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Kim KJ, Gwon Y, An EJ, Lee J, Jo JH, Park S, Chi WS. Hydroxyl-functionalized microporous polymer membranes with tunable para position substituent benzaldehydes for gas separation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142926. [PMID: 39048047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
We report hydroxyl-functionalized microporous polymers with tunable benzaldehyde groups for gas separation membranes. These polymers were synthesized via acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts polycondensation. The tunability in d-spacing and fractional free volume of these polymers depends on the para position substituents (-H, -F, -Cl, and -Br) of the benzaldehyde. Specifically, the size and polarity of the para position substituent influence the polymer chain-packing structure. Consequently, the hydroxyl-functionalized microporous polymer membrane with a larger para position substituent in the benzaldehyde group exhibited improved gas permeability. This improvement is due to enhanced gas diffusivity resulting from the inefficient polymer chain-packing structure. Furthermore, these membranes demonstrated enhanced CO2 plasticization resistance, attributable to the rigid, contorted polymer structure and the hydrogen bonding interactions between hydroxyl groups. This study provides insights into the relationship between the polymer chain-packing structure, tunable para position substituents, and molecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Jung Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseo Gwon
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji An
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hui Jo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Seok Chi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Caliskan E, Shishatskiy S, Abetz V, Filiz V. Pioneering the preparation of porous PIM-1 membranes for enhanced water vapor flow. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9631-9645. [PMID: 38525056 PMCID: PMC10958458 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08398e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, porous polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) membranes were prepared by non-solvent induced phase inversion (NIPS) and investigated for water vapor transport in view of their application in membrane distillation (MD). Due to the lack of high boiling point solvents for PIM-1 that are also water miscible, the mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was found to be optimal for the formation of a membrane with a developed porous system both on the membrane surface and in the bulk. PIM-1 was synthesized by using low and high temperature methods to observe how molecular weight effects the membrane structure. Low molecular weight PIM-1 was produced at low temperatures, while high molecular weight PIM-1 was obtained at high temperatures. Several membranes were prepared, including PM-6, PM-9, and PM-11 from low molecular weight PIM-1, and PM-13 from high molecular weight PIM-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to image the surface and cross-section of different porous PIM-1 membranes. Among all the PIM-1 membranes (PM) obtained, PM-6, PM-9, PM-11 and PM-13 showed the most developed porous structure, while PM-13 showed large voids in the bulk of the membrane. Contact angle measurements showed that all PIM-1 porous membranes are highly hydrophobic. Liquid water flux measurements showed that PM-6, PM-9 and PM-11 showed minimal water fluxes due to small surface pore size, while PM-13 showed a high water flux due to a large surface pore size. Water vapor transport measurements showed high permeance values for all membranes, demonstrating the applicability of the developed membranes for MD. In addition, a thin film composite (TFC) membrane with PIM-1 selective layer was prepared and investigated for water vapor transport to compare with porous PIM-1 membranes. The TFC membrane showed an approximately 4-fold lower vapor permeance than porous membranes. Based on these results, we postulated that the use of porous PIM-1 membranes could be promising for MD due to their hydrophobic nature and the fact that the porous membranes allow vapor permeability through the membrane but not liquid water. The TFC membrane can be used in cases where the transfer of water-soluble contaminants must be absolutely avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Caliskan
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon Max-Planck-Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany +49-41-5287-2425
| | - Sergey Shishatskiy
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon Max-Planck-Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany +49-41-5287-2425
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon Max-Planck-Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany +49-41-5287-2425
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Volkan Filiz
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon Max-Planck-Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany +49-41-5287-2425
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3
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Emamverdi F, Huang J, Razavi NM, Bojdys MJ, Foster AB, Budd PM, Böhning M, Schönhals A. Molecular Mobility and Gas Transport Properties of Mixed Matrix Membranes Based on PIM-1 and a Phosphinine Containing Covalent Organic Framework. Macromolecules 2024; 57:1829-1845. [PMID: 38435679 PMCID: PMC10902888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are gaining attention as gas separation membranes. Nevertheless, they face limitations due to their pronounced physical aging. In this study, a covalent organic framework containing λ5-phosphinine moieties, CPSF-EtO, was incorporated as a nanofiller (concentration range 0-10 wt %) into a PIM-1 matrix forming dense films with a thickness of ca. 100 μm. The aim of the investigation was to investigate possible enhancements of gas transport properties and mitigating effects on physical aging. The incorporation of the nanofiller occurred on an nanoaggregate level with domains up to 100 nm, as observed by T-SEM and confirmed by X-ray scattering. Moreover, the X-ray data show that the structure of the microporous network of the PIM-1 matrix is changed by the nanofiller. As molecular mobility is fundamental for gas transport as well as for physical aging, the study includes dielectric investigations of pure PIM-1 and PIM-1/CPSF-EtO mixed matrix membranes to establish a correlation between the molecular mobility and the gas transport properties. Using the time-lag method, the gas permeability and the permselectivity were determined for N2, O2, CH4, and CO2 for samples with variation in filler content. A significant increase in the permeability of CH4 and CO2 (50% increase compared to pure PIM-1) was observed for a concentration of 5 wt % of the nanofiller. Furthermore, the most pronounced change in the permselectivity was found for the gas pair CO2/N2 at a filler concentration of 7 wt %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Emamverdi
