1
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Li Q, Chen S, Wang X, Cai J, Huang H, Tang S, He D. Cisplatin-Based Combination Therapy for Enhanced Cancer Treatment. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:473-491. [PMID: 38591210 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501294182240401060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin, a primary chemotherapeutic drug, is of great value in the realm of tumor treatment. However, its clinical efficacy is strictly hindered by issues, such as drug resistance, relapse, poor prognosis, and toxicity to normal tissue. Cisplatin-based combination therapy has garnered increasing attention in both preclinical and clinical cancer research for its ability to overcome resistance, reduce toxicity, and enhance anticancer effects. This review examines three primary co-administration strategies of cisplatin-based drug combinations and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, seven types of combination therapies involving cisplatin are discussed, focusing on their main therapeutic effects, mechanisms in preclinical research, and clinical applications. This review also discusses future prospects and challenges, aiming to offer guidance for the development of optimal cisplatin-based combination therapy regimens for improved cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hongwu Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Dongxiu He
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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2
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Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Investigation of the Platinum(IV) Tolfenamato Prodrug–Resolving Cisplatin-Resistance in Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065718. [PMID: 36982792 PMCID: PMC10056020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The research on the anticancer potential of platinum(IV) complexes represents one strategy to circumvent the deficits of approved platinum(II) drugs. Regarding the role of inflammation during carcinogenesis, the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ligands on the cytotoxicity of platinum(IV) complexes is of special interest. The synthesis of cisplatin- and oxaliplatin-based platinum(IV) complexes with four different NSAID ligands is presented in this work. Nine platinum(IV) complexes were synthesized and characterized by use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 195Pt, 19F), high-resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The cytotoxic activity of eight compounds was evaluated for two isogenic pairs of cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Platinum(IV) fenamato complexes with a cisplatin core showed especially high in vitro cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. The most promising complex, 7, was further analyzed for its stability in different buffer solutions and behavior in cell cycle and cell death experiments. Compound 7 induces a strong cytostatic effect and cell line-dependent early apoptotic or late necrotic cell death processes. Gene expression analysis suggests that compound 7 acts through a stress-response pathway integrating p21, CHOP, and ATF3.
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3
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Marotta C, Giorgi E, Binacchi F, Cirri D, Gabbiani C, Pratesi A. An overview of recent advancements in anticancer Pt(IV) prodrugs: New smart drug combinations, activation and delivery strategies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Huang L, Hu S, Fu YN, Wan Y, Li G, Wang X. Multicomponent carrier-free nanodrugs for cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9735-9754. [PMID: 36444567 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers can be used to deliver insoluble anticancer drugs to optimize therapeutic efficacy. However, the potential toxicity of nanocarriers cannot be ignored. Carrier-free nanodrugs are emerging safe drug delivery systems, which are composed of multiple components, such as drugs, bioactive molecules and functional ingredients, avoiding the usage of inert carrier materials and offering advantages that include high drug loading, low toxicity, synergistic therapy, versatile design, and easy surface functionalization. Therefore, how to design multicomponent carrier-free nanodrugs is becoming a priority. In this review, the common strategies for rapid construction of multicomponent carrier-free nanodrugs are briefly explored from the perspective of methodology. The properties of organic-organic, organic-inorganic and inorganic-inorganic multiple carrier-free nanosystems are analyzed according to wettability and in-depth understanding is provided. Further advances in the applications of multiple carrier-free nanodrugs are outlined in anticipation of grasping the intrinsic nature for the design and development of carrier-free nanodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shuyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Guofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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5
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Hkiri S, Coşkun KA, Üstün E, Samarat A, Tutar Y, Şahin N, Sémeril D. Silver(I) Complexes Based on Oxadiazole-Functionalized α-Aminophosphonate: Synthesis, Structural Study, and Biological Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:8131. [PMID: 36500224 PMCID: PMC9738469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two silver(I) complexes, bis{diethyl[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-κN3:κN4-amino) (4-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]phosphonate-(tetrafluoroborato-κF)}-di-silver(I) and tetrakis-{diethyl[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-κN3-amino)(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]phosphonate} silver(I) tetrafluoroborate, were prepared starting from the diethyl[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-amino)(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl]phosphonate (1) ligand and AgBF4 salt in Ag/ligand ratios of 1/1 and 1/4, respectively. The structure, stoichiometry, and geometry of the silver complexes were fully characterized by elemental analyses, infrared, single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, multinuclear