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King A, Wang J, Liu T, Raghavan A, Tomson NC, Zhukhovitskiy AV. Influence of Metal Identity and Complex Nuclearity in Kumada Cross-Coupling Polymerizations with a Pyridine Diimine-Based Ligand Scaffold. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:475-481. [PMID: 38107419 PMCID: PMC10722565 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-coupling polymerizations have fundamentally changed the field of conjugated polymers (CPs) by expanding the scope of accessible materials. Despite the prevalence of cross-coupling in CP synthesis, almost all polymerizations rely on mononuclear Ni or Pd catalysts. Here, we report a systematic exploration of mono- and dinuclear Fe and Ni precatalysts with a pyridine diimine ligand scaffold for Kumada cross-coupling polymerization of a donor thiophene and an acceptor benzotriazole monomers. We observe that variation of the metal identity from Ni to Fe produces contrasting polymerization mechanisms, while complex nuclearity has a minimal impact on reactivity. Specifically, Fe complexes appear to catalyze step-growth Kumada polymerizations and can readily access both Csp2-Csp3 and Csp2-Csp2 cross-couplings, while Ni complexes catalyze chain-growth polymerizations and predominantly Csp2-Csp2 cross-couplings. Thus, our work sheds light on important design parameters for transition metal complexes used in cross-coupling polymerizations, demonstrates the viability of iron catalysis in Kumada polymerization, and opens the door to novel polymer compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. King
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Jiashu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tianchang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adharsh Raghavan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Neil C. Tomson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aleksandr V. Zhukhovitskiy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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2
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Hannigan MD, Tami JL, Zimmerman PM, McNeil AJ. Rethinking Catalyst Trapping in Ni-Catalyzed Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10821-10830. [PMID: 37396500 PMCID: PMC10312364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polymerization (CTP) is a chain-growth method used to synthesize conjugated polymers. Although CTP works well for most donor-type monomers, the polymerization stalls with thieno[3,2-b]thiophene when using Ni catalysts. Previous reports have rationalized this result by suggesting that the catalyst is trapped in a Ni0 π-complex with the highly electron-rich arene. In this study, evidence is provided that the catalyst trap is more likely a NiII complex that arises from oxidative insertion of Ni0 into the C-S bonds of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. This result is consistent with the known reactivity of Ni0 complexes toward S-heteroarenes and is supported herein by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra acquired in situ, as well as data collected from small-molecule model reactions and density-functional theory simulations of the polymerization. We propose that this C-S insertion pathway and related off-cycle reactions may be relevant to understanding or enabling the CTP of other monomers with fused thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hannigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica L Tami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
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3
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Influence of reaction conditions on kumada catalytic transfer polymerization for synthesis of poly(p-phenylene) for organic semiconductors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Ye S, Lotocki V, Xu H, Seferos DS. Group 16 conjugated polymers based on furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6442-6474. [PMID: 35843215 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five-membered aromatic rings containing Group 16 elements (O, S, Se, and Te), also referred as chalcogenophenes, are ubiquitous building blocks for π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Among these, polythiophenes have been established as a model system to study the interplay between molecular structure, solid-state organization, and electronic performance. The judicious substitution of alternative heteroatoms into polythiophenes is a promising strategy for tuning their properties and improving the performance of derived organic electronic devices, thus leading to the recent abundance of CPs containing furan, selenophene, and tellurophene. In this review, we first discuss the current status of Kumada, Negishi, Murahashi, Suzuki-Miyaura, and direct arylation polymerizations, representing the best routes to access well-defined chalcogenophene-containing homopolymers and copolymers. The self-assembly, optical, solid-state, and electronic properties of these polymers and their influence on device performance are then summarized. In addition, we highlight post-polymerization modifications as effective methods to transform polychalcogenophene backbones or side chains in ways that are unobtainable by direct polymerization. Finally, the major challenges and future outlook in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Victor Lotocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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5
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Mori A, Inoue T, Kuwayama A, Okano K, Horie M. Generation of sodium–thiophene species with metal amide‐free approach toward polythiophene synthesis by cross‐coupling polymerization. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Mori
- Kobe University: Kobe Daigaku Department of Chemical Science and Engineering 1-1 RokkodaiNada 657-8501 Kobe JAPAN
| | - Tomoki Inoue
- Kobe University: Kobe Daigaku Chemical Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Aika Kuwayama
- Kobe University: Kobe Daigaku Chemical Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | | | - Masaki Horie
- National Tsing-Hua University: National Tsing Hua University Chemical Engineering JAPAN
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6
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Dong S, Chen F, Wang G, Hu W, Zhao C, Hu Y, Deng S. Study on vinyl crosslinking and related properties of silicon-containing arylacetylene resin synthesised by zinc powder catalysis. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221079704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A matrix resin poly(silicon-containing arylacetylene vinyl)s (PSAV) containing vinyl at both branch and terminal chains underwent synthesis via the zinc powder catalytic method using m-diacetylene benzene and dichloromethylvinylsilane as raw materials. Vinyl in the PSAV resin was crosslinked by the free radical initiator dibenzoyl peroxide to obtain a crosslinked network structure resin (PSAV-L). This approach sought to improve the thermal properties and other related properties of the matrix resin. A series of tests, such as rotated rheometer, FTIR, DSC, TGA, Py-GC-MS and universal testing machine, characterised processing property, curing behaviour, thermal properties and mechanical properties. The rheological curve shows that PSAV-L resin has a wide processing window (40–134.5°C), endowing the resin with excellent processing performance. Thermal curing behaviour indicates that PSAV-L resin can start curing at a lower temperature, namely, 32°C earlier than PSAV resin. TGA analysis shows that the degradation temperature at 5% weight loss (Td5) of PSAV-L resin stands at 579.4°C, 45.4°C higher than that of PSAV resin due to the fact that the crosslinking of vinyl gives PSAV-L resin a network structure. The flexural strength, flexural modulus and ILSS of the quartz fibre cloth reinforced PSAV-L resin composite (QF/PSAV-L) are 184.68 MPa, 15.50 GPa and 12.40 MPa. The PSAV-L resin exhibits the comprehensive properties of good processing performance, low curing temperature, excellent thermal performance and high mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifeng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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7
