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Ye W, Zhu F, Cai Y, Wang L, Zhang G, Zhao G, Chu X, Shuai Q, Yan Y. Improved paclitaxel delivery with PEG-b-PLA/zein nanoparticles prepared via flash nanoprecipitation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:486-495. [PMID: 36087755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelle is a promising vehicle to improve the bioavailability and clinical outcomes of paclitaxel (PTX) which has been proven effective in the treatment of a wide range of cancers. However, conventional PTX formulation with the amphiphilic PEG-b-PLA usually suffers from insufficient PTX loading, low stability of PTX-micelles, and rapid PTX release due to low compatibility between PTX and PLA, limiting its clinical application. In this study, a novel nanoparticle platform was developed to improve the stability of PTX-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) and the delivery efficacy of PTX by integrating the flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) technique and a combination of amphiphilic PEG-PLA and super hydrophobic zein. The incorporation of zein led to the formation of distinct hydrophobic interiors of NPs which enhanced the interaction between PTX and NPs, therefore improving the encapsulation efficiency of PTX and sustained drug release compared with PEG-PLA micelles without zein. In addition, FNP allowed facile fabrication of PTX-NPs with smaller sizes and higher stability. These PTX-NPs showed superior sustained release of PTX and good cancer cell-killing in vitro. Among them, PTX-5k-16k-1Z NPs exhibited excellent biosafety and anti-tumor efficacy in a xenograft tumor model in mice, suggesting great potential in the delivery of hydrophobic drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Ye
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Fangtao Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Longyu Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Guangkuo Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiaohe Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Qi Shuai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yunfeng Yan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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Foulkes MJ, Tolliday FH, Henry KM, Renshaw SA, Jones S. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of synthesised tanshinone I and isotanshinone I analogues in zebrafish. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240231. [PMID: 33022012 PMCID: PMC7537861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, dysregulated neutrophil behaviour can play a major role in a range of chronic inflammatory diseases, for many of which current treatments are generally ineffective. Recently, specific naturally occurring tanshinones have shown promising anti-inflammatory effects by targeting neutrophils in vivo, yet such tanshinones, and moreover, their isomeric isotanshinone counterparts, are still a largely underexplored class of compounds, both in terms of synthesis and biological effects. To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of isotanshinones, and the tanshinones more generally, a series of substituted tanshinone and isotanshinone analogues was synthesised, alongside other structurally similar molecules. Evaluation of these using a transgenic zebrafish model of neutrophilic inflammation revealed differential anti-inflammatory profiles in vivo, with a number of compounds exhibiting promising effects. Several compounds reduce initial neutrophil recruitment and/or promote resolution of neutrophilic inflammation, of which two also result in increased apoptosis of human neutrophils. In particular, the methoxy-substituted tanshinone 39 specifically accelerates resolution of inflammation without affecting the recruitment of neutrophils to inflammatory sites, making this a particularly attractive candidate for potential pro-resolution therapeutics, as well as a possible lead for future development of functionalised tanshinones as molecular tools and/or chemical probes. The structurally related β-lapachones promote neutrophil recruitment but do not affect resolution. We also observed notable differences in toxicity profiles between compound classes. Overall, we provide new insights into the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of several novel tanshinones, isotanshinones, and structurally related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Foulkes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Faith H. Tolliday
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine M. Henry
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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3
