1
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Tonduru AK, Maljaei SH, Adla SK, Anamea L, Tampio J, Králová A, Jalkanen AJ, Espada C, Santos IF, Montaser AB, Rautio J, Kronenberger T, Poso A, Huttunen KM. Targeting Glial Cells by Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1)-Utilizing l-Thyroxine-Derived Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15094-15114. [PMID: 37930268 PMCID: PMC10683023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OATP1C1 (organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1C1) transports thyroid hormones, particularly thyroxine (T4), into human astrocytes. In this study, we investigated the potential of utilizing OATP1C1 to improve the delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs into glial cells. We designed and synthesized eight novel prodrugs by incorporating T4 and 3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosine (DIT) as promoieties to selected anti-inflammatory drugs. The prodrug uptake in OATP1C1-expressing human U-87MG glioma cells demonstrated higher accumulation with T4 promoiety compared to those with DIT promoiety or the parent drugs themselves. In silico models of OATP1C1 suggested dynamic binding for the prodrugs, wherein the pose changed from vertical to horizontal. The predicted binding energies correlated with the transport profiles, with T4 derivatives exhibiting higher binding energies when compared to prodrugs with a DIT promoiety. Interestingly, the prodrugs also showed utilization of oatp1a4/1a5/1a6 in mouse primary astrocytes, which was further supported by docking studies and a great potential for improved brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Tonduru
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seyed Hamed Maljaei
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Landry Anamea
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Tampio
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Adéla Králová
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aaro J. Jalkanen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Catarina Espada
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Inês Falcato Santos
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed B. Montaser
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle
8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Tuebingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antti Poso
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle
8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Tuebingen
Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Department
of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital
Tübingen, DE 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally
Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Comparative Modelling of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides: Structural Insights and Comparison of Binding Modes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238531. [PMID: 36500622 PMCID: PMC9738416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the functionality of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and to design new ligands, reliable structural data of each OATP is needed. In this work, we used a combination of homology model with molecular dynamics simulations to generate a comprehensive structural dataset, that encompasses a diverse set of OATPs but also their relevant conformations. Our OATP models share a conserved transmembrane helix folding harbouring a druggable binding pocket in the shape of an inner pore. Our simulations suggest that the conserved salt bridges at the extracellular region between residues on TM1 and TM7 might influence the entrance of substrates. Interactions between residues on TM1 and TM4 within OATP1 family shown their importance in transport of substrates. Additionally, in transmembrane (TM) 1/2, a known conserved element, interact with two identified motifs in the TM7 and TM11. Our simulations suggest that TM1/2-TM7 interaction influence the inner pocket accessibility, while TM1/2-TM11 salt bridges control the substrate binding stability.
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3
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Wang Z, Li Y, Villanueva CE, Peng T, Han W, Bo Z, Zhang H, Hagenbuch B, Gui C. The Importance of Val386 in Transmembrane Domain 8 for the Activation of OATP1B3 by Epigallocatechin Gallate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6552-6560. [PMID: 35603894 PMCID: PMC9438777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) uptake mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) can be activated by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). In this study, by using chimeric transporters and site-directed mutagenesis, we found that Val386 in transmembrane domain 8 (TM8) is essential for OATP1B3's activation by EGCG. Kinetic studies showed that the loss of activation of 1B3-TM8 and 1B3-V386F in the presence of EGCG is due to their decreased substrate binding affinity and reduced maximal transport rate. The overall transport efficiencies of OATP1B3, 1B3-TM8, and 1B3-V386F in the absence and presence of EGCG are 8.6 ± 0.7 vs 15.9 ± 1.4 (p < 0.05), 11.2 ± 2.1 vs 2.7 ± 0.3 (p < 0.05), and 10.2 ± 1.0 vs 2.5 ± 0.3 (p < 0.05), respectively. While 1B3-V386F cannot be activated by EGCG, its transport activity for EGCG is also diminished. OATP1B3's activation by EGCG is substrate-dependent as EGCG inhibits OATP1B3-mediated pravastatin uptake. Furthermore, the activation of OATP1B3-mediated E3S uptake by quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside is not affected by TM8 and V386F. Taken together, the activation of OATP1B3 by small molecules is substrate- and modulator-dependent, and V386 in TM8 plays a critical role in the activation of OATP1B3-mediated E3S uptake by EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cecilia E. Villanueva
