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McCullough KB, Titus A, Reardon K, Conyers S, Dougherty JD, Ge X, Garbow JR, Dickson P, Yuede CM, Maloney SE. Characterization of early markers of disease in the mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB. J Neurodev Disord 2024; 16:16. [PMID: 38632525 PMCID: PMC11022360 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-024-09534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB, also known as Sanfilippo Syndrome B, is a devastating childhood disease. Unfortunately, there are currently no available treatments for MPS IIIB patients. Yet, animal models of lysosomal storage diseases have been valuable tools in identifying promising avenues of treatment. Enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, and bone marrow transplant have all shown efficacy in the MPS IIIB model systems. A ubiquitous finding across rodent models of lysosomal storage diseases is that the best treatment outcomes resulted from intervention prior to symptom onset. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to identify early markers of disease in the MPS IIIB mouse model as well as examine clinically-relevant behavioral domains not yet explored in this model. METHODS Using the MPS IIIB mouse model, we explored early developmental trajectories of communication and gait, and later social behavior, fear-related startle and conditioning, and visual capabilities. In addition, we examined brain structure and function via magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. RESULTS We observed reduced maternal isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in MPS IIIB mice relative to controls, as well as disruption in a number of the spectrotemporal features. MPS IIIB also exhibited disrupted thermoregulation during the first two postnatal weeks without any differences in body weight. The developmental trajectories of gait were largely normal. In early adulthood, we observed intact visual acuity and sociability yet a more submissive phenotype, increased aggressive behavior, and decreased social sniffing relative to controls. MPS IIIB mice showed greater inhibition of startle in response to a pretone with a decrease in overall startle response and reduced cued fear memory. MPS IIIB also weighed significantly more than controls throughout adulthood and showed larger whole brain volumes and normalized regional volumes with intact tissue integrity as measured with magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate disease markers are present as early as the first two weeks postnatal in this model. Further, this model recapitulates social, sensory and fear-related clinical features. Our study using a mouse model of MPS IIIB provides essential baseline information that will be useful in future evaluations of potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B McCullough
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Amanda Titus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kate Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sara Conyers
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xia Ge
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Patricia Dickson
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan E Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Geng SL, Zhao XJ, Zhang X, Zhang JH, Mi CL, Wang TY. Recombinant therapeutic proteins degradation and overcoming strategies in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:182. [PMID: 38285115 PMCID: PMC10824870 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modification similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. One of the issues that occurs during development of RTPs is their degradation, which caused by a variety of factors and reducing quality of RTPs. RTP degradation is especially concerning as they could result in reduced biological functions (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and generate potentially immunogenic species. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTP degradation and strategies for avoiding degradation have regained an interest from academia and industry. In this review, we outline recent progress in this field, with a focus on factors that cause degradation during RTP production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTP degradation. KEY POINTS: • The recombinant therapeutic protein degradation in CHO cell systems is reviewed. • Enzymatic factors and non-enzymatic methods influence recombinant therapeutic protein degradation. • Reducing the degradation can improve the quality of recombinant therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lei Geng
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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Liu Y, Gelb MH. Tandem mass spectrometric assay of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase for multiplex analysis of mucopolysaccharidosis-IIID in dried blood spots. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 141:108105. [PMID: 38128203 PMCID: PMC10842764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Previously we developed a multiplex liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay using dried blood spots for all subtypes of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) except MPS-IIID. Here we show that the MPS-IIID enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (GNS) is inhibited in dried blood spot (DBS) extracts, but activity can be recovered if the extract is diluted to reduce the concentrations of endogenous inhibitors. The new GNS assay displays acceptable characteristics including linearity in product formation with incubation time and amount of enzyme, low variability, and ability to distinguish MPS-IIID-affected from healthy patients using DBS. The assay can be added to the LC-MS/MS multiplex panel for all MPS subtypes requiring ∼2 min per newborn for the LC-MS/MS run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Nittari G, Tomassoni D, Roy P, Martinelli I, Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Batten disease through different in vivo and in vitro models: A review. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:298-315. [PMID: 36434776 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Batten disease consists of a family of primarily autosomal recessive, progressive neuropediatric disorders, also known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). These pathologies are characterized by seizures and visual, cognitive and motor decline, and premature death. The pathophysiology of this rare disease is still unclear despite the years of trials and financial aids. This paper has reviewed advantages and limits of in vivo and in vitro models of Batten disease from murine and larger animal models to primitive unicellular models, until the most recently developed patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. For each model advantages, limits and applications were analyzed. The first prototypes investigated were murine models that due to their limits were replaced by larger animals. In vitro models gradually replaced animal models for practical, cost, and ethical reasons. Using induced pluripotent stem cells to study neurodegeneration is a new way of studying the disease, since they can be distinguished into differentiating elements like neurons, which are susceptible to neurodegeneration. In vivo and in vitro models have contributed to clarifying to some extent the pathophysiology of the disease. The collection and sharing of suitable human bio samples likely through biobanks can contribute to a better understanding, prevention, and to identify possible treatment strategies of Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Nittari
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Ilenia Martinelli
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Mucopolysaccharidoses and the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:76. [PMID: 36117162 PMCID: PMC9484072 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses comprise a set of genetic diseases marked by an enzymatic dysfunction in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes. There are eight clinically distinct types of mucopolysaccharidosis, some with various subtypes, based on which lysosomal enzyme is deficient and symptom severity. Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis can present with a variety of symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, and cardiopulmonary issues. Additionally, the onset and severity of symptoms can vary depending on the specific disorder, with symptoms typically arising during early childhood. While there is currently no cure for mucopolysaccharidosis, there are clinically approved therapies for the management of clinical symptoms, such as enzyme replacement therapy. Enzyme replacement therapy is typically administered intravenously, which allows for the systemic delivery of the deficient enzymes to peripheral organ sites. However, crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to ameliorate the neurological symptoms of mucopolysaccharidosis continues to remain a challenge for these large macromolecules. In this review, we discuss the transport mechanisms for the delivery of lysosomal enzymes across the BBB. Additionally, we discuss the several therapeutic approaches, both preclinical and clinical, for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidoses.