NMR, and mass spectroscopies. The binuclear complex ([Ag2(1)2(BF4)2]; 2) crystallizes in the monoclinic asymmetric space group P21/c and contains two silver atoms adopting a {AgN2F} planar trigonal geometry, which are simultaneously bridged by two oxadiazole rings of two ligands, while the mononuclear complex ([Ag(1)4]BF4; 3) crystallizes in the non-usual cubic space group Fd-3c in which the silver atom binds to four distinct electronically enriched nitrogen atoms of the oxadiazole ring, in a slightly distorted {AgN4} tetrahedral geometry. The α-aminophosphonate and the monomeric silver complex were evaluated in vitro against MCF-7 and PANC-1 cell lines. The silver complex is promising as a drug candidate for breast cancer and the pancreatic duct with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 8.3 ± 1.0 and 14.4 ± 0.6 μM, respectively. Additionally, the interactions of the ligand and the mononuclear complex with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 and DNA were evaluated by molecular docking methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Hkiri
- Synthèse Organométallique et Catalyse, UMR-CNRS 7177, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Kübra Açıkalın Coşkun
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of İstanbul Aydın, Istanbul 34295, Turkey
| | - Elvan Üstün
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, University of Ordu, Ordu 52200, Turkey
| | - Ali Samarat
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Yusuf Tutar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences-Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Şahin
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Cumhuriyet, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - David Sémeril
- Synthèse Organométallique et Catalyse, UMR-CNRS 7177, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Spector DV, Pavlov KG, Akasov RA, Vaneev AN, Erofeev AS, Gorelkin PV, Nikitina VN, Lopatukhina EV, Semkina AS, Vlasova KY, Skvortsov DA, Roznyatovsky VA, Ul'yanovskiy NV, Pikovskoi II, Sypalov SA, Garanina AS, Vodopyanov SS, Abakumov MA, Volodina YL, Markova AA, Petrova AS, Mazur DM, Sakharov DA, Zyk NV, Beloglazkina EK, Majouga AG, Krasnovskaya OO. Pt(IV) Prodrugs with Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in the Axial Position. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8227-8244. [PMID: 35675651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the design, synthesis, and biological investigation of a series of novel Pt(IV) prodrugs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs naproxen, diclofenac, and flurbiprofen, as well as these with stearic acid in the axial position. Six Pt(IV) prodrugs 5-10 were designed, which showed superior antiproliferative activity compared to cisplatin as well as an ability to overcome tumor cell line resistance to cisplatin. By tuning the drug lipophilicity via variation of the axial ligands, the most potent Pt(IV) prodrug 7 was obtained, with an enhanced cellular accumulation of up to 153-fold that of cisplatin and nanomolar cytotoxicity both in 2D and 3D cell cultures. Pt2+ species were detected at different depths of MCF-7 spheroids after incubation with Pt(IV) prodrugs using a Pt-coated carbon nanoelectrode. Cisplatin accumulation in vivo in the murine mammary EMT6 tumor tissue of BALB/c mice after Pt(IV) prodrug injection was proved electrochemically as well. The drug tolerance study on BALB/c mice showed good tolerance of 7 in doses up to 8 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V Spector
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Kirill G Pavlov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman A Akasov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Alexander N Vaneev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Alexander S Erofeev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Petr V Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Vita N Nikitina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Lopatukhina
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Alevtina S Semkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy 23, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Kseniya Yu Vlasova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A Skvortsov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaly A Roznyatovsky
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ul'yanovskiy
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia
| | - Ilya I Pikovskoi
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia
| | - Sergey A Sypalov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Stepan S Vodopyanov
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yulia L Volodina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe highway 23, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Alina A Markova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street, 4, Moscow 119334, Russia.,A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Albina S Petrova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya str. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia.,State Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Marshal Novikov str. 23, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Sakharov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Zyk
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena K Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Olga O Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
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7
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Zhang D, Nie J, Wang D, Wu H, Sun L, Wang X, Wu J. Engineering a multi-target therapy nanoplatform against tumor growth and metastasis via a novel NSAID-Pt(IV) prodrug. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3803-3806. [PMID: 35229844 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06385e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis are caused by many factors. The complexity means that a multi-target combination therapy strategy should be selected against tumor growth and metastasis. Here, cisplatin (CDDP) and bendazac (Ben) were designed as a novel NSAID-Pt(IV) nanoplatform, which is an effective weapon for combating tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, 4 West Duanxing Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China.