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Taotao Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanjun Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheyue Bo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Kiander W, Vellonen KS, Malinen MM, Gynther M, Hagström M, Bhattacharya M, Auriola S, Koenderink JB, Kidron H. The Effect of Single Nucleotide Variations in the Transmembrane Domain of OATP1B1 on in vitro Functionality. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1663-1675. [PMID: 34647232 PMCID: PMC8602229 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) mediates hepatic influx and clearance of many drugs, including statins. The SLCO1B1 gene is highly polymorphic and its function-impairing variants can predispose patients to adverse effects. The effects of rare genetic variants of SLCO1B1 are mainly unexplored. We examined the impact of eight naturally occurring rare variants and the well-known SLCO1B1 c.521C > T (V174A) variant on in vitro transport activity, cellular localization and abundance. Methods Transport of rosuvastatin and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in OATP1B1 expressing HEK293 cells was measured to assess changes in activity of the variants. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy determined the cellular localization of OATP1B1 and LC–MS/MS based quantitative targeted absolute proteomics analysis quantified the amount of OATP1B1 in crude membrane fractions. Results All studied variants, with the exception of P336R, reduced protein abundance to varying degree. V174A reduced protein abundance the most, over 90% compared to wild type. Transport function was lost in G76E, V174A, L193R and R580Q variants. R181C decreased activity significantly, while T345M and L543W retained most of wild type OATP1B1 activity. P336R showed increased activity and H575L decreased the transport of DCF significantly, but not of rosuvastatin. Decreased activity was interrelated with lower absolute protein abundance in the studied variants. Conclusions Transmembrane helices 2, 4 and 11 appear to be crucial for proper membrane localization and function of OATP1B1. Four of the studied variants were identified as loss-of-function variants and as such could make the individual harboring these variants susceptible to altered pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of substrate drugs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-021-03107-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Melina M Malinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marja Hagström
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan B Koenderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Tuerkova A, Ungvári O, Laczkó-Rigó R, Mernyák E, Szakács G, Özvegy-Laczka C, Zdrazil B. Data-Driven Ensemble Docking to Map Molecular Interactions of Steroid Analogs with Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3109-3127. [PMID: 34105971 PMCID: PMC8243326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides—OATP1B1,
OATP1B3, and OATP2B1—are expressed at the basolateral membrane
of hepatocytes, being responsible for the uptake of a wide range of
natural substrates and structurally unrelated pharmaceuticals. Impaired
function of hepatic OATPs has been linked to clinically relevant drug–drug
interactions leading to altered pharmacokinetics of administered drugs.
Therefore, understanding the commonalities and differences across
the three transporters represents useful knowledge to guide the drug
discovery process at an early stage. Unfortunately, such efforts remain
challenging because of the lack of experimentally resolved protein
structures for any member of the OATP family. In this study, we established
a rigorous computational protocol to generate and validate structural
models for hepatic OATPs. The multistep procedure is based on the
systematic exploration of available protein structures with shared
protein folding using normal-mode analysis, the calculation of multiple
template backbones from elastic network models, the utilization of
multiple template conformations to generate OATP structural models
with various degrees of conformational flexibility, and the prioritization
of models on the basis of enrichment docking. We employed the resulting
OATP models of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 to elucidate binding
modes of steroid analogs in the three transporters. Steroid conjugates
have been recognized as endogenous substrates of these transporters.
