1
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Finotti Cordeiro C, Lopardi Franco L, Teixeira Carvalho D, Bonfilio R. Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Drug Products: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39058576 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2384046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleydson Finotti Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lopardi Franco
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rudy Bonfilio
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Rai SK, Potnuru LR, Duong NT, Yamazaki T, Nangia AK, Nishiyama Y, Agarwal V. Probing Short-Range Interactions in Isostructural Hydrate and Perhydrate of Dabrafenib by Magic-Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39034533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Dabrafenib (DBF), an anticancer drug, exhibits isostructural properties in its hydrate (DBF⊃H2O) and perhydrate (DBF⊃H2O2) forms, as revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Despite the H2O and H2O2 solvent molecules occupying identical locations, the two polymorphs have different thermal behaviors. In general, determination of stoichiometry of H2O in the perhydrate crystals is difficult due to the presence of both H2O and H2O2 in the same crystal voids. This study utilizes magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) combined with gauge-included projector augmented wave calculations to characterize the influence of solvent molecules on the local environment in pseudopolymorphs. SSNMR experiments were employed to assign 1H, 13C, and 15N peaks and identify spectral differences in the isostructural pseudopolymorphs. Proton spectroscopy at fast MAS was used to identify and quantify H2O2/H2O in DBF⊃H2O2 (mixed hydrate/perhydrate). 1H-1H dipolar-coupling-based experiments were recruited to confirm the 3D molecular packing of solvent molecules in DBF⊃H2O and DBF⊃H2O2. Homonuclear (1H-1H) and heteronuclear (1H-14N) distance measurements, in conjunction with diffraction structures and optimized hydrogen atom positions by density functional theory, helped decipher local interactions of H2O2 with DBF and their geometry in DBF⊃H2O2. This integrated X-ray structure, quantum chemical calculations, and NMR study of pseudopolymorphs offer a practical approach to scrutinizing crystallized solvent interactions in the crystal lattice even without high-resolution crystal structures or artificial sample enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Rai
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Lokeswara Rao Potnuru
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Nghia Tuan Duong
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshio Yamazaki
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ashwini K Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Central University P.O., Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- JEOL Ltd., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
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3
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Afonso Urich JA, Marko V, Boehm K, Werner B, Zangger K, Saraf I, Paudel A, Kushwah V. Accelerative Solid-State Oxidation Behaviour of Amorphous and Partially Crystalline Venetoclax. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:114. [PMID: 38750299 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing focus on solid-state degradation, especially for its relevance in understanding interactions with excipients. Performing a solid-state degradation of Venetoclax (VEN), we delve into VEN's stability in different solid-state oxidative stress conditions, utilizing Peroxydone™ complex and urea peroxide (UHP). The investigation extends beyond traditional forced degradation scenarios, providing insights into VEN's behavior over 32 h, considering temperature and crystallinity conditions. Distinct behaviors emerge in the cases of Peroxydone™ complex and UHP. The partially crystalline (PC-VEN) form proves more stable with Peroxydone™, while the amorphous form (A-VEN) shows enhanced stability with UHP. N-oxide VEN, a significant degradation product, varies between these cases, reflecting the impact of different oxidative stress conditions. Peroxydone™ complex demonstrates higher reproducibility and stability, making it a promising option for screening impurities in solid-state oxidative stress scenarios. This research not only contributes to the understanding of VEN's stability in solid-state but also aids formulators in anticipating excipient incompatibilities owing to presence of reactive impurities (peroxides) and oxidation in the final dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktoria Marko
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Boehm
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Werner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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4
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Krake E, Backer L, Andres B, Baumann W, Handler N, Buschmann H, Holzgrabe U, Bolm C, Beweries T. Mechanochemical Oxidative Degradation of Thienopyridine Containing Drugs: Toward a Simple Tool for the Prediction of Drug Stability. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1150-1159. [PMID: 37396854 PMCID: PMC10311657 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The long-term stability of an active-pharmaceutical ingredient and its drug products plays an important role in the licensing process of new pharmaceuticals and for the application of the drug at the patient. It is, however, difficult to predict degradation profiles at early stages of the development of new drugs, making the entire process very time-consuming and costly. Forced mechanochemical degradation under controlled conditions can be used to realistically model long-term degradation processes naturally occurring in drug products, avoiding the use of solvents, thus excluding irrelevant solution-based degradation pathways. We present the forced mechanochemical oxidative degradation of three platelet inhibitor drug products, where the drug products contain thienopyridine. Model studies using clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CLP) and its drug formulation Plavix show that the controlled addition of excipients does not affect the nature of the main degradants. Experiments using drug products Ticlopidin-neuraxpharm and Efient show that significant degradation occurs after short reaction times of only 15 min. These results highlight the potential of mechanochemistry for the study of degradation processes of small molecules relevant to the prediction of degradation profiles during the development of new drugs. Furthermore, these data provide exciting insights into the role of mechanochemistry for chemical synthesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everaldo
F. Krake
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Backer
- Institut
für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie,Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Benjamin Andres
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Handler
- RD&C
Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, Neuwaldegger Strasse 35/2/3, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Buschmann
- RD&C
Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, Neuwaldegger Strasse 35/2/3, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institut
für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie,Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen