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Jieyang Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt University, Brook-Taylor Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Negar Mosane Razavi
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Michael J. Bojdys
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt University, Brook-Taylor Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M 13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Budd
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M 13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Böhning
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
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4
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Guo S, Yeo JY, Benedetti FM, Syar D, Swager TM, Smith ZP. A Microporous Poly(Arylene Ether) Platform for Membrane-Based Gas Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315611. [PMID: 38084884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Membrane-based gas separations are crucial for an energy-efficient future. However, it is difficult to develop membrane materials that are high-performing, scalable, and processable. Microporous organic polymers (MOPs) combine benefits for gas sieving and solution processability. Herein, we report membrane performance for a new family of microporous poly(arylene ether)s (PAEs) synthesized via Pd-catalyzed C-O coupling reactions. The scaffold of these microporous polymers consists of rigid three-dimensional triptycene and stereocontorted spirobifluorene, endowing these polymers with micropore dimensions attractive for gas separations. This robust PAE synthesis method allows for the facile incorporation of functionalities and branched linkers for control of permeation and mechanical properties. A solution-processable branched polymer was formed into a submicron film and characterized for permeance and selectivity, revealing lab data that rivals property sets of commercially available membranes already optimized for much thinner configurations. Moreover, the branching motif endows these materials with outstanding plasticization resistance, and their microporous structure and stability enables benefits from competitive sorption, increasing CO2 /CH4 and (H2 S+CO2 )/CH4 selectivity in mixture tests as predicted by the dual-mode sorption model. The structural tunability, stability, and ease-of-processing suggest that this new platform of microporous polymers provides generalizable design strategies to form MOPs at scale for demanding gas separations in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jing Ying Yeo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francesco M Benedetti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Duha Syar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zachary P Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Robinson AM, Xia Y. Regioisomeric Spirobifluorene CANAL Ladder Polymers and Their Gas Separation Performance. ACS Macro Lett 2024:118-123. [PMID: 38193743 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized and characterized two isomeric microporous hydrocarbon ladder polymers from catalytic arene norbornene annulation (CANAL) of regioisomeric bis-norbornene fused spirobifluorenes, where the ladder chains are connected either through the same fluorene unit or across two different fluorene units in spirobifluorene. This pair of isomeric polymers was used to investigate the effect of ladder macromolecular structures on the microporosity and transport properties. Both polymers form mechanically intact films with thermal stability up to 480 °C and relatively high BET surface areas. The polymer formed from 2,7-dibromospirobifluorene showed higher BET surface area and higher gas permeability than the polymer from 2,2'-dibromospirobifluorene despite similar intersegmental spacing as indicated by X-ray scattering. The aging behavior for both polymers followed the same trend as the previously reported CANAL-fluorene polymers, with dramatically increased permselectivities over time, resulting in gas separation performance above the 2008 upper bounds for H2/CH4 and O2/N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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6
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Qiu B, Yu M, Luque‐Alled JM, Ding S, Foster AB, Budd PM, Fan X, Gorgojo P. High Gas Permeability in Aged Superglassy Membranes with Nanosized UiO-66-NH 2 /cPIM-1 Network Fillers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316356. [PMID: 37983661 PMCID: PMC10952568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Superglassy membranes synthesised by polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) suffer from physical aging and show poor gas permeance over time, especially thin membranes, due to the fast rearrangement of nonequilibrium polymer chains. Herein, we constructed a novel PIM-1 thin film nanocomposite membrane (TFN) using nanosized UiO-66-NH2 (≈10 nm)/carboxylated PIM-1 (cPIM-1) as the composite filler. Unlike conventional fillers, which interact with the polymer only via the surface, the UiO-66-NH2 /cPIM-1 forms a stable three-dimensional (3D) network intertwining with the polymer chains, being very effective to impede chain relaxation, and thus physical aging. Nanosizing of UiO-66-NH2 was achieved by regulating the nucleation kinetics using carbon quantum dots (CQD) during the synthesis. This led to increased surface area, and hence more functional groups to bond with cPIM-1 (via hydrogen bonding between -NH2 and -COOH groups), which also improved interfacial compatibility between the 3D network and polymer chains avoiding defect formation. As a result, the novel TFN showed significantly improved performance in gas separation along with reduced aging (i.e. ≈6 % loss in CO2 permeability over 63 days); the aged membranes had a CO2 permeance of 2504 GPU and ideal selectivity values of 37.2 and 23.8 for CO2 /N2 and CO2 /CH4 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Qiu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC. 3010Australia