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, 4 West Duanxing Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China.
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, 4 West Duanxing Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China.
| | - Huina Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, 4 West Duanxing Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, 4 West Duanxing Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China.
| | - Xuejian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province 261053, China
| | - Jiyong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, 4 West Duanxing Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China.
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8
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Long K, Wang Y, Lv W, Yang Y, Xu S, Zhan C, Wang W. Photoresponsive prodrug‐dye nanoassembly for in‐situ monitorable cancer therapy. BIOENGINEERING & TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 7:e10311. [PMID: 36176605 PMCID: PMC9472000 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photocleavable prodrugs enable controllable drug delivery to target sites modulated by light irradiation. However, the in vivo utility is usually hindered by their insolubility and inefficient delivery. In this study, we report a simple strategy of co‐assembling boron‐dipyrromethene‐chlorambucil prodrug and near‐infrared dye IR783 to fabricate photoresponsive nanoassemblies, which achieved both high prodrug loading capacity (~99%) and efficient light‐triggered prodrug activation. The incorporated IR783 dye not only stabilized the nanoparticles and contributed tumor targeting as usual, but also exhibited degradation after light irradiation and in‐situ monitoring of nanoparticle dissociation by fluorescent imaging. Systemic administration of the nanoparticles and localized light irradiation at tumor sites enabled monitorable and efficient drug release in vivo. Our results demonstrate that such prodrug‐dye co‐assembled nanomedicine is a promising formulation for photoresponsive drug delivery, which would advance the translation of photoresponsive nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Nanomedicine, Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research Centre The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Nanomedicine, Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research Centre The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Wen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Nanomedicine, Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research Centre The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Fudan University Shanghai China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Shuting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Nanomedicine, Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research Centre The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Fudan University Shanghai China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Weiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Nanomedicine, Dr. Li Dak‐Sum Research Centre The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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9
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Li Z, Li L, Zhao W, Sun B, Liu Z, Liu M, Han J, Wang Z, Li D, Wang QP. Development of a series of flurbiprofen and zaltoprofen platinum(IV) complexes with anti-metastasis competence targeting COX-2, PD-L1 and DNA. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12604-12619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To develop new anti-metastasis chemotherapeutic drugs, a series of flurbiprofen (FLP) and zaltoprofen (ZTP) platinum(IV) complexes targeting COX-2, PD-L1 and DNA were prepared and investigated. Complex 2 with dual FLP...
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10
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Li Z, Wang Q, Li L, Chen Y, Cui J, Liu M, Zhang N, Liu Z, Han J, Wang Z. Ketoprofen and Loxoprofen Platinum(IV) Complexes Displaying Antimetastatic Activities by Inducing DNA Damage, Inflammation Suppression, and Enhanced Immune Response. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17920-17935. [PMID: 34852203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a major contributor of death in cancer patients, and there is an urgent need for effective treatments of metastatic malignancies. Herein, ketoprofen (KP) and loxoprofen (LP) platinum(IV) complexes with antiproliferative and antimetastatic properties were designed and prepared by integrating chemotherapy and immunotherapy targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), besides DNA. A mono-KP platinum(IV) complex with a cisplatin core is screened out as a candidate possessing potent anti-proliferative and anti-metastasis activities both in vitro and in vivo. It induces serious DNA damage and further leads to high expression of γ-H2AX and p53. Moreover, it promotes apoptosis of tumor cells through mitochondrial apoptotic pathway Bcl-2/Bax/caspase3. Then, COX-2, MMP-9, NLRP3, and caspase1 as pivotal enzymes igniting inflammation and metastasis are obviously inhibited. Notably, it significantly improves immune response through restraining the expression of PD-L1 to increase CD3+ and CD8+ T infiltrating cells in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojie Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.,Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Limited, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Linming Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.,Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Limited, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.,Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Limited, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
