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Azrak ZAT, Taha MS, Jagal J, Elsherbeny A, Bayraktutan H, AbouGhaly MHH, Elshafeey AH, Greish K, Haider M. Optimized mucoadhesive niosomal carriers for intranasal delivery of carvedilol: A quality by design approach. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123935. [PMID: 38395319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Carvedilol (CV), a β-blocker essential for treating cardiovascular diseases, faces bioavailability challenges due to poor water solubility and first-pass metabolism. This study developed and optimized chitosan (CS)-coated niosomes loaded with CV (CS/CV-NS) for intranasal (IN) delivery, aiming to enhance systemic bioavailability. Utilizing a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach, the study investigated the effects of formulation variables, such as surfactant type, surfactant-to-cholesterol (CHOL) ratio, and CS concentration, on CS/CV-NS properties. The focus was to optimize specific characteristics including particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE%), and mucin binding efficiency (MBE%). The optimal formulation (Opt CS/CV-NS), achieved with a surfactant: CHOL ratio of 0.918 and a CS concentration of 0.062 g/100 mL, using Span 60 as the surfactant, exhibited a PS of 305 nm, PDI of 0.36, ZP of + 33 mV, EE% of 63 %, and MBE% of 57 %. Opt CS/CV-NS was characterized for its morphological and physicochemical properties, evaluated for stability under different storage conditions, and assessed for in vitro drug release profile. Opt CS/CV-NS demonstrated a 1.7-fold and 4.8-fold increase in in vitro CV release after 24 h, compared to uncoated CV-loaded niosomes (Opt CV-NS) and free CV, respectively. In vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) study, using a rat model, demonstrated that Opt CS/CV-NS achieved faster Tmax and higher Cmax compared to free CV suspension indicating enhanced absorption rate. Additionally, Opt CV-NS showed a 1.68-fold higher bioavailability compared to the control. These results underscore the potential of niosomal formulations in enhancing IN delivery of CV, offering an effective strategy for improving drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein A T Azrak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maie S Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jayalakshmi Jagal
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amr Elsherbeny
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hulya Bayraktutan
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed H H AbouGhaly
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Elshafeey
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Greish
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Abdelrazek FN, Shalaby RA, Fahim SA, Essam RM, Anis SE, Attia YM, Abd El Malak NS. Novel fast dissolving freeze dried sublingual baicalin tablets for enhanced hepatoprotective effect: in-vitro characterization, cell viability, and in-vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:371-382. [PMID: 38613468 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2341243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Baicalin (BG), a natural product, has been used in the prevention and treatment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI); however, its poor solubility and extensive liver metabolism limit its pharmacological use. The aim of the present study was the formulation of fast-dissolving freeze-dried sublingual tablets (FFSTs) to increase BG dissolution, avoid first-pass metabolism, and overcome swallowing difficulties. FFSTs were prepared following a 23 factorial design. The effect of three independent variables namely matrix former, Maltodextrin, concentration (4%, and 6%), binder concentration (2%, and 3%), and binder type (Methocel E5, and Methocel E15) on the FFSTs' in-vitro disintegration time and percentage dissolution was studied along with other tablet characteristics. Differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, in-vitro HepG2 cell viability assay, and in-vivo characterization were also performed. F8 (6% Maltodextrin, 2% Mannitol, 2% Methocel E5), with desirability of 0.852, has been furtherly enhanced using 1%PEG (F10). F10 has achieved an in-vitro disintegration time of 41 secs, and 60.83% in-vitro dissolution after 2 min. Cell viability assay, in-vivo study in rats, and histopathological studies confirmed that pretreatment with F10 has achieved a significant hepatoprotective effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. The outcome of this study demonstrated that FFSTs may present a patient-friendly dosage form against DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida N Abdelrazek
- Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rodayna A Shalaby
- Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sally A Fahim
- Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham M Essam
- Biology department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shady E Anis
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin M Attia
- Pharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine S Abd El Malak
- Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Fayed B, Jagal J, Cagliani R, Kedia RA, Elsherbeny A, Bayraktutan H, Khoder G, Haider M. Co-administration of amoxicillin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and inulin: A novel strategy for mitigating antibiotic resistance and preserving microbiota balance in Helicobacter pylori treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126706. [PMID: 37673144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a causative agent of various gastrointestinal diseases and eradication mainly relies on antibiotic treatment, with (AMX) being a key component. However, rising antibiotic resistance in H. pylori necessitates the use of antibiotics combination therapy, often disrupting gut microbiota equilibrium leading to further health complications. This study investigates a novel strategy utilizing AMX-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AMX-CS NPs), co-administered with prebiotic inulin to counteract H. pylori infection while preserving microbiota health. Following microbroth dilution method, AMX displayed efficacy against H. pylori, with a MIC50 of 48.34 ± 3.3 ng/mL, albeit with a detrimental impact on Lactobacillus casei (L. casei). The co-administration of inulin (500 μg/mL) with AMX restored L. casei viability while retaining the lethal effect on H. pylori. Encapsulation of AMX in CS-NPs via ionic gelation method, resulted in particles of 157.8 ± 3.85 nm in size and an entrapment efficiency (EE) of 86.44 ± 2.19 %. Moreover, AMX-CS NPs showed a sustained drug release pattern over 72 h with no detectable toxicity on human dermal fibroblasts cell lines. Encapsulation of AMX into CS NPs also reduced its MIC50 against H. pylori, while its co-administration with inulin maintained L. casei viability. Interestingly, treatment with AMX-CS NPs also reduced the expression of the efflux pump gene hefA in H. pylori. This dual treatment strategy offers a promising approach for more selective antimicrobial treatment, minimizing disruption to healthy microbial communities while effectively addressing pathogenic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Jayalakshmi Jagal
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roberta Cagliani
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reena A Kedia
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amr Elsherbeny
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hulya Bayraktutan
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ghalia Khoder
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Song S, Ding L, Liu G, Chen T, Zhao M, Li X, Li M, Qi H, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ma J, Wang Q, Li X, Wang Z. The protective effects of baicalin for respiratory diseases: an update and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1129817. [PMID: 37007037 PMCID: PMC10060540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1129817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Respiratory diseases are common and frequent diseases. Due to the high pathogenicity and side effects of respiratory diseases, the discovery of new strategies for drug treatment is a hot area of research. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) has been used as a medicinal herb in China for over 2000 years. Baicalin (BA) is a flavonoid active ingredient extracted from SBG that BA has been found to exert various pharmacological effects against respiratory diseases. However, there is no comprehensive review of the mechanism of the effects of BA in treating respiratory diseases. This review aims to summarize the current pharmacokinetics of BA, baicalin-loaded nano-delivery system, and its molecular mechanisms and therapeutical effects for treating respiratory diseases.Method: This review reviewed databases such as PubMed, NCBI, and Web of Science from their inception to 13 December 2022, in which literature was related to “baicalin”, “Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi”, “COVID-19”, “acute lung injury”, “pulmonary arterial hypertension”, “asthma”, “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”, “pulmonary fibrosis”, “lung cancer”, “pharmacokinetics”, “liposomes”, “nano-emulsions”, “micelles”, “phospholipid complexes”, “solid dispersions”, “inclusion complexes”, and other terms.Result: The pharmacokinetics of BA involves mainly gastrointestinal hydrolysis, the enteroglycoside cycle, multiple metabolic pathways, and excretion in bile and urine. Due to the poor bioavailability and solubility of BA, liposomes, nano-emulsions, micelles, phospholipid complexes, solid dispersions, and inclusion complexes of BA have been developed to improve its bioavailability, lung targeting, and solubility. BA exerts potent effects mainly by mediating upstream oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune response pathways. It regulates are the NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2/HO-1, and ERK/GSK3β pathways.Conclusion: This review presents comprehensive information on BA about pharmacokinetics, baicalin-loaded nano-delivery system, and its therapeutic effects and potential pharmacological mechanisms in respiratory diseases. The available studies suggest that BA has excellent possible treatment of respiratory diseases and is worthy of further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangwen Liu
- GCP Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tian Chen
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiru Zhao
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyan Li, ; Zeyu Wang,
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyan Li, ; Zeyu Wang,
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Xu L, Bai E, Zhu Y, Qin J, Du X, Huang H. pH-Responsive Hydrogel as a Potential Oral Delivery System of Baicalin for Prolonging Gastroprotective Activity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010257. [PMID: 36678886 PMCID: PMC9861087 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulcer is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, and natural products have obvious advantages in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Baicalin (Bai) extracted from scutellaria baicalensis exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities. Herein, a pH-responsive sodium alginate/polyaspartate/CaCO3 (SA/PASP@CaCO3) in situ hydrogel was established for the oral delivery of Bai. In this study, we detected the gelling properties, mechanical strength, in vitro erosion, and in vitro release behavior of the hydrogels. Meanwhile, the efficiency of Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel on ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcers, acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, and