| | - Jose Miguel Luque‐Alled
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) CSICUniversidad de ZaragozaMariano Esquillor50018ZaragozaSpain
- Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio AmbienteUniversidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Shengzhe Ding
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo China211 Xingguang RoadNingbo315100China
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) CSICUniversidad de ZaragozaMariano Esquillor50018ZaragozaSpain
- Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio AmbienteUniversidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
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7
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Wu WN, Mizrahi Rodriguez K, Roy N, Teesdale JJ, Han G, Liu A, Smith ZP. Engineering the Polymer-MOF Interface in Microporous Composites to Address Complex Mixture Separations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37931132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor interfacial compatibility remains a pressing challenge in the fabrication of high-performance polymer-MOF composites. In response, introducing compatible chemistries such as a carboxylic acid moiety has emerged as a compelling strategy to increase polymer-MOF interactions. In this work, we leveraged compatible functionalities in UiO-66-NH2 and a carboxylic acid-functionalized PIM-1 to fabricate mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) with improved separation performance compared to PIM-1-based MMMs in industrially relevant conditions. Under pure-gas conditions, PIM-COOH-based MMMs retained selectivity with increasing MOF loading and showed increased permeability due to increased diffusion. The composites were further investigated under industrially relevant conditions, including CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and H2S/CO2/CH4 mixtures, to elucidate the effects of competitive sorption and plasticization. Incorporation of UiO-66-NH2 in PIM-COOH and PIM-1 mitigated the effects of CO2- and H2S-induced plasticization typically observed in linear polymers. In CO2-based binary mixed-gas tests, all samples showed similar performance as that in pure-gas tests, with minimal competitive sorption contributions associated with the amine functional groups of the MOF. In ternary mixed-gas tests, improved plasticization resistance and interfacial compatibility resulted in PIM-COOH-based MMMs having the highest H2S/CH4 and CO2/CH4 selectivity combinations among the films tested in this study. These findings demonstrate that selecting MOFs and polymers with compatible functional groups is a useful strategy in developing high-performing microporous MMMs that require stability under complex and industrially relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ni Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katherine Mizrahi Rodriguez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Naksha Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Justin J Teesdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin300350, P.R. China
| | - Alexander Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zachary P Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Goh WHD, Lau HS, Yong WF. An integrated life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis: Evaluation on the production of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) and UiO-66-NH 2 as membrane materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164582. [PMID: 37277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Material synthesis requires an enormous amount of organic solvents which leads to huge environmental burdens. Being so, the necessity to utilize non-toxic chemicals is of growing interest in the global market. Harnessing a green fabrication strategy could be a sustainable remedy. Herein, life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic assessment (TEA) using a cradle-to-gate approach to select the green synthesis route for the production of main components in mixed matrix membranes such as polymer and fillers were studied. Five representative synthesis routes of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) and fillers such as UiO-66-NH2 (UiO: University of Oslo) were conducted. Our findings revealed that the tetrachloroterephthalonitrile (TCTPN) synthesized PIM-1 using a novel approach (e.g., P5-Novel synthesis) and solvent-free synthesized UiO-66-NH2 (e.g., U5-Solvent-free) demonstrated the least environmental impact and are most economically feasible. The environmental burden and cost of PIM-1 synthesized by P5-Novel synthesis route decreased by 50 % and 15 %, respectively, while that of UiO-66-NH2 produced via U5-Solvent-free route reduced by 89 % and 52 %, respectively. Additionally, solvent reduction was found to have an apparent effect on cost-saving, whereby the production cost declined 13 % with a 30 % solvent reduction. Alleviation of environmental burdens could also be found through recovering solvents or substituting with a greener alternative (e.g., water). The fundamentals gained on the environmental impacts and economic feasibility of PIM-1 and UiO-66-NH2 production from this LCA-TEA study may provide a preliminary evaluation for the development of green and sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hang Desmond Goh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900, Malaysia
| | - Hui Shen Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900, Malaysia
| | - Wai Fen Yong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
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9