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Wang F, Li S, Cheng KW, Rosencrans WM, Chou TF. The p97 Inhibitor UPCDC-30245 Blocks Endo-Lysosomal Degradation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020204. [PMID: 35215314 PMCID: PMC8880557 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse modes of action of small molecule inhibitors provide versatile tools to investigate basic biology and develop therapeutics. However, it remains a challenging task to evaluate their exact mechanisms of action. We identified two classes of inhibitors for the p97 ATPase: ATP competitive and allosteric. We showed that the allosteric p97 inhibitor, UPCDC-30245, does not affect two well-known cellular functions of p97, endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation and the unfolded protein response pathway; instead, it strongly increases the lipidated form of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II), suggesting an alteration of autophagic pathways. To evaluate the molecular mechanism, we performed proteomic analysis of UPCDC-30245 treated cells. Our results revealed that UPCDC-30245 blocks endo-lysosomal degradation by inhibiting the formation of early endosome and reducing the acidity of the lysosome, an effect not observed with the potent p97 inhibitor CB-5083. This unique effect allows us to demonstrate UPCDC-30245 exhibits antiviral effects against coronavirus by blocking viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (S.L.); (K.-W.C.); (W.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (T.-F.C.); Tel.: +1 626-395-6772 (T.-F.C.)
| | - Shan Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (S.L.); (K.-W.C.); (W.M.R.)
| | - Kai-Wen Cheng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (S.L.); (K.-W.C.); (W.M.R.)
| | - William M. Rosencrans
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (S.L.); (K.-W.C.); (W.M.R.)
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (S.L.); (K.-W.C.); (W.M.R.)
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (T.-F.C.); Tel.: +1 626-395-6772 (T.-F.C.)
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Takahashi K, Le SQ, Kan SH, Jansen MJ, Dickson PI, Cooper JD. Neuropathology of murine Sanfilippo D syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:323-329. [PMID: 34844863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo D syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (GNS). A mouse model was generated by constitutive knockout of the Gns gene. We studied affected mice and controls at 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks of age for neuropathological markers of disease in the somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, and lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. We found significantly increased immunostaining for glial fibrillary associated protein (GFAP), CD68 (a marker of activated microglia), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) in Sanfilippo D mice compared to controls at 12 weeks of age in all brain regions. Intergroup differences were marked for GFAP and CD68 staining, with levels in Sanfilippo D mice consistently above controls at all age groups. Intergroup differences in LAMP-1 staining were more pronounced in 12- and 24-week age groups compared to 36- and 48-week groups, as control animals showed some LAMP-1 staining at later timepoints in some brain regions. We also evaluated the somatosensory cortex, medial entorhinal cortex, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, medial amygdala, and hippocampal hilus for subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase (SCMAS). We found a progressive accumulation of SCMAS in most brain regions of Sanfilippo D mice compared to controls by 24 weeks of age. Cataloging the regional neuropathology of Sanfilippo D mice may aid in understanding the disease pathogenesis and designing preclinical studies to test brain-directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven Q Le
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shih-Hsin Kan
- Children's Hospital Orange County Research Institute, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Matthew J Jansen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Evaluation of artificial signal peptides for secretion of two lysosomal enzymes in CHO cells. Biochem J 2021; 478:2309-2319. [PMID: 34032266 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a scientifically rational and clinically proven treatment for lysosomal storage diseases. Most enzymes used for ERT are purified from the culture supernatant of mammalian cells. However, it is challenging to purify lysosomal enzymes with sufficient quality and quantity for clinical use due to their low secretion levels in mammalian cell systems. To improve the secretion efficiency of recombinant lysosomal enzymes, we evaluated the impact of artificial signal peptides on the production of recombinant lysosomal enzymes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. We engineered two recombinant human lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase (rhNAGLU) and glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase (rhGNS), by replacing their native signal peptides with nine different signal peptides derived from highly secretory proteins and expressed them in CHO K1 cells. When comparing the native signal peptides, we found that rhGNS was secreted into media at higher levels than rhNAGLU. The secretion of rhNAGLU and rhGNS can, however, be carefully controlled by altering signal peptides. The secretion of rhNAGLU was relatively higher with murine Igκ light chain and human chymotrypsinogen B1 signal peptides, whereas Igκ light chain signal peptide 1 and human chymotrypsinogen B1 signal peptides were more effective for rhGNS secretion, suggesting that human chymotrypsinogen B1 signal peptide is the most appropriate for increasing lysosomal enzyme secretion. Collectively, our results indicate that altering signal peptide can modulate the secretion of recombinant lysosome enzymes and will enable lysosomal enzyme production for clinical use.
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