University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse, e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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5
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Varun N, Dutta A, Ghoroi C. Influence of surface interaction between drug and excipient in binary mixture for dry powder inhaler applications. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Marcelino HR, Gabinio BM, Lima MND, Urtiga SCDC, Rodrigues GB, Dantas BB, Araújo DAMD, Peixoto CA, Oliveira EE. Development of diethylcarbamazine-loaded poly(caprolactone) nanoparticles for anti-inflammatory purpose: Preparation and characterization. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Grinberg Dana A, Wu H, Ranasinghe DS, Pickard FC, Wood GPF, Zelesky T, Sluggett GW, Mustakis J, Green WH. Kinetic Modeling of API Oxidation: (1) The AIBN/H 2O/CH 3OH Radical "Soup". Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3037-3049. [PMID: 34236207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stress testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is an important tool used to gauge chemical stability and identify potential degradation products. While different flavors of API stress testing systems have been used in experimental investigations for decades, the detailed kinetics of such systems as well as the chemical composition of prominent reactive species, specifically reactive oxygen species, are unknown. As a first step toward understanding and modeling API oxidation in stress testing, we investigated a typical radical "soup" solution an API is subject to during stress testing. Here we applied ab initio electronic structure calculations to automatically generate and refine a detailed chemical kinetics model, taking a fresh look at API oxidation. We generated a detailed kinetic model for a representative azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN)/H2O/CH3OH stress-testing system with a varied cosolvent ratio (50%/50%-99.5%/0.5% vol water/methanol) for 5.0 mM AIBN and representative pH values of 4-10 at 40 °C that was stirred and open to the atmosphere. At acidic conditions, hydroxymethyl alkoxyl is the dominant alkoxyl radical, and at basic conditions, for most studied initial methanol concentrations, cyanoisopropyl alkoxyl becomes the dominant alkoxyl radical, albeit at an overall lower concentration. At acidic conditions, the levels of cyanoisopropyl peroxyl, hydroxymethyl peroxyl, and hydroperoxyl radicals are relatively high and comparable, while, at both neutral and basic pH conditions, superoxide becomes the prominent radical in the system. The present work reveals the prominent species in a common model API stress testing system at various cosolvent and pH conditions, sets the stage for an in-depth quantitative API kinetic study, and demonstrates the usage of novel software tools for automated chemical kinetic model generation and ab initio refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Haoyang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Duminda S Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frank C Pickard
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Geoffrey P F Wood
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Todd Zelesky
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory W Sluggett
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason Mustakis
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William H Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Lai T, Pencheva K, Chow E, Docherty R. De-Risking Early-Stage Drug Development With a Bespoke Lattice Energy Predictive Model: A Materials Science Informatics Approach to Address Challenges Associated With a Diverse Chemical Space. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3176-3186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Modhave D, Barrios B, Paudel A. PVP-H 2O 2 Complex as a New Stressor for the Accelerated Oxidation Study of Pharmaceutical Solids. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090457. [PMID: 31484442 PMCID: PMC6781290 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive impurities, such as hydrogen peroxide in excipients, raise a great concern over the chemical stability of pharmaceutical products. Traditional screening methods of spiking impurities into solid drug-excipient mixtures oversimplify the micro-environment and the physical state of such impurities in real dosage form. This can lead to an inaccurate prediction of the long-term product stability. This study presents the feasibility of using a polyvinylpyrrolidone-hydrogen peroxide complex (PVP-H2O2) as an oxidative agent for the solid state forced degradation of a selected drug, vortioxetine HBr. The PVP-H2O2 complex was prepared and characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The tablet compacts were made using a mixture of solid PVP-H2O2 complex and crystalline vortioxetine HBr powder. The compacts were exposed to 40 °C/75% RH condition in open and closed states for different time intervals. The extent and the type of drug degradation were analysed using LC and LC-MS. The extent of degradation was higher in the samples stored at the open state as compared to the close state. The solution state forced oxidation was conducted to verify the peroxide induced degradation reactions. The results evidence the utility of the proposed solid-state stressor and the method for screening the sensitivity of drugs to the excipient reactive impurities involving peroxides in solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brenda Barrios
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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10
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Modhave D, Laggner P, Brunsteiner M, Paudel A. Solid-State Reactivity of Mechano-Activated Simvastatin: Atypical Relation to Powder Crystallinity. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3272-3280. [PMID: 31173762 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of solid-state disorders generated during milling on the chemical reactivity of simvastatin. An amorphous and a partially crystalline simvastatin powders were generated via cryomilling simvastatin crystals for either 90 or 10 min, respectively. The thoroughly characterized milled powders were stored at 40°C/75% RH, in open and closed containers. The effect of milling and storage conditions on physical stability was investigated using simultaneous small and wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. The chemical degradation was evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with the fully amorphous state, the partially crystalline simvastatin crystallized to a lower extent in the expense of higher chemical degradation on open storage. The closely stored samples degraded to a lower extent and crystallized to a higher extent than the openly stored ones. However, the trends of the total crystallinity and degradation between amorphous and partially crystalline powders were similar. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that the partially crystalline simvastatin comprised a higher extent of nanoscale density heterogeneity than the fully amorphous powder. The overall results pointed toward the role of the remaining amorphous content and the nanoscale and mesoscale density heterogeneity on the chemical reactivity in the disordered simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | | | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria; University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz Austria.