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Pathak C, Gogoi A, Devi A, Seth S. Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Based on Dibenzodioxin Linkage: Design, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301512. [PMID: 37303240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) over the last two decades has established them as a distinct class of microporous materials, which combine the attributes of microporous solid materials and the soluble nature of glassy polymers. Due to their solubility in common organic solvents, PIMs are easily processable materials that potentially find application in membrane-based separation, catalysis, ion separation in electrochemical energy storage devices, sensing, etc. Dibenzodioxin linkage, Tröger's base, and imide bond-forming reactions have widely been utilized for synthesis of a large number of PIMs. Among these linkages, however, most of the studies have been based on dibenzodioxin-based PIMs. Therefore, this review focuses precisely on dibenzodioxin linkage chemistry. Herein, the design principles of different rigid and contorted monomer scaffolds are discussed, as well as synthetic strategies of the polymers through dibenzodioxin-forming reactions including copolymerization and postsynthetic modifications, their characteristic properties and potential applications studied so far. Towards the end, the prospects of these materials are examined with respect to their utility in industrial purposes. Further, the structure-property correlation of dibenzodioxin PIMs is analyzed, which is essential for tailored synthesis and tunable properties of these PIMs and their molecular level engineering for enhanced performances making these materials suitable for commercial usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abinash Gogoi
- Department of Applied Sciences, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Arpita Devi
- Department of Applied Sciences, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Saona Seth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Tezpur University, Assam, India
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10
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Sorokina SA, Kuchkina NV, Mikhalchenko AV, Krasnova IY, Khanin DA, Skupov KM, Shifrina ZB. Ultramicroporous Polyphenylenes via Diels-Alder Polycondensation Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092060. [PMID: 37177207 PMCID: PMC10181309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of new microporous organic polymers attracts significant attention due to a wide scope of promising applications. In addition, the synthesis of soluble, non-crosslinking polymers of high surface area and uniform microporosity is very challenging, and the methods for soluble microporous polymers formation are rather limited. In this work, we report a new approach to construct porous polyphenylenes which employs the Diels-Alder polycondensation of multifunctional ethynyl-containing monomers of different spatial architecture with bis(cyclopentadienone)s. The resulting polymers were soluble in common organic solvents, and their structure and properties were assessed by NMR, TGA, DSC, and SEC studies. The polymers demonstrated a specific surface area up to 751 m2·g-1 and ultramicroporous (pore size ≤ 0.6 nm) structure. N2 and CO2 adsorption-desorption data revealed that porosity parameters, e.g., specific surface area and pore sizes, can be tuned selectively by varying the type of monomers and reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Sorokina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina V Kuchkina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Mikhalchenko
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Krasnova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Khanin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill M Skupov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zinaida B Shifrina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Olabi AG, Alami AH, Ayoub M, Aljaghoub H, Alasad S, Inayat A, Abdelkareem MA, Chae KJ, Sayed ET. Membrane-based carbon capture: Recent progress, challenges, and their role in achieving the sustainable development goals. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:137996. [PMID: 36754298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in the consumption of fossil fuels resulted in climate change and severe health issues. Among the different proposed methods to control climate change, carbon capture technologies are the best choice in the current stage. In this study, the various membrane technologies used for carbon capture and their impact on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) are discussed. Membrane-based carbon capture processes in pre-combustion and post-combustion, which are known as membrane gas separation (MGS) and membrane contactor (MC), respectively, along with the process of fabrication and the different limitations that hinder their performances are discussed. Additionally, the 17 SDGs, where each representing a crucial topic in the current global task of a sustainable future, that are impacted by membrane-based carbon capture technologies are discussed. Membrane-based carbon capture technologies showed to have mixed impacts on different SDGs, varying in intensity and usefulness. It was found that the membrane-based carbon capture technologies had mostly influenced SDG 7 by enhancement in the zero-emission production, SDG 9 by providing 38-42% cost savings compared to liquid absorption, SDG 3 through reducing pollution and particulate matter emissions by 23%, and SDG 13, with SDG 13 being the most positively influenced by membrane-based carbon capture technologies, as they significantly reduce the CO2 emissions and have high CO2 capture yields (80-90%), thus supporting the objectives of SDG 13 in combatting climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Olabi
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Dept., University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Abdul Hai Alami
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Dept., University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamad Ayoub
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Dept., University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haya Aljaghoub
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shamma Alasad
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abrar Inayat
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Dept., University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Dept., University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt.
| | - Kyu-Jung Chae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Major of Ocean Renewable Energy Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49112, South Korea.
| | - Enas Taha Sayed
- Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt.