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Lübtow MM, Haider MS, Kirsch M, Klisch S, Luxenhofer R. Like Dissolves Like? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Partial Solubility Parameters to Predict Polymer-Drug Compatibility in Ultrahigh Drug-Loaded Polymer Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3041-3056. [PMID: 31318531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, our understanding of the molecular interactions between drugs and polymers in drug-loaded polymer micelles does not extend much beyond concepts such as "like-dissolves-like" or hydrophilic/hydrophobic. However, polymer-drug compatibility strongly affects formulation properties and therefore the translation of a formulation into the clinics. Specific interactions such as hydrogen-bonding, π-π stacking, or coordination interactions can be utilized to increase drug loading. This is commonly based on trial and error and eventually leads to an optimized drug carrier. Unfortunately, due to the unique characteristics of each drug, the deduction of advanced general concepts remains challenging. Furthermore, the introduction of complex moieties or specifically modified polymers hampers systematic investigations regarding polymer-drug compatibility as well as clinical translation. In this study, we reduced the complexity to isolate the crucial factors determining drug loading. Therefore, the compatibility of 18 different amphiphilic polymers for five different hydrophobic drugs was determined empirically. Subsequently, the obtained specificities were compared to theoretical compatibilities derived from either the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters or the Hansen solubility parameters. In general, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters were less suited to correctly estimate the experimental drug solubilization compared to the Hansen solubility parameters. The latter were able to correctly predict some trend regarding good and poor solubilizers, yet the overall predictive strength of Hansen solubility parameters is clearly unsatisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lübtow
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Malik Salman Haider
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Marius Kirsch
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Stefanie Klisch
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
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Wang K, Yang B, Ye H, Zhang X, Song H, Wang X, Li N, Wei L, Wang Y, Zhang H, Kan Q, He Z, Wang D, Sun J. Self-Strengthened Oxidation-Responsive Bioactivating Prodrug Nanosystem with Sequential and Synergistically Facilitated Drug Release for Treatment of Breast Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18914-18922. [PMID: 31055911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although environment-sensitive prodrug-based nanoparticles (NPs) have developed rapidly, lots of prodrug NPs still show poor selectivity and efficiency of parent drug bioactivation because of tumor heterogeneity. Herein, self-strengthened bioactivating prodrug-based NPs are fabricated via co-encapsulation of oxidation-responsive thioether-linked linoleic acid-paclitaxel conjugates (PTX-S-LA) and β-lapachone (LPC) into polymeric micelles (PMs). Following cellular uptake, PMs first release LPC to significantly elevate the reactive oxidative species (ROS) level through NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) catalysis. Then, NQO1-generated ROS in combination with endogenous high ROS levels in tumor cells could synergistically facilitate PTX-S-LA to release the active cytotoxic agent PTX. Such a novel prodrug nanosystem exhibits self-strengthened prodrug bioactivation, ultraselective release, and cytotoxicity between cancer and normal cells, prolonged circulation time, and enhanced tumor accumulation, leading to high antitumor efficiency and superior biosafety. Our findings pave the new way for the rational design of oxidation-responsive prodrug NPs for high-efficacy cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Kong C, Liu C, Yang K, Chen H, Huang J, Qian F. Improving Drug Delivery of Micellar Paclitaxel against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Coloading Itraconazole as a Micelle Stabilizer and a Tumor Vascular Manipulator. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802112. [PMID: 30444572 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polymeric micelles of paclitaxel (PTX) significantly reduce excipient-induced toxicity compared with Taxol, they exhibit few clinical advantages in tumor inhibition and overall survival. To improve, itraconazole (ITA), an antifungal drug with potent anti-angiogenesis activity, is co-encapsulated together with PTX within the PEG-PLA micelles. The strong intermolecular interactions between the payloads inhibit drug crystallization and prevent drugs from binding with external proteins, render super-stable micelles upon dilution and exposure to biological environment, and enter the tumor cells through endocytosis. The co-encapsulated micelles show strong anti-proliferation potency against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and even PTX resistant NSCLC cells in vitro and significantly improve the drug accumulation within the tumor in vivo. Compared with PTX monotherapy or combination therapy using individual PTX and ITA micelles, the co-encapsulated micelle demonstrates strikingly superior efficacy in tumor growth inhibition, recurrence prevention, and reversion of PTX resistance, in Kras mutant patient derived xenografts, orthotropic models, and paclitaxel-resistance subcutaneous models. Besides the pharmacokinetic improvement, therapeutic benefits are also contributed by angiogenesis inhibition and blood vessel normalization by ITA. Utilizing the pharmaceutical and pharmacological synergies between the therapeutic agents, a simple yet effective design of a combination cancer nanomedicine that is industrially scalable and clinically translatable is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhengsheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chao Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medicine College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Lübtow MM, Keßler L, Appelt-Menzel A, Lorson T, Gangloff N, Kirsch M, Dahms S, Luxenhofer R. More Is Sometimes Less: Curcumin and Paclitaxel Formulations Using Poly(2-oxazoline) and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Amphiphiles Bearing Linear and Branched C9 Side Chains. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800155. [PMID: 30256527 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A known limitation of polymer micelles for the formulation of hydrophobic drugs is their low loading capacity (LC), which rarely exceeds 20 wt%. One general strategy to overcome this limitation is to increase the amphiphilic contrast, that is, to make the hydrophobic core of the micelles more hydrophobic. However, in the case of poly(2-oxazoline) (POx)-based amphiphilic triblock copolymers, a minimal amphiphilic contrast was reported to be beneficial. Here, this subject is revisited in more detail using long hydrophobic side chains that are either linear (nonyl) or branched (3-ethylheptyl). Two different backbones within the hydrophobic block are investigated, in particular POx and poly(2-oxazine) (POzi), for the solubilization and co-solubilization of the two highly water insoluble compounds, curcumin and paclitaxel. Even though high loading capacities can be achieved for curcumin using POzi-based triblock copolymers, the solubilization capacity of all investigated polymers with longer side chains is significantly lower compared to POx and poly(2-oxazine)s with shorter side chains. Although the even lower LC for paclitaxel can be somehow improved by co-formulating curcumin, this study corroborates that in the case of POx and POzi-based polymer micelles, an increased amphiphilic contrast leads to less drug solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lübtow
- Polymer Functional Material, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Keßler
- Polymer Functional Material, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Lehrstuhl Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin und Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Polymer Functional Material, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Gangloff
- Polymer Functional Material, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marius Kirsch
- Polymer Functional Material, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Selma Dahms
- Polymer Functional Material, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Polymer Functional Material, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Shi X, Bai S, Yang C, Ma X, Hou M, Chen J, Xue P, Li CM, Kang Y, Xu Z. Improving the carrier stability and drug loading of unimolecular micelle-based nanotherapeutics for acid-activated drug delivery and enhanced antitumor therapy. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5549-5561. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines based on unimolecular micelles (UMs) have shown unique advantages such as high micellar stability, programmed cargo delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficiency.
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Yang K, Kong C, Liu C, Chen H, Huang J, Qian F. Tumor Progression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Controlled by Albumin and Micellar Nanoparticles of Itraconazole, a Multitarget Angiogenesis Inhibitor. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4705-4713. [PMID: 29068216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITA), an old and widely prescribed antifungal drug with excellent safety profile, has more recently been demonstrated to be a multitarget antiangiogenesis agent affecting multiple angiogenic stimulatory signals and pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) glycosylation, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In this study, we developed two nanoparticle formulations, i.e., polymer micelles (IP2K) and albumin nanoparticles (IBSA), to solubilize the extremely hydrophobic and insoluble ITA to allow intravenous administration and pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) comparisons. Although none of the formulations showed strong antiproliferation potency against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in vitro, when administrated at the equivalent ITA dose to a NSCLC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, IBSA retarded while IP2K accelerated the tumor growth. We attributed the cause of this paradox to formulation-dependent PK and vascular manipulation: IBSA demonstrated a more sustained PK with a Cmax of 60-70% and an AUC ∼2 times of those of IP2K, and alleviated the tumor hypoxia presumably through vascular normalization. In contrast, the high Cmax of IP2K elevated tumor hypoxia through a strong angiogenesis inhibition, which could have aggravated cancer aggressiveness and accelerated tumor growth. Furthermore, IBSA induced minimal hepatic and hematologic toxicities compared to IP2K and significantly enhanced the in vivo tumor inhibition activity of paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles when used in combination. These findings suggest that formulation and pharmacokinetics are critical aspects to be considered when designing the ITA angiogenesis therapy, and IBSA could potentially be assessed as a novel and safe multitarget angiogenesis therapy to be used in combination with other anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhengsheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chao Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medicine College , Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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