Thus, investigating this data set delivers insights into mechanisms
of substrate recognition. In silico predictions were complemented
with in vitro studies measuring the bioactivity of a compound set
on OATP expressing cell lines. Important structural determinants conferring
shared and distinct binding patterns of steroid analogs in the three
transporters have been identified. Overall, this comparative study
provides novel insights into hepatic OATP-ligand interactions and
selectivity. Furthermore, the integrative computational workflow for
structure-based modeling can be leveraged for other pharmaceutical
targets of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Tuerkova
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Orsolya Ungvári
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Réka Laczkó-Rigó
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary.,Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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He S, Zhang W, Zhang X, Xu P, Hong M, Qu S. The 4b-4c loop of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 containing four critical residues essential for substrate transport. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3599-3609. [PMID: 31496428 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1664935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalians, the 4b-4c loop of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) spans more than 50 amino-acid residues that are absent in glutamate transporter homologue of Pyrococcus horikoshii (GltPh). This part of insertion is unique for metazoans and indispensable to the localization of EAATs. The excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 1 is one of the two glial glutamate transporters, which are responsible for efficiently clearing glutamate from the synaptic cleft to prevent neurotoxicity and cell death. Although the crystal structure of EAAT1cryst (a human thermostable EAAT1) was resolved in 2017, the structure-function relationship of the 4b-4c loop has not been elucidated in EAAT1cryst. To investigate the role of the 4b-4c loop, we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis in the mutants and observed dramatically decreased transport activities in T192A, Y194A, N242A, and G245A mutants. The surface expression of T192A and Y194A mutants even decreased by more than 80%, and most of them were detained in the cytoplasm. However, when T192 and Y194 were substituted with conservative residues, the transport activities and the surface expressions of T192S and Y194F were largely recovered, and their kinetic parameters (Km values) were comparable to the wild-type EAAT1 as well. In contrast, N242 and G245 substituted with conservative residues could not rescue the uptake function, suggesting that N242 and G245 may play irreplaceable roles in the glutamate uptake process. These results indicate that the 4b-4c loop of EAAT1 may not only affect the glutamate uptake activity, but also influence the surface localization of EAAT1 by T192 and Y194.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suifen He
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (the First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (the First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Teaching Center of Experimental Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Hong
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Central Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (the First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Amino-terminal region of human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 dictates transporter stability and substrate interaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114642. [PMID: 31254566 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are key players of drug absorption, distribution and excretion due to their broad substrate specificity, wide tissue distribution and the involvement in drug-drug interaction. OATP1B1 is specifically localized at the basolateral membrane of human hepatocytes and serves a crucial role in the drug clearance from the body. Previous studies have shown that transmembrane domains (TMs) are essential for proper functions of OATPs. In the present study, site-directed mutagenesis was performed to study the TM1 and amino-terminus of OATP1B1. Two positively charged residues, K41 and K49, as well as a hydrophobic residue I46, in TM1 were identified to be important for the proper function of the transporter. K41A and K49A exhibited altered Km value at the high and low affinity binding sites of estrone-3- sulfate (ES), respectively; while alanine substitution of I46 showed altered Km and Vmax values for both binding components of ES. Additional replacement of K41 revealed that the positively charged property at this position is important for maintaining OATP1B1 protein level and function; while the specific side-group structure of lysine at position 49 is irreplaceable for the transporter activity. Conservative replacement of I46 with leucine also recovered the function of the transporter. In addition, studies of the amino-terminus of OATP1B1 revealed that residues ranging from 19 to 27 are essential for protein stability and substrate interaction. Therefore, the amino-terminal region, which includes TM1 and the amino-terminus of OATP1B1, is important for proper function of the membrane protein.