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12
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Aloraini S, Mathias M, Crone J, Bryce K, Yu M, Kirk RA, Ahmad MZ, Asuquo ED, Rico-Martínez S, Volkov AV, Foster AB, Budd PM. Crosslinking of Branched PIM-1 and PIM-Py Membranes for Recovery of Toluene from Dimethyl Sulfoxide by Pervaporation. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1145-1158. [PMID: 36817336 PMCID: PMC9926464 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Branched forms of the archetypal polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 and the pyridinecarbonitrile-containing PIM-Py may be crosslinked under ambient conditions by palladium(II) acetate. Branched PIM-1 can arise in polymerizations of 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-1,1'-spirobisindane with tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile conducted at a high set temperature (160 °C) under conditions, such as high dilution, that lead to a lower-temperature profile over the course of the reaction. Membranes of PIM-1 and PIM-Py crosslinked with palladium acetate are sufficiently stable in organic solvents for use in the recovery of toluene from its mixture with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by pervaporation at 65 °C. With both PIM-1 and PIM-Py membranes, pervaporation gives high toluene/DMSO separation factors (around 10 with a 77 vol % toluene feed). Detailed analysis shows that the membranes themselves are slightly selective for DMSO and it is the high driving force for toluene evaporation that drives the separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Aloraini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Mathias
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Crone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kurtis Bryce
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Richard A. Kirk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd Zamidi Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Edidiong D. Asuquo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexey V. Volkov
- A.
V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, 29 Leninsky Avenue, Moscow119991, Russian
Federation
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
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13
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Gutiérrez-Hernández SV, Pardo F, Foster AB, Gorgojo P, Budd PM, Zarca G, Urtiaga A. Outstanding performance of PIM-1 membranes towards the separation of fluorinated refrigerant gases. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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14
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Yu M, Foster AB, Scholes CA, Kentish SE, Budd PM. Methanol Vapor Retards Aging of PIM-1 Thin Film Composite Membranes in Storage. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:113-117. [PMID: 36608265 PMCID: PMC9850912 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical aging of glassy polymers leads to a decrease in permeability over time when they are used in membranes. This hinders the industrial application of high free volume polymers, such as the archetypal polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1, for membrane gas separation. In thin film composite (TFC) membranes, aging is much more rapid than in thicker self-standing membranes, as rearrangement within the thin active layer is relatively fast. Liquid alcohol treatment, which swells the membrane, is often used in the laboratory to rejuvenate aged self-standing membranes, but this is not easily applied on an industrial scale and is not suitable to refresh TFC membranes because of the risk of membrane delamination. In this work, it is demonstrated that a simple method of storage in an atmosphere of methanol vapor effectively retards physical aging of PIM-1 TFC membranes. The same method can also be utilized to refresh aged PIM-1 TFC membranes, and one-week methanol vapor storage is sufficient to recover most of the original CO2 permeance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia,Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Colin A. Scholes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia,
| | - Sandra E. Kentish
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.,
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15
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Mohsenpour S, Guo Z, Almansour F, Holmes SM, Budd PM, Gorgojo P. Porous silica nanosheets in PIM-1 membranes for CO2 separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Qiu B, Alberto M, Mohsenpour S, Foster AB, Ding S, Guo Z, Xu S, Holmes SM, Budd PM, Fan X, Gorgojo P. Thin film nanocomposite membranes of PIM-1 and graphene oxide/ZIF-8 nanohybrids for organophilic pervaporation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Mohsenpour S, Ameen AW, Leaper S, Skuse C, Almansour F, Budd PM, Gorgojo P. PIM-1 membranes containing POSS - graphene oxide for CO2 separation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Zhu G, Lin N, Wu X, Shi J, Tong B, Cai Z, Zhi J, Dong Y. Multicomponent Spiropolymerization of Diisocyanides, Activated Alkynes, and Bis-Anhydrides. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guinan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinghui Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianbing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junge Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuping Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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19