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11
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Predarska I, Saoud M, Morgan I, Eichhorn T, Kaluđerović GN, Hey-Hawkins E. Cisplatin-cyclooxygenase inhibitor conjugates, free and immobilised in mesoporous silica SBA-15, prove highly potent against triple-negative MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:857-869. [PMID: 34877948 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the development of anticancer drugs with higher activity and reduced toxicity, two approaches were combined: preparation of platinum(IV) complexes exhibiting higher stability compared to their platinum(II) counterparts and loading them into mesoporous silica SBA-15 with the aim to utilise the passive enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of nanoparticles for accumulation in tumour tissues. Three conjugates based on a cisplatin scaffold bearing the anti-inflammatory drugs naproxen, ibuprofen or flurbiprofen in the axial positions (1, 2 and 3, respectively) were synthesised and loaded into SBA-15 to afford the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) SBA-15|1, SBA-15|2 and SBA-15|3. Superior antiproliferative activity of both free and immobilised conjugates in a panel of four breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468, HCC1937, MCF-7 and BT-474) with markedly increased cytotoxicity with respect to cisplatin was demonstrated. All compounds exhibit highest activity against the triple-negative cell line MDA-MB-468, with conjugate 1 being the most potent. However, against MCF-7 and BT-474 cell lines, the most notable improvement was found, with IC50 values up to 240-fold lower than cisplatin. Flow cytometry assays clearly show that all compounds induce apoptotic cell death elevating the levels of both early and late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, autophagy as well as formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were elevated to a similar or greater extent than with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Predarska
- Universität Leipzig, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Str. 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
| | - Mohamad Saoud
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ibrahim Morgan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Thomas Eichhorn
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Str. 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
| | - Goran N Kaluđerović
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Str. 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany.,Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Universität Leipzig, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Okamoto K, Ueda H, Saito Y, Narumi K, Furugen A, Kobayashi M. Diclofenac potentiates the antitumor effect of cisplatin in a xenograft mouse model transplanted with cisplatin-resistant cells without enhancing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100417. [PMID: 34619549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a well-known anticancer agent, and CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) is one of the most serious adverse effects. Previously, we revealed that while celecoxib reduces CIN, diclofenac does not appear to enhance it. Furthermore, we reported that diclofenac additively enhances the cytotoxic effect of CDDP on CDDP-resistant A549 cells (A549/DDP cells) and their spheroids. In addition, celecoxib reduces the cytotoxic effect of CDDP on A549/DDP cells while demonstrating an anticancer effect; however, it enhanced the effect of CDDP cytotoxicity on spheroids. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of diclofenac or celecoxib on CIN and the antitumor effect of CDDP in a xenograft mouse model transplanted with A549/DDP cells. Although CDDP did not decrease tumor size and tumor weight, these parameters were significantly reduced following co-administration with diclofenac when compared with the control group. Conversely, celecoxib marginally suppressed the antitumor effect of CDDP. Moreover, CDDP increased the mRNA levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1), a renal disorder marker, in the kidneys of xenograft mice; treatment with celecoxib and diclofenac did not impact Kim-1 mRNA levels increased by CDDP. In conclusion, diclofenac potentiated the antitumor effect of CDDP without enhancing CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hinata Ueda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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13
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Li L, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li Z, Liu Z, Hua X, Han J, Chang C, Wang Z, Li D. Albumin-encapsulated Nanoparticles of Naproxen Platinum(IV) Complexes with Inflammation Inhibitory Competence Displaying Effective Antitumor Activities in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5513-5529. [PMID: 34429597 PMCID: PMC8375242 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s322688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platinum(IV) complexes with inflammation inhibitory properties are much favored in improving antitumor activities. Nanodrug-delivery system as a preferable measure for antitumor therapy are widely explored in platinum(IV) drug delivery. PURPOSE The aim for this study was to develop novel bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (NPs) based on naproxen platinum(IV) complexes to display a synergistic antitumor mechanism targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). METHODS Herein, we reported the preparation of two BSA NPs of naproxen platinum(IV) complexes, and their antitumor activities were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Both NPs possessed relatively uniform size and good stability for 30 days in aqueous solution. They exhibited prominent antitumor