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9
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Wang X, Liang Y, Fang Z, Huang J, Hong M. The intracellular NPxY motif is critical in maintaining the function and expression of human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1189-1196. [PMID: 30970235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs, gene symbol SLCO) mediate sodium-independent transport of endogenous compounds such as bile salts, hormones and their conjugates as well as toxins and drugs. OATP1B1 is the major OATP specifically expressed at the basolateral membrane of human hepatocytes and many clinically important drugs have been shown to be substrates of the transporter. According to the computer-based hydropathy analysis, a large intracellular loop 3 (IL3) is situated between transmembrane domain 6 and 7 of OATPs, in which a conserved NPxY motif is found. In the current study, HEK293 cells expressing the HA-tagged OATP1B1 was utilized to investigate the role of the NPxY motif for the function and expression of the transporter. Alanine replacement of N335 or P336 retained substantial uptake function; while simultaneous mutation of these residues resulted in a double mutant that lost almost all the transport activity. On the other hand, Y338A showed >80% reduction for estrone-3-sulfate uptake. Plasma membrane protein analysis revealed that N335/P336A completely lost its cell surface protein expression; while that of Y338A is dramatically reduced. Further investigation with pharmacological inhibitors and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that N335/336A is detained in the Golgi apparatus and Y338A exhibited accelerated protein degradation rate compared to that of the wild-type. Conservative replacement of Y338 with phenylalanine fully recovered uptake and expression of the transporter. In summary, a new role was observed for the NPxY motif located in the IL3 of OATP1B1, which may affect processing and stability of the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushuang Liang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihui Fang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiujiu Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Hong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Türková A, Zdrazil B. Current Advances in Studying Clinically Relevant Transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) Family by Connecting Computational Modeling and Data Science. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:390-405. [PMID: 30976382 PMCID: PMC6438991 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion and cation transporting proteins (OATs, OATPs, and OCTs), as well as the Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion (MATE) transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) family are playing a pivotal role in the discovery and development of new drugs due to their involvement in drug disposition, drug-drug interactions, adverse drug effects and related toxicity. Computational methods to understand and predict clinically relevant transporter interactions can provide useful guidance at early stages in drug discovery and design, especially if they include contemporary data science approaches. In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of computational approaches for exploring ligand interactions and selectivity for these drug (uptake) transporters. The computational methods discussed here by highlighting interesting examples from the current literature are ranging from semiautomatic data mining and integration, to ligand-based methods (such as quantitative structure-activity relationships, and combinatorial pharmacophore modeling), and finally structure-based methods (such as comparative modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations). We are focusing on promising computational techniques such as fold-recognition methods, proteochemometric modeling or techniques for enhanced sampling of protein conformations used in the context of these ADMET-relevant SLC transporters with a special focus on methods useful for studying ligand selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Türková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Divison of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Divison of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Fang Z, Huang J, Chen J, Xu S, Xiang Z, Hong M. Transmembrane Domain 1 of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 Is Essential for Transporter Function and Stability. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:842-849. [PMID: 29871943 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs, gene symbol SLCO) are important membrane transporter proteins that mediate the uptake of wide ranges of endogenous and exogenous compounds. OATP2B1 has been found in multiple organs and tissues, including the liver, small intestine, kidney, brain, placenta, heart, skin, as well as skeletal muscle, and is proposed to be involved in the uptake of orally administered drugs. Quite a few reports have demonstrated that transmembrane domains (TMs) are crucial for proper functions of OATP family members. Comparative modeling proposed that TM1, along with TM2, 4, and 5 of the N-terminal half of OATP2B1, may be localized within the substrate interaction pocket and are important for uptake function of the transporter. Alanine scanning of the putative transmembrane domain 1 of OATP2B1 revealed that substitution of L58 with alanine dramatically altered the Km value, and mutation of V52, H55, Q59, and L69 resulted in significantly reduced substrate turnover number, whereas A61V, Q62A, and S66A exhibited significant change in both Km and Vmax values. In addition, phenylalanine at position 51 seems to play an important role in maintaining proper folding of OATP2B1 because alanine replacement of F51 caused accelerated degradation of the transporter protein. Although proteasome and lysosome inhibitors could partially recover protein level, the mutant transporter remained nonfunctional. Taken together, the identification of nine essential amino acid residues within TM1 of OATP2B1 suggested that the transmembrane domain is important for maintaining proper function of the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Fang
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiujiu Huang
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojian Xiang
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Hong
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Hong M. Biochemical studies on the structure-function relationship of major drug transporters in the ATP-binding cassette family and solute carrier family. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:3-20. [PMID: 27317853 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human drug transporters often play key roles in determining drug accumulation within cells. Their activities are often directly related to therapeutic efficacy, drug toxicity as well as drug-drug interactions. However, the progress for interpretation of their crystal structures is relatively slow. Hence, conventional biochemical studies together with computer modeling became useful manners to reveal essential structures of these membrane proteins. Over the years, quite a few structure-function relationship information had been obtained for members of the two major transporter families: the ATP-binding cassette family and the solute carrier family. Critical structural features of drug transporters include transmembrane domains, post-translational modification sites and domains for cell surface assembly and protein-protein interactions. Alterations at these important sites may affect protein stability, trafficking to the plasma membrane and/or ability of transporters to interact with substrates.