H2O2-stimulated human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells was explored. The pathological examination revealed that Bai-loaded hydrogel alleviated acute and chronic gastric ulcers. In vivo and in vitro results further confirmed that Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogels significantly relieved oxidative stress injury. Moreover, through Western blot assay, Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel was also found to dramatically increase the proteins levels of NRF2, HO-1, and Bcl2, and reduce levels of p-JNK, cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax; through flow cytometry, it was observed to significantly inhibit the H2O2-induced apoptosis of GES-1 cells. Importantly, the Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogel system showed better anti-gastric ulcer efficiency than free drug, and could serve as a potential drug delivery system for the clinical treatment of gastric ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Enhe Bai
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yangbo Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiayi Qin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing 210008, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (H.H.)
| | - Haiqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (H.H.)
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Eltahir S, Al homsi R, Jagal J, Ahmed IS, Haider M. Graphene Oxide/Chitosan Injectable Composite Hydrogel for Controlled Release of Doxorubicin: An Approach for Enhanced Intratumoral Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4261. [PMID: 36500884 PMCID: PMC9736459 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral (IT) injection of chemotherapeutics into needle-accessible solid tumors can directly localize the anticancer drug in the tumor site, thus increasing its local bioavailability and reducing its undesirable effects compared to systemic administration. In this study, graphene oxide (GO)-based chitosan/β-glycerophosphate (CS/GP) thermosensitive injectable composite hydrogels (CH) were prepared and optimized for the localized controlled delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). A quality-by-design (QbD) approach was used to study the individual and combined effects of several formulation variables to produce optimal DOX-loaded GO/CS/GP CH with predetermined characteristics, including gelation time, injectability, porosity, and swelling capacity. The surface morphology of the optimal formulation (DOX/opt CH), chemical interaction between its ingredients and in vitro release of DOX in comparison to GO-free CS/GP CH were investigated. Cell viability and cellular uptake after treatment with DOX/opt CH were studied on MCF 7, MDB-MB-231 and FaDu cell lines. The statistical analysis of the measured responses revealed significant effects of the concentration of GO, the concentration of CS, and the CS:GP ratio on the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared GO/CS/GP CH. The optimization process showed that DOX-loaded GO/CS/GP CH prepared using 0.1% GO and 1.7% CS at a CS: GO ratio of 3:1 (v/v) had the highest desirability value. DOX/opt CH showed a porous microstructure and chemical compatibility between its ingredients. The incorporation of GO resulted in an increase in the ability of the CH matrices to control DOX release in vitro. Finally, cellular characterization showed a time-dependent increase in cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of DOX after treatment with DOX/opt CH. The proposed DOX/opt CH might be considered a promising injectable platform to control the release and increase the local bioavailability of chemotherapeutics in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Eltahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Al homsi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jayalakshmi Jagal
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman Saad Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Paczkowska-Walendowska M, Cielecka-Piontek J. Chitosan as a Functional Carrier for the Local Delivery Anti-Inflammatory Systems Containing Scutellariae baicalensis radix Extract. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2148. [PMID: 36297583 PMCID: PMC9611887 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish the influence of chitosan on the preparation of systems containing Scutellariae baicalensis radix extract and to demonstrate the potential of anti-inflammatory action for the treatment of periodontitis. In the first stage, the impact of the variables (extraction mixture composition, temperature, and the number of extraction cycles) on the extracted samples' biological characteristics was analyzed using the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The best conditions for baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin extraction from Scutellariae baicalensis radix were 80% methanol in the extraction mixture, 70 °C, and 4 cycles per 60 min. The DoE approach can be used to choose the best chitosan system parameters with equal success. An increase in the deacetylation degree of chitosan used in the system improved the potential for reducing free radicals and inhibiting the hyaluronidase enzyme. Also, increasing the degree of chitosan deacetylation results in increased resistance of the carrier to biodegradation and an extended baicalin release profile, which is also associated with an increase in the viscosity of the chitosan-based system. In total, the system of a freeze-dried extract with chitosan 90/500 in the ratio of 2:1 (system S9) turns out to be the one with the best physicochemical (high percentage of baicalin release and the highest viscosity conditioning the prolonged stay at the site of administration) and biological properties (the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities), resulting in the highest potential for use in the treatment of oral inflammatory diseases.