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McKeown NB. The structure-property relationships of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs). Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Mizrahi Rodriguez K, Wu WN, Alebrahim T, Cao Y, Freeman BD, Harrigan D, Jhalaria M, Kratochvil A, Kumar S, Lee WH, Lee YM, Lin H, Richardson JM, Song Q, Sundell B, Thür R, Vankelecom I, Wang A, Wang L, Wiscount C, Smith ZP. Multi-lab study on the pure-gas permeation of commercial polysulfone (PSf) membranes: Measurement standards and best practices. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Budd PM, Foster AB. Seeking synergy in membranes: blends and mixtures with polymers of intrinsic microporosity. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Budd PM. Sieving gases with twisty polymers. Science 2022; 375:1354-1355. [PMID: 35324291 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ladder polymers in three dimensions show promise as gas-separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Budd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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23
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Lauer JC, Kohl B, Braun F, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. A Hexagonal Shape‐Persistent Nanobelt of Elongated Rhombic Symmetry with Orthogonal π‐Planes by a One‐Pot Reaction. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C. Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Bernd Kohl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Felix Braun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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24
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He S, Zhu B, Li S, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Hon Lau C, Shao L. Recent progress in PIM-1 based membranes for sustainable CO2 separations: Polymer structure manipulation and mixed matrix membrane design. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Luque-Alled JM, Tamaddondar M, Foster AB, Budd PM, Gorgojo P. PIM-1/Holey Graphene Oxide Mixed Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation: Unveiling the Role of Holes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55517-55533. [PMID: 34756006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PIM-1/holey graphene oxide (GO) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have been prepared and their gas separation performance for CO2/CH4 mixtures assessed. Nanopores have been created in the basal plane of gas-impermeable GO by chemical etching reactions, and the resulting holey flakes have been further chemically functionalized, either with octadecylamine (ODA) or with PIM-1 moieties, to aid their dispersion in PIM-1. It is found that nanopores barely promote gas transport through the graphene-like nanofiller for fresh membranes (tested right after preparation); however, the prepared hybrid PIM-1/holey GO membranes exhibit higher CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity than the pure polymer membrane 150 days after preparation and 13 and 15% higher CO2 permeability for filler contents of 0.1% of octadecylamine-functionalized holey GO and 1% of (PIM-1)-functionalized holey GO, respectively. The most significant improvement is observed for the mitigation of physical aging, as MMMs using 10% of (PIM-1)-functionalized holey GO nanofillers are capable of maintaining up to 70% of their initial CO2 permeability after 150 days, whereas only 53% is kept for pure PIM-1 after the same period. The gas permeability of the nanofiller has been rationalized with the aid of the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel Luque-Alled
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marzieh Tamaddondar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Foster
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Budd
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Nanoscience and Materials Institute of Aragón (INMA) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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26
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Gas transport properties of truxene-based network polyimide membrane with flexible hexyl side chains. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Ameen AW, Ji J, Tamaddondar M, Moshenpour S, Foster AB, Fan X, Budd PM, Mattia D, Gorgojo P. 2D boron nitride nanosheets in PIM-1 membranes for CO2/CH4 separation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Corrado TJ, Huang Z, Huang D, Wamble N, Luo T, Guo R. Pentiptycene-based ladder polymers with configurational free volume for enhanced gas separation performance and physical aging resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022204118. [PMID: 34493656 PMCID: PMC8449366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022204118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) have shown promise in pushing the limits of gas separation membranes, recently redefining upper bounds for a variety of gas pair separations. However, many of these membranes still suffer from reductions in permeability over time, removing the primary advantage of this class of polymer. In this work, a series of pentiptycene-based PIMs incorporated into copolymers with PIM-1 are examined to identify fundamental structure-property relationships between the configuration of the pentiptycene backbone and its accompanying linear or branched substituent group. The incorporation of pentiptycene provides a route to instill a more permanent, configuration-based free volume, resistant to physical aging via traditional collapse of conformation-based free volume. PPIM-ip-C and PPIM-np-S, copolymers with C- and S-shape backbones and branched isopropoxy and linear n-propoxy substituent groups, respectively, each exhibited initial separation performance enhancements relative to PIM-1. Additionally, aging-enhanced gas permeabilities were observed, a stark departure from the typical permeability losses pure PIM-1 experiences with aging. Mixed-gas separation data showed enhanced CO2/CH4 selectivity relative to the pure-gas permeation results, with only ∼20% decreases in selectivity when moving from a CO2 partial pressure of ∼2.4 to ∼7.1 atm (atmospheric pressure) when utilizing a mixed-gas CO2/CH4 feed stream. These results highlight the potential of pentiptycene's intrinsic, configurational free volume for simultaneously delivering size-sieving above the 2008 upper bound, along with exceptional resistance to physical aging that often plagues high free volume PIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner J Corrado