activities in vitro, and showed great potential in reversing drug resistance. Furthermore, these two NPs played superior tumor growth suppression in vivo in contrast to the free compounds, which were comparable to that of cisplatin and oxaliplatin, but induced lower toxic influences than platinum(II) drugs especially to spleen and liver. Moreover, the naproxen platinum(IV) NPs could decrease tumor inflammation targeting COX-2, MMP-9 and iNOs, and decreasing NO production, which would be in favor of enhancing the antitumor competence, and reducing toxicity. CONCLUSION Taken together, BSA NPs of naproxen platinum(IV) complexes demonstrated a powerful antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. The platinum(IV) NPs with inflammation inhibitory competence targeting multiple enzymes reported in this work afford a new strategy for the development of antitumor therapy to overcome drawbacks of clinical platinum(II) drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linming Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuojie Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Hua
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Chang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
- Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dacheng Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Zuccolo M, Arrighetti N, Perego P, Colombo D. Recent Progresses in Conjugation with Bioactive Ligands to Improve the Anticancer Activity of Platinum Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2566-2601. [PMID: 34365939 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210806110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) drugs, including cisplatin, are widely used for the treatment of solid tumors. Despite the clinical success, side effects and occurrence of resistance represent major limitations to the use of clinically available Pt drugs. To overcome these problems, a variety of derivatives have been designed and synthetized. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the development of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes with bioactive ligands. The development of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes with targeting molecules, clinically available agents, and other bioactive molecules is an active field of research. Even if none of the reported Pt derivatives has been yet approved for clinical use, many of these compounds exhibit promising anticancer activities with an improved pharmacological profile. Thus, planning hybrid compounds can be considered as a promising approach to improve the available Pt-based anticancer agents and to obtain new molecular tools to deepen the knowledge of cancer progression and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zuccolo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan. Italy
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan. Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan. Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan. Italy
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15
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Mei H, Li J, Cai S, Zhang X, Shi W, Zhu H, Cao J, He B. Mitochondria-acting carrier-free nanoplatform self-assembled by α-tocopheryl succinate carrying cisplatin for combinational tumor therapy. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab029. [PMID: 34221448 PMCID: PMC8242230 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsatisfactory drug loading capability, potential toxicity of the inert carrier and the limited therapeutic effect of a single chemotherapy drug are all vital inhibitory factors of carrier-assisted drug delivery systems for chemotherapy. To address the above obstacles, a series of carrier-free nanoplatforms self-assembled by dual-drug conjugates was constructed to reinforce chemotherapy against tumors by simultaneously disrupting intratumoral DNA activity and inhibiting mitochondria function. In this nanoplatform, the mitochondria-targeting small-molecular drug, α-tocopheryl succinate (TOS), firstly self-assembled into nanoparticles, which then were used as the carrier to conjugate cisplatin (CDDP). Systematic characterization results showed that this nanoplatform exhibited suitable particle size and a negative surface charge with good stability in physicochemical environments, as well as pH-sensitive drug release and efficient cellular uptake. Due to the combined effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by TOS and DNA damage by CDDP, the developed nanoplatform could induce mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated cell apoptosis, resulting in highly efficient anti-tumor outcomes in vitro. Collectively, the combined design principles adopted for carrier-free nanodrugs construction in this study aimed at targeting different intracellular organelles for facilitating ROS production and DNA disruption can be extended to other carrier-free nanodrugs-dependent therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Mei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shengsheng Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuequan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenqiang Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jun Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
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16