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Xin W, Gao Y, Yue B. Recent Advances in Multifunctional Hydrogels for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:865250. [PMID: 35547176 PMCID: PMC9081433 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.865250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM), a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bones, remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Conventional approaches for prevention and treatment of OM are unsatisfactory. Various alternative strategies have been proposed, among which, hydrogel-based strategies have demonstrated potential due to their unique properties, including loadable, implantable, injectable, printable, degradable, and responsive to stimuli. Several protocols, including different hydrogel designs, selection of antimicrobial agent, co-administration of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP 2), and nanoparticles, have been shown to improve the biological properties, including antimicrobial effects, osteo-induction, and controlled drug delivery. In this review, we describe the current and future directions for designing hydrogels and their applications to improve the biological response to OM in vivo.
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Al homsi R, Altahir S, Jagal J, Ali Abdelkareem M, Ghoneim MM, Rawas-Qalaji MM, Greish K, Haider M. Thermosensitive injectable graphene oxide/chitosan-based nanocomposite hydrogels for controlling the in vivo release of bupivacaine hydrochloride. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Yu Y, Cheng Y, Tong J, Zhang L, Wei Y, Tian M. Recent advances in thermo-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2979-2992. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02877k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thermo-sensitive hydrogels based on different polymers have been broadly used in the pharmaceutical fields. In this review, the state-of-the-art thermo-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery are elaborated
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Yu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Junye Tong
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Yen Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Zhejiang, 310009
- China
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Talaat W, Aryal Ac S, Al Kawas S, Samsudin ABR, Kandile NG, Harding DRK, Ghoneim MM, Zeiada W, Jagal J, Aboelnaga A, Haider M. Nanoscale Thermosensitive Hydrogel Scaffolds Promote the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem and Progenitor Cells: A Minimally Invasive Approach for Cartilage Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7775-7789. [PMID: 33116500 PMCID: PMC7567564 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s274418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several scaffolds and cell sources are being investigated for cartilage regeneration. The aim of the study was to prepare nanocellulose-based thermosensitive injectable hydrogel scaffolds and assess their potential as 3D scaffolds allowing the chondrogenic differentiation of embedded human dental pulp stem and progenitor cells (hDPSCs). Materials and Methods The hydrogel-forming solutions were prepared by adding β-glycerophosphate (GP) to chitosan (CS) at different ratios. Nanocellulose (NC) suspension was produced from hemp hurd then added dropwise to the CS/GP mixture. In vitro characterization of the prepared hydrogels involved optimizing gelation and degradation time, mass-swelling ratio, and rheological properties. The hydrogel with optimal characteristics, NC-CS/GP-21, was selected for further investigation including assessment of biocompatibility. The chondrogenesis ability of hDPSCs embedded in NC-CS/GP-21 hydrogel was investigated in vitro and compared to that of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), then was confirmed in vivo in 12 adult Sprague Dawley rats. Results The selected hydrogel showed stability in culture media, had a gelation time of 2.8 minutes, showed a highly porous microstructure by scanning electron microscope, and was morphologically intact in vivo for 14 days after injection. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses and real-time PCR confirmed the chondrogenesis ability of hDPSCs embedded in NC-CS/GP-21 hydrogel. Conclusion Our results suggest that nanocellulose–chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel is a biocompatible, injectable, mechanically stable and slowly degradable scaffold. hDPSCs embedded in NC-CS/GP-21 hydrogel is a promising, minimally invasive, stem cell-based strategy for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Talaat
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia 41522, Egypt
| | - Smriti Aryal Ac
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sausan Al Kawas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - A B Rani Samsudin
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadia G Kandile
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - David R K Harding
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mohamed M Ghoneim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sinai University, Arish 45511, Egypt
| | - Waleed Zeiada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Public Works Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jayalakshmi Jagal
