1
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Juengling F, Wuest F, Schirrmacher R, Abele J, Thiel A, Soucy JP, Camicioli R, Garibotto V. PET Imaging in Dementia: Mini-Review and Canadian Perspective for Clinical Use. Can J Neurol Sci 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38433571 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2024.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
PET imaging is increasingly recognized as an important diagnostic tool to investigate patients with cognitive disturbances of possible neurodegenerative origin. PET with 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), assessing glucose metabolism, provides a measure of neurodegeneration and allows a precise differential diagnosis among the most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies. PET tracers specific for the pathological deposits characteristic of different neurodegenerative processes, namely amyloid and tau deposits typical of Alzheimer's Disease, allow the visualization of these aggregates in vivo. [18F]FDG and amyloid PET imaging have reached a high level of clinical validity and are since 2022 investigations that can be offered to patients in standard clinical care in most of Canada.This article will briefly review and summarize the current knowledge on these diagnostic tools, their integration into diagnostic algorithms as well as perspectives for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freimut Juengling
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Division of Oncologic Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wuest
- Division of Oncologic Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Division of Oncologic Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jonathan Abele
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander Thiel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Diagnostic Department, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Zhao R, Zhu J, Jiang X, Bai R. Click chemistry-aided drug discovery: A retrospective and prospective outlook. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116037. [PMID: 38101038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as a valuable tool for rapid compound synthesis, presenting notable advantages and convenience in the exploration of potential drug candidates. In particular, in situ click chemistry capitalizes on enzymes as reaction templates, leveraging their favorable conformation to selectively link individual building blocks and generate novel hits. This review comprehensively outlines and introduces the extensive use of click chemistry in compound library construction, and hit and lead discovery, supported by specific research examples. Additionally, it discusses the limitations and precautions associated with the application of click chemistry in drug discovery. Our intention for this review is to contribute to the development of a modular synthetic approach for the rapid identification of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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3
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Bauer D, Cornejo MA, Hoang TT, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM. Click Chemistry and Radiochemistry: An Update. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1925-1950. [PMID: 37737084 PMCID: PMC10655046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The term "click chemistry" describes a class of organic transformations that were developed to make chemical synthesis simpler and easier, in essence allowing chemists to combine molecular subunits as if they were puzzle pieces. Over the last 25 years, the click chemistry toolbox has swelled from the canonical copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to encompass an array of ligations, including bioorthogonal variants, such as the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Without question, the rise of click chemistry has impacted all areas of chemical and biological science. Yet the unique traits of radiopharmaceutical chemistry have made it particularly fertile ground for this technology. In this update, we seek to provide a comprehensive guide to recent developments at the intersection of click chemistry and radiopharmaceutical chemistry and to illuminate several exciting trends in the field, including the use of emergent click transformations in radiosynthesis, the clinical translation of novel probes synthesized using click chemistry, and the advent of click-based in vivo pretargeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Mike A. Cornejo
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Tran T. Hoang
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
- Ph.D.
Program
in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the
City University of New York, New
York, New York 10016, United States
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4
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Ebrahimi E, Wuest M, Kaur J, Bhardwaj A, Reddy Gade N, Wuest F. [ 18F]ONO-8430506: A novel radioligand for PET imaging of autotaxin (ATX). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 90:129345. [PMID: 37217023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared and tested radioligand [18F]ONO-8430506 ([18F]8) as a novel ATX PET imaging agent derived from highly potent ATX inhibitor ONO-8430506. Radioligand [18F]8 could be prepared in good and reproducible radiochemical yields of 35±5% (n=6) using late-stage radiofluorination chemistry. ATX binding analysis showed that 9-benzyl tetrahydro-b-carboline 8 has about five times better inhibitory potency than clinical candidate GLPG1690 and somewhat less inhibitory potency than ATX inhibitor PRIMATX. The binding mode for compound 8 inside the catalytic pocket of ATX using computational modelling and docking protocols revealed that compound 8 resembled a comparable binding mode to that of ATX inhibitor GLPG1690. However, PET imaging studies with radioligand [18F]8 showed only relatively low tumour uptake and retention (SUV60min 0.21±0.03) in the tested 8305C human thyroid tumour model reaching a tumour-to-muscle ratio of ∼2.2 after 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Atul Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
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5
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Zhong X, Yan J, Ding X, Su C, Xu Y, Yang M. Recent Advances in Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry for Enhanced PET and SPECT Radiochemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:457-476. [PMID: 36811499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high reaction rate and reliable selectivity, bioorthogonal click reactions have been extensively investigated in numerous research fields, such as nanotechnology, drug delivery, molecular imaging, and targeted therapy. Previous reviews on bioorthogonal click chemistry for radiochemistry mainly focus on 18F-labeling protocols employed to produce radiotracers and radiopharmaceuticals. In fact, besides fluorine-18, other radionuclides such as gallium-68, iodine-125, and technetium-99m are also used in the field of bioorthogonal click chemistry. Herein, to provide a more comprehensive perspective, we provide a summary of recent advances in radiotracers prepared using bioorthogonal click reactions, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids as well as nanoparticles based on these radionuclides. The combination of pretargeting with imaging modalities or nanoparticles, as well as the clinical translations study, are also discussed to illustrate the effects and potential of bioorthogonal click chemistry for radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Zhong
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Chen Su
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214002, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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6
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Huang J. Novel brain PET imaging agents: Strategies for imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010946. [PMID: 36211392 PMCID: PMC9537554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with a concealed onset and continuous deterioration. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the prodromal stage of AD. Molecule-based imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is critical in tracking pathophysiological changes among AD and MCI patients. PET with novel targets is a promising approach for diagnostic imaging, particularly in AD patients. Our present review overviews the current status and applications of in vivo molecular imaging toward neuroinflammation. Although radiotracers can remarkably diagnose AD and MCI patients, a variety of limitations prevent the recommendation of a single technique. Recent studies examining neuroinflammation PET imaging suggest an alternative approach to evaluate disease progression. This review concludes that PET imaging towards neuroinflammation is considered a promising approach to deciphering the enigma of the pathophysiological process of AD and MCI.