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Biancalana L, Kostrhunova H, Batchelor LK, Hadiji M, Degano I, Pampaloni G, Zacchini S, Dyson PJ, Brabec V, Marchetti F. Hetero-Bis-Conjugation of Bioactive Molecules to Half-Sandwich Ruthenium(II) and Iridium(III) Complexes Provides Synergic Effects in Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9529-9541. [PMID: 34156246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Four bipyridine-type ligands variably derivatized with two bioactive groups (taken from ethacrynic acid, flurbiprofen, biotin, and benzylpenicillin) were prepared via sequential esterification steps from commercial 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid and subsequently coordinated to ruthenium(II) p-cymene and iridium(III) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl scaffolds. The resulting complexes were isolated as nitrate salts in high yields and fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. NMR and MS studies in aqueous solution and in cell culture medium highlighted a substantial stability of ligand coordination and a slow release of the bioactive fragments in the latter case. The complexes were assessed for their antiproliferative activity on four cancer cell lines, showing cytotoxicity to the low micromolar level (equipotent with cisplatin). Additional biological experiments revealed a multimodal mechanism of action of the investigated compounds, involving DNA metalation and enzyme inhibition. Synergic effects provided by specific combinations of metal and bioactive fragments were identified, pointing toward an optimal ethacrynic acid/flurbiprofen combination for both Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Biancalana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucinda K Batchelor
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mouna Hadiji
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Can the Self-Assembling of Dicarboxylate Pt(IV) Prodrugs Influence Their Cell Uptake? Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:9489926. [PMID: 34239547 PMCID: PMC8235969 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9489926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of spontaneous self-assembly of dicarboxylato Pt(IV) prodrugs and the consequences on their uptake in cancer cells have been evaluated in different aqueous solutions. Four Pt(IV) complexes, namely, (OC-6-33)-diacetatodiamminedichloridoplatinum(IV), Ace, (OC-6-33)-diamminedibutanoatodichloridoplatinum(IV), But, (OC-6-33)-diamminedichloridodihexanoatoplatinum(IV), Hex, and (OC-6-33)-diamminedichloridodioctanoatoplatinum(IV), Oct, have been dispersed in i) milliQ water, ii) phosphate buffered saline, and iii) complete cell culture media (RPMI 1640 or DMEM) containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). The samples have been analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure the size and distribution of the nanoparticles possibly present. The zeta potential offered an indication of the stability of the resulting aggregates. In the case of the most lipophilic compounds of the series, namely, Oct and to a lesser extent Hex, the formation of nanosized aggregates has been observed, in particular at the highest concentration tested (10 μM). The cell culture media had the effect to disaggregate these nanoparticles, mainly by virtue of their albumin content, able to interact with the organic chains via noncovalent (hydrophobic) interactions. For Oct, at the highest concentration employed for the uptake tests (10 μM), the combination between passive diffusion and endocytosis of the self-assembled nanoparticles makes the cellular uptake higher than in the presence of passive diffusion only. During the study of cellular uptake on A2780 ovarian cancer cells pretreated with cytochalasin D, a statistically significant inhibition of endocytosis was observed for Oct. In these experimental conditions, the relationship between uptake and lipophilicity becomes almost linear instead of exponential. Since Oct anticancer prodrug is active at nanomolar concentrations, where the aggregation in culture media is almost abolished, this phenomenon should not significantly impact its antiproliferative activity.
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18
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Xu J, Hu T, Zhang M, Feng P, Wang X, Cheng X, Tang R. A sequentially responsive nanogel via Pt(IV) crosslinking for overcoming GSH-mediated platinum resistance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:85-97. [PMID: 34058555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy efficiency of platinum(II) (Pt(II)) is often attenuated owing to the low intracellular drugs concentration and glutathione (GSH)-mediated detoxification. To address these problems, we fabricated a step-by-step responsive nanogel (~160 nm) by copolymerization between four functional monomers. Hydrophilic methoxypolyethylene glycols (mPEG) distributedrandomly on the surface of particles endowed the nanogel with "stealth" property in blood circulation, while the chemical crosslinking inside particles by platinum(IV) (Pt(IV)) linker remarkably increased the stability of nanogel in vivo. These advantages of nanogels leaded to higher accumulation at tumor region (6.4% ID/g), followed by triggering the dePEGylation effect by the cleavage of ortho ester at tumoral extracellular pH. Meanwhile, the exposed phenylboric acid (PBA) could significantly increase cellular uptake and intracellular drugs levels by targteing sialic acid residues on the cells membrane. More importantly, this nanogels could further deplete intracellular glutathione (GSH) by the dual-regulation of platinum(IV) and arylboronic ester, resulting in enhanced platinum(II) toxicity both in vitro and in vivo, eventually achieving superior inhibition rate (79.14%) in A549/DDP tumor. Thus, the sequentially responsive nanogel could be considered as an effective strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
| | - Ting Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246052, PR China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246052, PR China
| | - Pei Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246052, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
| | - Xu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246052, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China.