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Aboelnaga
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismaillia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 71526, Egypt
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12
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Haider M, Elsherbeny A, Jagal J, Hubatová-Vacková A, Saad Ahmed I. Optimization and Evaluation of Poly(lactide- co-glycolide) Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Efficacy of Paclitaxel in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E828. [PMID: 32872639 PMCID: PMC7559439 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The particle size (PS) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) may inhibit their cellular uptake and lead to possible leakage of the drug into the systemic circulation at the tumor site. In this work, ultra-high paclitaxel-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) NPs (PTX-PLGA-NPs) with ultra-small sizes were prepared and optimized by adopting the principles of quality by design (QbD) approach. The optimized PTX-PLGA-NPs showed ultra-small spherical particles of about 53 nm with EE% exceeding 90%, a relatively low polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.221, an effective surface charge of -10.1 mV, and a 10-fold increase in the in vitro drug release over 72 h relative to free drug. The cellular viability of pharynx carcinoma cells decreased by almost 50% in 24 h following treatment with optimized PTX-PLGA-NPs, compared to only 20% from the free drug. The intracellular uptake of PTX-PLGA-NPs was highly favored, and the antitumor activity of PTX was remarkably improved with a reduction in its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), by almost 50% relative to free drug solution. These results suggest that the optimal critical formulation parameters, guided by QbD principles, could produce PLGA-NPs with remarkably high EE% and ultra-small PS, resulting in enhanced cellular uptake and efficacy of PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (A.E.); (I.S.A.)
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Amr Elsherbeny
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (A.E.); (I.S.A.)
| | - Jayalakshmi Jagal
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
| | - Anna Hubatová-Vacková
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Iman Saad Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (A.E.); (I.S.A.)
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
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13
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Tao J, Zhang Y, Shen A, Yang Y, Diao L, Wang L, Cai D, Hu Y. Injectable Chitosan-Based Thermosensitive Hydrogel/Nanoparticle-Loaded System for Local Delivery of Vancomycin in the Treatment of Osteomyelitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5855-5871. [PMID: 32848394 PMCID: PMC7428380 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s247088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Osteomyelitis, particularly chronic osteomyelitis, remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The traditional treatment for osteomyelitis, which involves antibiotics and debridement, does not provide a complete solution for infection and bone repair. Antibiotics such as vancomycin (VCM) are commonly used to treat osteomyelitis in clinical settings. VCM use is limited by a lack of effective delivery methods that provide sustained, high doses to entirely fill irregular bone tissue to treat infections. Methods We engineered a chitosan (CS)-based thermosensitive hydrogel to produce a VCM-nanoparticle (NPs)/Gel local drug delivery system. The VCM-NPs were formed with quaternary ammonium chitosan and carboxylated chitosan nanoparticles (VCM-NPs) by positive and negative charge adsorption to enhance the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of VCM, with the aim of simultaneously preventing infection and repairing broken bones. This hydrogel was evaluated in a rabbit osteomyelitis model. Results The VCM-NPs had high encapsulation efficiency and drug loading, with values of 60.1±2.1% and 24.1±0.84%, respectively. When embedded in CS-Gel, the VCM-NPs maintained their particle size and morphology, and the injectability and thermosensitivity of the hydrogel, which were evaluated by injectability test and rheological measurement, were retained. The VCM-NPs/Gel exhibited sustained release of VCM over 26 days. In vitro tests revealed that the VCM-NPs/Gel promoted osteoblast proliferation and activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In vivo, VCM-NPs/Gel (with 10 mg vancomycin per rabbit) was used to treat rabbits with osteomyelitis. The VCM-NPs/Gel showed excellent anti-infection properties and accelerating bone repair under osteomyelitis conditions. Conclusion The reported multifunctional NPs hydrogel system for local antibiotic delivery (VCM-NPs/Gel) showed bone regeneration promotion and anti-infection properties, demonstrating significant potential as a scaffold for effective treatment of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Shen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yunxu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Diao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Luye Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Danwei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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14