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Cheng S, Zhao R, Seferos DS. Precision Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Using the Kumada Methodology. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4203-4214. [PMID: 34726058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conductive poly(acetylene), the study of conjugated polymers has remained an active and interdisciplinary frontier between polymer chemistry, polymer physics, computation, and device engineering. One of the ultimate goals of polymer science is to reliably synthesize structures, similar to small molecule synthesis. Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerization (KCTP) is a powerful tool for synthesizing conjugated polymers with predictable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, specific end groups, and complex backbone architectures. However, expanding the monomer scope beyond the well-studied 3-alkylthiophenes to include electron-deficient and complex heterocycles has been difficult. Revisiting the successful applications of KCTP can help us gain new insight into the CTP mechanisms and thus inspire breakthroughs in the controlled polymerization of challenging π-conjugated monomers.In this Account, we highlight our efforts over the past decade to achieve controlled synthesis of homopolymers (p-type and n-type), copolymers (diblock and statistical), and monodisperse high oligomers. We first give a brief introduction of the mechanism and state-of-the-art of KCTP. Since the extent of polymerization control is determined by steric and electronic effects of both the catalyst and monomer, the polymerization can be optimized by modifying monomer and catalyst structures, as well as finding a well-matched monomer-catalyst system. We discuss the effects of side-chain steric hindrance and halogens in the context of heavy atom substituted monomers. By moving the side-chain branch point one carbon atom away from the heterocycle to alleviate steric crowding and stabilize the catalyst resting state, we were able to successfully control the polymerization of new tellurophene monomers. Inspired by innocent role of the sterically encumbered 2-transmetalated 3-alkylthiophene monomer, we introduce the treatment of hygroscopic monomers with a bulky Grignard compound as a water-scavenger for the improved synthesis of water-soluble conjugated polymers. For challenging electron-deficient monomers, we discuss the design of new Ni(II)diimine catalysts with electron-donating character which enhance the stability of the association complex between the catalyst and the growing polymer chain, resulting in the quasi-living synthesis of n-type polymers. Beyond n-type homopolymers, the Ni(II)diimine catalysts are also capable of producing electron-rich and electron-deficient diblock and statistical copolymers. We discuss how density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the role of catalyst steric and electronic effects in controlling the synthesis of π-conjugated polymers. Moreover, we demonstrate the synthesis of monodisperse high oligomers by temperature cycling, which takes full advantage of the unique character of KCTP in that it proceeds through distinct intermediates that are not reactive. The insight we gained thus far leads to the first example of isolated living conjugated polymer chains prepared by a standard KCTP procedure, with general applicability to different monomers and catalytic systems. In summarizing a decade of innovation in KCTP, we hope this Account will inspire future development in the field to overcome key challenges including the controlled synthesis of electron-deficient heterocycles, complex and high-performance systems, and degradable and recyclable materials as well as cutting-edge catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ruyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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8
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Pahlavanlu P, An SY, Panchuk JR, Pollit AA, Seferos DS. Anion-Radical Polymerization of Sulfur- and Selenium-Substituted N-Type Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Pahlavanlu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - So Young An
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jenny R. Panchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adam A. Pollit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Bautista MV, Varni AJ, Ayuso-Carrillo J, Carson MC, Noonan KJT. Pairing Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and catalyst transfer polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01507e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Borylation strategies to make AB Suzuki–Miyaura monomers for use in catalyst-transfer polymerization with nickel or palladium catalysts.
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10
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Pollit AA, Lough AJ, Seferos DS. Examining the Spin State and Redox Chemistry of Ni(Diimine) Catalysts during the Synthesis of π‐Conjugated Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Pollit
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
- University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
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11
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Ye S, Cheng S, Pollit AA, Forbes MW, Seferos DS. Isolation of Living Conjugated Polymer Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11244-11251. [PMID: 32460487 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Living polymerizations currently play a central role in polymer chemistry. However, one feature of these polymerizations is often overlooked, namely, the isolation of living polymer chains. Herein we report the isolation of living π-conjugated polymer chains, synthesized by catalyst-transfer polycondensation. Successful preservation of the nickel complex at polymer chain ends is evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, end group analysis, and chain extension experiments. When characterizing living chains by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we discovered a unique photoionization-photodissociation fragmentation process for polymers containing a nickel phosphine end group. Living chains are isolated for several types of conjugated polymers as well as discrete living oligomers. Additionally, we are able to recycle the catalysts from the isolated polymer chains. Catalyst recycling after π-conjugated polymerization has previously been impossible without chain isolation. This strategy not only exhibits general applicability to different monomers but also has far-reaching potential for other catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adam A Pollit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Matthew W Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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12
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Jarrett-Wilkins CN, Pollit AA, Seferos DS. Polymerization Catalysts Take a Walk on the Wild Side. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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