| | - Rupei Tang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
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19
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Zajda J, Wróblewska A, Ruzik L, Matczuk M. Methodology for characterization of platinum-based drug's targeted delivery nanosystems. J Control Release 2021; 335:178-190. [PMID: 34022322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional anticancer therapies exploiting platinum-based drugs rely principally on the intravascular injection of the therapeutic agent. The anticancer drug is distributed throughout the body by the systemic blood circulation undergoing cellular uptake, rapid clearance and excretion. Consequently, only a small portion of the platinum-based drug reaches the tumor site, which is associated with severe side effects. For this reason, targeted delivery systems are of great need since they offer enhanced and selective delivery of a drug to cancerous cells making the therapy safe and more effective. Up to date, a variety of the Pt-based drug targeted delivery systems (Pt-based DTDSs) utilizing nanomaterials have been developed and tested using a range of analytical techniques that provided essential information on their synthesis, stability, biodistribution and cytotoxicity. Here we summarize those experimental techniques indicating their applicability at different stages of the research, as well as pointing out their strengths, advantages, drawbacks and limitations. Also, the existing strategies and approaches are critically reviewed with the objective to reveal and give rise to the development of the analytical methodology suitable for reliable Pt-based DTDSs characterization which would eventually result in novel therapies and better patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zajda
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Wróblewska
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Ruzik
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Matczuk
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Pt(IV) Prodrugs with NSAIDs as Axial Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083817. [PMID: 33917027 PMCID: PMC8067705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemo-anti-inflammatory strategy is of interest for the treatment of aggressive cancers. The platinum (IV) prodrug with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as axial ligands is designed to efficiently enter tumor cells due to high lipophilicity and release the cytotoxic metabolite and NSAID intracellularly, thereby reducing side effects and increasing the therapeutic efficacy of platinum chemotherapy. Over the last 7 years, a number of publications have been devoted to the design of such Pt(IV) prodrugs in combination with anti-inflammatory chemotherapy, with high therapeutic efficacy in vitro and In vivo. In this review, we summarize the studies devoted to the development of Pt(IV) prodrugs with NSAIDs as axial ligands, the study of the mechanism of their cytotoxic action and anti-inflammatory activity, the structure-activity ratio, and therapeutic efficacy.
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21
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Xing L, Yang CX, Zhao D, Shen LJ, Zhou TJ, Bi YY, Huang ZJ, Wei Q, Li L, Li F, Jiang HL. A carrier-free anti-inflammatory platinum (II) self-delivered nanoprodrug for enhanced breast cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021; 331:460-471. [PMID: 33545218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most used first-line anticancer drugs for various solid tumor therapies. However, cisplatin-based chemotherapy can induce tumor cells to secrete excessive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which, in turn, counteracts its chemotherapeutic effect and further accelerates tumor metastasis. Here, we report a carrier-free self-delivered nanoprodrug based on platinum (II) coordination bonding coupled with tolfenamic acid (Tolf) (named Tolfplatin). Tolfplatin can spontaneously assemble into uniformly sized nanoparticles (NPs) with a high drug-loading capacity. Compared with cisplatin, Tolfplatin NPs can facilitate cellular uptake, significantly decrease PGE2 secretion by COX-2 inhibition, which further downregulate tumorous anti-apoptotic and metastasis-associated proteins, thereby efficiently inducing apoptotic cell death and significantly inhibit tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, as the carrier-free nanoprodrug, Tolfplatin NPs are promising anti-tumoral agents to inhibit tumor proliferation and metastasis by enriching the function and promoting the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Chen-Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Li-Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Yang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhang-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China; College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
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Zhou M, Han S, Aras O, An F. Recent Advances in Paclitaxel-based Self-Delivery Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:6358-6374. [PMID: 33176629 PMCID: PMC9878464 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201111143725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is the first natural plant-derived chemotherapeutic drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, the clinical applications of PTX are limited by some drawbacks, such as poor water solubility, rapid blood clearance, nonspecific distribution, and adverse side effects. Nanocarriers have made important contributions to drug delivery and cancer therapy in recent years. However, low drug loading capacity, nanocarrier excipients-induced toxicity or immunogenicity, and complicated synthesis technologies pose a challenge for the clinical application of nanocarriers. To address these issues, the self-delivery nanomedicine (SDNs), in which pure drug molecules directly self-assemble into nanomedicine, have been developed for drug delivery and enhancing antitumor efficacy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in PTX-based SDNs for cancer therapy. First, the self-assembly strategies to develop pure PTX nanodrugs are discussed. Then, the emerging strategies of co-assembly PTX and other therapeutic agents for effective combination therapy are presented, composing of combination chemotherapy, chemo-photothermal therapy, chemo-photodynamic therapy, chemo-immunotherapy, and chemo-gene therapy. Finally, the limitations and future outlook of SDNs are discussed. The rational design of these unique nanoplatforms may make a new direction to develop highly efficient drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shupeng Han