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Zihan Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Dezhao Huang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Noah Wamble
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Tengfei Luo
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Ruilan Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556;
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29
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Wang Y. Virtual Special Issue: Polymeric Membranes for Advanced Separations. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Zhu G, Fu W, Shi J, Tong B, Cai Z, Zhi J, Dong Y. Multicomponent Spiropolymerization of Diisocyanides, Diethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate, and Halogenated Quinones. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100029. [PMID: 33987894 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent spiropolymerization (MCSP) provides an efficient synthetic tool for the construction of spiropolymers based on nonspiro monomers. In this study, a method of MCSP using diisocyanides 1, diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate 2, and halogenated quinones 3 is developed for the in situ construction of bis-spiropolymers with high molecular weights (Mw up to 29 200) and good yields (up to 87.7%) under mild reaction conditions. The structure of the obtained bis-spiropolymers is confirmed by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Halogenated bis-spiropolymers show good thermal stability, good solubility, and film-forming ability. The photosensitizer rhodamine B is used as a doping agent to induce the photodegradation of the polymer P1a3c into small-molecule segments, which results in the slow release of halogenated spiro-groups under irradiation with simulated sunlight. This finding reveals that P1a3c has the potential to be applied in pesticides. Therefore, this MCSP is a novel method for preparing halogen-containing bis-spiropolymers, which accelerates the development of multifunctional polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiqiang Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianbing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junge Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuping Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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31
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Shetty S, Baig N, Hassan A, Al-Mousawi S, Das N, Alameddine B. Fluorinated Iron(ii) clathrochelate units in metalorganic based copolymers: improved porosity, iodine uptake, and dye adsorption properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14986-14995. [PMID: 35424059 PMCID: PMC8697800 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02357h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of metalorganic copolymers made from the palladium catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between various iron(ii) clathrochelate building blocks with diethynyl-triptycene and fluorene derivatives. The target copolymers CCP1-5 were isolated in excellent yield and characterized by various instrumental analysis techniques. Interestingly, investigation of the copolymers' porosity properties discloses BET surface areas up to 337 m2 g-1 for the target compounds bearing fluorinated iron(ii) clathrochelate units CCP2,5. Moreover, the fluorinated copolymers display an outstanding uptake capacity of iodine with a maximum adsorption of 200 wt%. The target metalorganic copolymers CCP1-5 reveal very good adsorption of organic dyes, namely, methyl blue and methylene blue, from aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchetha Shetty
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology Kuwait
- Functional Materials Group - CAMB, GUST Kuwait
| | - Noorullah Baig
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology Kuwait
- Functional Materials Group - CAMB, GUST Kuwait
| | - Atikur Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna Patna 801106 Bihar India
| | | | - Neeladri Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna Patna 801106 Bihar India
| | - Bassam Alameddine
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology Kuwait
- Functional Materials Group - CAMB, GUST Kuwait
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Luque-Alled JM, Ameen AW, Alberto M, Tamaddondar M, Foster AB, Budd PM, Vijayaraghavan A, Gorgojo P. Gas separation performance of MMMs containing (PIM-1)-functionalized GO derivatives. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ahmad MZ, Castro-Muñoz R, Budd PM. Boosting gas separation performance and suppressing the physical aging of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) by nanomaterial blending. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23333-23370. [PMID: 33210671 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), especially the firstly introduced PIM-1, have been actively explored for various membrane-based separation purposes and widely recognized as the next generation membrane materials of choice for gas separation due to their ultra-permeable characteristics. Unfortunately, the polymers suffer substantially the negative impacts of physical aging, a phenomenon that is primarily noticeable in high free volume polymers. The phenomenon occurs at the molecular level, which leads to changes in the physical properties, and consequently the separation performance and membrane durability. This review discusses the strategies that have been employed to manage the physical aging issue, with a focus on the approach of blending with nanomaterials to give mixed matrix membranes. A detailed discussion is provided on the types of materials used, their inherent properties, the effects on gas separation performance, and their benefits in the suppression of the aging problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zamidi Ahmad
- Organic Materials Innovation Center (OMIC), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK.