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Nanoparticle-Mediated Dual Targeting: An Approach for Enhanced Baicalin Delivery to the Liver. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020107. [PMID: 32013203 PMCID: PMC7076551 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, water-soluble chitosan lactate (CL) was reacted with lactobionic acid (LA), a disaccharide with remarkable affinity to hepatic asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptors, to form dual liver-targeting LA-modified-CL polymer for site-specific drug delivery to the liver. The synthesized polymer was used to encapsulate baicalin (BA), a promising bioactive flavonoid with pH-dependent solubility, into ultrahigh drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) via the ionic gelation method. The successful chemical conjugation of LA with CL was tested and the formulated drug-loaded LA-modified-CL-NPs were assessed in terms of particle size (PS), encapsulation efficiency (EE) and zeta potential (ZP) using full factorial design. The in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the designed NPs were assessed using 99mTc-radiolabeled BA following oral administration to mice and results were compared to 99mTc-BA-loaded-LA-free-NPs and 99mTc-BA solution as controls. Results showed that the chemical modification of CL with LA was successfully achieved and the method of preparation of the optimized NPs was very efficient in encapsulating BA into nearly spherical particles with an extremely high EE exceeding 90%. The optimized BA-loaded-LA-modified-CL-NPs showed an average PS of 490 nm, EE of 93.7% and ZP of 48.1 mV. Oral administration of 99mTc-BA-loaded-LA-modified-CL-NPs showed a remarkable increase in BA delivery to the liver over 99mTc-BA-loaded-LA-free-CL-NPs and 99mTc-BA oral solution. The mean area under the curve (AUC0-24) estimates from liver data were determined to be 11-fold and 26-fold higher from 99mTc-BA-loaded-LA-modified-CL-NPs relative to 99mTc-BA-loaded-LA-free-CL-NPs and 99mTc-BA solution respectively. In conclusion, the outcome of this study highlights the great potential of using LA-modified-CL-NPs for the ultrahigh encapsulation of therapeutic molecules with pH-dependent/poor water-solubility and for targeting the liver.
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15
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Jangid AK, Jain P, Medicherla K, Pooja D, Kulhari H. Solid-state properties, solubility, stability and dissolution behaviour of co-amorphous solid dispersions of baicalin. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Formation of different baicalin co-former based solid dispersion formulations, which demonstrate improved solubility and dissolution performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Jangid
- School of Nano Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
| | - Poonam Jain
- School of Nano Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
| | - Kanakaraju Medicherla
- Department of Human Genetics
- College of Science and Technology
- Andhra University
- Visakhapatnam-530003
- India
| | - Deep Pooja
- The Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne-3000
- Australia
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- School of Nano Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
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16
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Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin mediated SupramolecularHost-Guest inclusion complex used for enhancing baicalin antioxidant activity and bioavailability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Sánchez-Moreno P, de Vicente J, Nardecchia S, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H. Thermo-Sensitive Nanomaterials: Recent Advance in Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E935. [PMID: 30428608 PMCID: PMC6266697 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progress in nanotechnology has enabled us to open many new fronts in biomedical research by exploiting the peculiar properties of materials at the nanoscale. The thermal sensitivity of certain materials is a highly valuable property because it can be exploited in many promising applications, such as thermo-sensitive drug or gene delivery systems, thermotherapy, thermal biosensors, imaging, and diagnosis. This review focuses on recent advances in thermo-sensitive nanomaterials of interest in biomedical applications. We provide an overview of the different kinds of thermoresponsive nanomaterials, discussing their potential and the physical mechanisms behind their thermal response. We thoroughly review their applications in biomedicine and finally discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of thermal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sánchez-Moreno
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Juan de Vicente
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Stefania Nardecchia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Houria Boulaiz
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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