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Omer Aras
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA, 10065,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, Shaanxi, China; ; Or at Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States;
| | - Feifei An
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, Shaanxi, PR China,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, Shaanxi, China; ; Or at Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States;
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23
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Bis‐conjugation of Bioactive Molecules to Cisplatin‐like Complexes through (2,2′‐Bipyridine)‐4,4′‐Dicarboxylic Acid with Optimal Cytotoxicity Profile Provided by the Combination Ethacrynic Acid/Flurbiprofen. Chemistry 2020; 26:17525-17535. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Yang MY, Zhao RR, Fang YF, Jiang JL, Yuan XT, Shao JW. Carrier-free nanodrug: A novel strategy of cancer diagnosis and synergistic therapy. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Ravera M, Zanellato I, Gabano E, Perin E, Rangone B, Coppola M, Osella D. Antiproliferative Activity of Pt(IV) Conjugates Containing the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Ketoprofen and Naproxen †. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3074. [PMID: 31238499 PMCID: PMC6627341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been proven to act synergistically or at least additively on several tumor cell lines. Dual-action cisplatin-based Pt(IV) combos containing ketoprofen and naproxen offer good antiproliferative performance on a panel of human tumor cell lines, including a malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) one, a very chemoresistant tumor. The main reason of the increased activity relies on the enhanced lipophilicity of these Pt(IV) conjugates that in turn promotes increased cellular accumulation. A quick Pt(IV)→Pt(II) reduction generates the active cisplatin metabolite. The NSAID adjuvant action seems to be almost independent from cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the tumor cells under investigation (lung A-549, colon HT-29, HCT 116, SW480, ovarian A2780, and biphasic MPM MSTO-211H), but it seems to rely (at least in part) on the activation of the NSAID activated gene, NAG-1 (a member of the transforming growth factor beta, TGF-β, superfamily), which has been suggested to be involved in NSAID antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Zanellato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Elena Perin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Rangone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Marco Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Domenico Osella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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26
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Ravera M, Gabano E, McGlinchey MJ, Osella D. A view on multi-action Pt(IV) antitumor prodrugs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Song H, Quan F, Yu Z, Zheng M, Ma Y, Xiao H, Ding F. Carboplatin prodrug conjugated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetically targeted drug delivery in ovarian cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:433-442. [PMID: 32254730 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The magnetically targeted NPs@carboplatin can act as a drug delivery system and will have great potential in ovarian cancer therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Song
- Department of General Surgery
- Ruijin Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Feifei Quan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China
- Hengyang
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery
- Ruijin Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China
- Hengyang
- China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Fang Ding
- Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
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28
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Liang P, Huang X, Wang Y, Chen D, Ou C, Zhang Q, Shao J, Huang W, Dong X. Tumor-Microenvironment-Responsive Nanoconjugate for Synergistic Antivascular Activity and Phototherapy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11446-11457. [PMID: 30345740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient oxygen supply (hypoxia), short half-life (<40 ns) of singlet oxygen, and up-regulation of the heat shock protein expression in solid tumors impede the photodynamic and photothermal therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a near-infrared carrier-free nanoconjugate direct-acting antiviral (DAA) with synergistic antivascular activity and pH-responsive photodynamic/photothermal behavior was designed and synthesized to improve cancer treatment efficacy. Obtained by the self-assembly approach, the biocompatible DAA nanoparticles (NPs) displayed amplifying pH-responsive photodynamic/photothermal performance in an acidic tumor microenvironment due to the protonation of diethylaminophenyl units. Most important, the antivascular agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor, can be smartly released from the pro-drug DAA via ester bond hydrolysis at the subacid endocytosis organelles in the endothelial cells, which can effectively destroy the vascular region to prevent tumor proliferation and metastasis. Hence, DAA NPs can specifically target vascular endothelial cells and tumorous lysosomes with desired cellular damage properties in vitro. Therefore, the tumors can be ablated completely with no recurrence and side effects in vivo, which implies that DAA NPs provide a promising approach for cancer treatment via synergistic antivascular activity and photodynamic/photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Huang
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) , 127 West Youyi Road , Xi'an 710072 , China
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