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Tamaddondar M, Foster AB, Carta M, Gorgojo P, McKeown NB, Budd PM. Mitigation of Physical Aging with Mixed Matrix Membranes Based on Cross-Linked PIM-1 Fillers and PIM-1. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46756-46766. [PMID: 32905699 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A low cross-link density (LCD) network-PIM-1, which offers high compatibility with the polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1, is synthesized by a modified PIM-1 polycondensation that combines both a tetrafluoro- and an octafluoro-monomer. To maximize the advantages of utilizing such cross-linked PIM-1 fillers in PIM-1-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), a grafting route is used to decorate the LCD-network-PIM-1 (dispersed phase) with PIM-1 chains, to further enhance compatibility with the PIM-1 matrix. Mixed-gas CO2/CH4 (1:1, v/v) separation results over 160 days of membrane aging confirm the success of a relatively short (24 h) grafting reaction in improving the initial CO2 separation performance, as well as hindering the aging of PIM-1/grafted-LCD-network-PIM-1 MMMs. For MMMs based on a 24 h grafting route, all the gas separation data surpass the 2008 Robeson upper bound by a significant margin, and the 160-day aged membranes show only 29% reduction from the initial CO2 permeability, which is substantially less than the equivalent losses of nearly 70% and 48% for PIM-1 and traditionally fabricated MMMs counterparts, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of network-PIM components for obtaining much more stable gas separation performance over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Tamaddondar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Foster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil B McKeown
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Budd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zhu G, Fu W, Han B, Shi J, Tong B, Cai Z, Zhi J, Dong Y. Catalyst-Free Multicomponent Cyclopolymerizations of Diisocyanides, Activated Alkynes, and 1,4-Dibromo-2,3-Butanedione: a Facile Strategy toward Functional Polyiminofurans Containing Bromomethyl Groups. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000463. [PMID: 32989821 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymers containing iminofuran (PIFs) are rarely reported due to the lack of simple and effective synthesis methods. In this work, a novel multicomponent cyclopolymerization (MCCP) of diisocyanides, activated alkynes, and 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione using catalyst-free one-pot reactions under mild conditions to prepare PIFs containing bromomethyl groups is reported. PIFs with good solubility and thermal stability are obtained with high Mw s (up to 19 600) and good yields (up to 89.5%) under optimized polymerization conditions. The structure of the PIFs is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The photophysical properties indicate that polymers P1a2b3 and P1c2b3 have cluster-triggered emission characteristics. Thin films made from PIFs quickly degrade under UV irradiation. Moreover, the obtained polymers are decorated with bromomethyl and carboxylate groups in the side chain, which can be postfunctionalized to prepare multifunctional materials, such as star branched polymers and biomedical carrier materials. Thus, this work not only enriches the field of polymerization based on isocyanates and activated alkynes but also provides a facile strategy toward functional iminofuran polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiqiang Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Binru Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianbing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junge Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuping Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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Lau CH, Konstas K, Doherty CM, Smith SJD, Hou R, Wang H, Carta M, Yoon H, Park J, Freeman BD, Malpass-Evans R, Lasseuguette E, Ferrari MC, McKeown NB, Hill MR. Tailoring molecular interactions between microporous polymers in high performance mixed matrix membranes for gas separations. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17405-17410. [PMID: 32793938 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are crucial to lowering the huge energy costs of chemical separations. Whilst some promising polymers demonstrate excellent transport properties, problems of plasticisation and physical aging due to mobile polymer chains, amongst others, prevent their exploitation in membranes for industrial separations. Here we reveal that molecular interactions between a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) matrix and a porous aromatic framework additive (PAF-1) can simultaneously address plasticisation and physical aging whilst also increasing gas transport selectivity. Extensive spectroscopic characterisation and control experiments involving two near-identical PIMs, one with methyl groups (PIM-EA(Me2)-TB) and one without (PIM-EA(H2)-TB), directly confirm the key molecular interaction as the adsoprtion of methyl groups from the PIM matrix into the nanopores of the PAF. This interaction reduced physical aging by 50%, suppressed polymer chain mobilities at high pressure and increased H2 selectivity over larger gases such as CH4 and N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher Hon Lau
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Rujing Hou
- CSIRO, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Heewook Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX78758, USA
| | - Jaesung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX78758, USA
| | - Benny D Freeman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX78758, USA
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Elsa Lasseuguette
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Maria-Chiara Ferrari
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Neil B McKeown
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Matthew R Hill
- CSIRO, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
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Thompson KA, Mathias R, Kim D, Kim J, Rangnekar N, Johnson JR, Hoy SJ, Bechis I, Tarzia A, Jelfs KE, McCool BA, Livingston AG, Lively RP, Finn MG. N-Aryl-linked spirocyclic polymers for membrane separations of complex hydrocarbon mixtures. Science 2020; 369:310-315. [PMID: 32675373 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fractionation of crude-oil mixtures through distillation is a large-scale, energy-intensive process. Membrane materials can avoid phase changes in such mixtures and thereby reduce the energy intensity of these thermal separations. With this application in mind, we created spirocyclic polymers with N-aryl bonds that demonstrated noninterconnected microporosity in the absence of ladder linkages. The resulting glassy polymer membranes demonstrated nonthermal membrane fractionation of light crude oil through a combination of class- and size-based "sorting" of molecules. We observed an enrichment of molecules lighter than 170 daltons corresponding to a carbon number of 12 or a boiling point less than 200°C in the permeate. Such scalable, selective membranes offer potential for the hybridization of energy-efficient technology with conventional processes such as distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie A Thompson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ronita Mathias
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Daeok Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Neel Rangnekar
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - J R Johnson
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Scott J Hoy
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Irene Bechis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Benjamin A McCool
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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