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Murray M, Zhou F. Trafficking and other regulatory mechanisms for organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic anion transporters that modulate cellular drug and xenobiotic influx and that are dysregulated in disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1908-1924. [PMID: 28299773 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), encoded by a number of solute carrier (SLC)22A and SLC organic anion (SLCO) genes, mediate the absorption and distribution of drugs and other xenobiotics. The regulation of OATs and OATPs is complex, comprising both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Plasma membrane expression is required for cellular substrate influx by OATs/OATPs. Thus, interest in post-translational regulatory processes, including membrane targeting, endocytosis, recycling and degradation of transporter proteins, is increasing because these are critical for plasma membrane expression. After being synthesized, transporters undergo N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and are delivered to the plasma membrane by vesicular transport. Their expression at the cell surface is maintained by de novo synthesis and recycling, which occurs after clathrin- and/or caveolin-dependent endocytosis of existing protein. Several studies have shown that phosphorylation by signalling kinases is important for the internalization and recycling processes, although the transporter protein does not appear to be directly phosphorylated. After internalization, transporters that are targeted for degradation undergo ubiquitination, most likely on intracellular loop residues. Epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of gene regulatory regions and transcription from alternate promoters, are also significant in the regulation of certain SLC22A/SLCO genes. The membrane expression of OATs/OATPs is dysregulated in disease, which affects drug efficacy and detoxification. Several transporters are expressed in the cytoplasmic subcompartment in disease states, which suggests that membrane targeting/internalization/recycling may be impaired. This article focuses on recent developments in OAT and OATP regulation, their dysregulation in disease and the significance for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Preference of Conjugated Bile Acids over Unconjugated Bile Acids as Substrates for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169719. [PMID: 28060902 PMCID: PMC5218478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, the metabolites of cholesterol, are signaling molecules that play critical role in many physiological functions. They undergo enterohepatic circulation through various transporters expressed in intestine and liver. Human organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3 contribute to hepatic uptake of bile acids such as taurocholic acid. However, the transport properties of individual bile acids are not well understood. Therefore, we selected HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 to evaluate the transport of five major human bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid) together withtheir glycine and taurine conjugates via OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. The bile acids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The present study revealed that cholic acid, chenodeoxyxcholic acid, and deoxycholic acid were transported by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, while ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were not significantly transported by OATPs. However, all the conjugated bile acids were taken up rapidly by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Kinetic analyses revealed the involvement of saturable OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated transport of bile acids. The apparent Km values for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 of the conjugated bile acids were similar (0.74-14.7 μM for OATP1B1 and 0.47-15.3 μM for OATP1B3). They exhibited higher affinity than cholic acid (47.1 μM for OATP1B1 and 42.2 μM for OATP1B3). Our results suggest that conjugated bile acids (glycine and taurine) are preferred to unconjugated bile acids as substrates for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.
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