form uniform initial droplets whereas the same amphiphilic block copolymer in the presence of SDS yields resulting products with a uniform particle size distribution. The latter exhibits a fashion of controlled polymerization with a high consumption of monomer (98% in 100 min) and a narrow molecular weight distribution throughout the polymerization. This is attributed to the formation of uniform droplets facilitated by SDS in a miniemulsion. The amphiphilic macro-RAFT agent is able to anchor efficiently on the monomer droplet or particle/water interface and form stabilized particles of well-defined PPEGMA27 -b-PS block copolymer, confirmed using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirim Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Kyungho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Aruna Kumar Mohanty
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Hong Y Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Yuyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Bongkuk Seo
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan, 44412, Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan, 44412, Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
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9
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Hwang K, Mun H, Kim W. Effect of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Transfer Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (RAFT ESBR) on the Properties of Carbon Black-Filled Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E933. [PMID: 32316510 PMCID: PMC7240540 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tread is an important component that directly affects the performance of passenger car radial (PCR) tires. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is mainly used for tire tread and it includes solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR). Although SSBR is mainly used, the manufacturing process for SSBR is more challenging than ESBR, which is environmentally friendly, but has the disadvantage of a broad molecular weight distribution. To overcome this, a reversible addition-fragmentation radical transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique is used in ESBR polymerization. An environmentally friendly RAFT ESBR with a narrow dispersity can be polymerized. Here, carbon black-filled compounds were manufactured while using RAFT ESBR, and their properties were compared to ESBR. The analysis showed a low crosslink density of RAFT ESBR, due to the high polysulfide crosslink structure. We manufactured a carbon black-filled compound with the same crosslink density and structure as the ESBR carbon black-filled compound, and the effect of the dispersity of the base polymer was investigated. RAFT ESBR showed 9% better abrasion resistance and 29% better fuel efficiency than ESBR, according to the analysis of the data. The narrow dispersity can reduce energy loss and positively influence the abrasion resistance and fuel efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wonho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science & Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea; (K.H.); (H.M.)
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10
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Wang X, Qiao X, Yin X, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, Wang G, Pan X, Pang X. Visualization of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization by Aggregation-Induced Emission Technology. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1014-1017. [PMID: 32012458 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) technology has been demonstrated to be a facile approach for in-situ monitoring atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A series of tertraphenyl ethylene (TPE)-containing α-bromo compounds were synthesized and applied as ATRP initiators. The photoluminescent (PL) emission of the polymerization system is proved to be sensitive to the local viscosity owing to the AIE characteristics of TPE. Linear relationships between the resulting molecular weight Mn and PL intensity were observed in several polymerization systems with different monomers, indicating the variability of this technique. Compared to physical blending, the chemical bonding of the TPE group in the chain end has higher sensitivity and accuracy to the polymer segments and the surrounding environment. This work promoted the combination of the AIE technique and controlled living radical polymerization, and introduced such an optical research platform to the ATRP polymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoguang Qiao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiuzhe Yin
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Minying Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Rossner C. Consequences of End-Group Fidelity for the Quantitative Analysis of Surface Grafting of Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:422-425. [PMID: 35648541 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
End-functional polymers are employed in a wide range of functionalization reactions, including, among others, polymer surface grafting. Herein, kinetic (PREDICI) simulations are used to investigate to what extent the molar mass distribution (MMD) of α-end-functional polymers derived from RAFT polymerization may differ from the MMD of nonfunctional chains and the overall polymeric material. The results indicate that the MMD of the overall polymeric material (as commonly accessed in experiments) may not provide a good estimate for the MMD of α-end-functional chains, if polymerization conditions deviate strongly from pseudoliving conditions. Careful consideration of this behavior is required when using α-end-functional RAFT polymers in quantitative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rossner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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