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11
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Campbell JM, Lee M, Clawson J, Kennedy-Gabb S, Bethune S, Janiga A, Kindon L, Leach KP. The Degradation Chemistry of GSK2879552: Salt Selection and Microenvironmental pH Modulation to Stabilize a Cyclopropyl Amine. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2858-2864. [PMID: 31054890 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cyclopropyl amine moiety in GSK2879552 (1) degrades hydrolytically in high pH conditions. This degradation pathway was observed during long-term stability studies and impacted the shelf life of the drug product. This article describes the work to identify the degradation impurities, elucidate the degradation mechanism, and design a stable drug product. It was found that salt selection and control of the microenvironmental pH of the drug product formulation blend significantly improved the chemical stability of the molecule in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426.
| | - Mei Lee
- Product and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Jacalyn Clawson
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Sonya Kennedy-Gabb
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Sarah Bethune
- Drug Product Design and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Ashley Janiga
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Leanda Kindon
- Product and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kevin P Leach
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426
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12
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Neugebauer P, Cardona J, Besenhard MO, Peter A, Gruber-Woelfler H, Tachtatzis C, Cleary A, Andonovic I, Sefcik J, Khinast JG. Crystal Shape Modification via Cycles of Growth and Dissolution in a Tubular Crystallizer. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2018; 18:4403-4415. [PMID: 30918477 PMCID: PMC6430499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.8b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Besides size and polymorphic form, crystal shape takes a central role in engineering advanced solid materials for the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. This work demonstrates how multiple cycles of growth and dissolution can manipulate the habit of an acetylsalicylic acid crystal population. Considerable changes of the crystal habit could be achieved within minutes due to rapid cycling, i.e., up to 25 cycles within <10 min. The required fast heating and cooling rates were facilitated using a tubular reactor design allowing for superior temperature control. The face-specific interactions between solvent and the crystals' surface result in face-specific growth and dissolution rates and hence alterations of the final shape of the crystals in solution. Accurate quantification of the crystal shapes was essential for this work, but is everything except simple. A commercial size and shape analyzer had to be adapted to achieve the required accuracy. Online size, and most important shape, analysis was achieved using an automated microscope equipped with a flow-through cell, in combination with a dedicated image analysis routine for particle tracking and shape analysis. Due to the implementation of this analyzer, capable of obtaining statistics on the crystals' shape while still in solution (no sampling and manipulation required), the dynamic behavior of the size shape distribution could be studied. This enabled a detailed analysis of the solvent's effect on the change in crystal habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Neugebauer
- Graz
University of Technology, Institute of Process
and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Javier Cardona
- Centre
for Intelligent Dynamic Communications, Department of Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George
Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, U.K.
| | - Maximilian O. Besenhard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- Research
Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Peter
- Research
Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler
- Graz
University of Technology, Institute of Process
and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research
Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christos Tachtatzis
- Centre
for Intelligent Dynamic Communications, Department of Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George
Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, U.K.
| | - Alison Cleary
- Centre
for Intelligent Dynamic Communications, Department of Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George
Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, U.K.
| | - Ivan Andonovic
- Centre
for Intelligent Dynamic Communications, Department of Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George
Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, U.K.
| | - Jan Sefcik
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Johannes G. Khinast
- Graz
University of Technology, Institute of Process
and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research
Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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