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7
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Juengling FD, Wuest F, Kalra S, Agosta F, Schirrmacher R, Thiel A, Thaiss W, Müller HP, Kassubek J. Simultaneous PET/MRI: The future gold standard for characterizing motor neuron disease-A clinico-radiological and neuroscientific perspective. Front Neurol 2022; 13:890425. [PMID: 36061999 PMCID: PMC9428135 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.890425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging assessment of motor neuron disease has turned into a cornerstone of its clinical workup. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as a paradigmatic motor neuron disease, has been extensively studied by advanced neuroimaging methods, including molecular imaging by MRI and PET, furthering finer and more specific details of the cascade of ALS neurodegeneration and symptoms, facilitated by multicentric studies implementing novel methodologies. With an increase in multimodal neuroimaging data on ALS and an exponential improvement in neuroimaging technology, the need for harmonization of protocols and integration of their respective findings into a consistent model becomes mandatory. Integration of multimodal data into a model of a continuing cascade of functional loss also calls for the best attempt to correlate the different molecular imaging measurements as performed at the shortest inter-modality time intervals possible. As outlined in this perspective article, simultaneous PET/MRI, nowadays available at many neuroimaging research sites, offers the perspective of a one-stop shop for reproducible imaging biomarkers on neuronal damage and has the potential to become the new gold standard for characterizing motor neuron disease from the clinico-radiological and neuroscientific perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freimut D. Juengling
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wuest
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Federica Agosta
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander Thiel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Thaiss
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Müller
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Kaur J, Bhardwaj A, Wuest F. Fluorine-18 Labelled Radioligands for PET Imaging of Cyclooxygenase-2. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123722. [PMID: 35744851 PMCID: PMC9227202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging probes enable the early and accurate detection of disease-specific biomarkers and facilitate personalized treatment of many chronic diseases, including cancer. Among current clinically used functional imaging modalities, positron emission tomography (PET) plays a significant role in cancer detection and in monitoring the response to therapeutic interventions. Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isozyme in cancer development and progression, making COX-2 a promising cancer biomarker. A variety of COX-2-targeting PET radioligands has been developed based on anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors. However, many of those suffer from non-specific binding and insufficient metabolic stability. This article highlights examples of COX-2-targeting PET radioligands labelled with the short-lived positron emitter 18F, including radiosynthesis and PET imaging studies published in the last decade (2012–2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (F.W.)
| | - Atul Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (F.W.)
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9
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Kenou BV, Manly LS, Rubovits SB, Umeozulu SA, Van Buskirk MG, Zhang AS, Pike VW, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Henter ID, Innis RB. Cyclooxygenases as Potential PET Imaging Biomarkers to Explore Neuroinflammation in Dementia. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:53S-59S. [PMID: 35649646 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequently studied target of neuroinflammation using PET is 18-kDa translocator protein, but its limitations have spurred the molecular imaging community to find more promising targets. This article reviews the development of PET radioligands for cyclooxygenase (COX) subtypes 1 and 2, enzymes that catalyze the production of inflammatory prostanoids in the periphery and brain. Although both isozymes produce the same precursor compound, prostaglandin H2, they have distinct functions based on their differential cellular localization in the periphery and brain. For example, COX-1 is located primarily in microglia, a resident inflammatory cell in the brain whose role in producing inflammatory cytokines is well documented. In contrast, COX-2 is located primarily in neurons and can be markedly upregulated by inflammatory and excitatory stimuli, but its functions are poorly understood. This article reviews these 2 isozymes as biomarkers of neuroinflammation, as well as the radioligands that have recently been developed to image them in animals and humans. To place this work into context, the properties of COX-1 and COX-2 are compared with 18-kDa translocator protein, with special consideration of their application in Alzheimer disease as a representative neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruny V Kenou
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lester S Manly
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sara B Rubovits
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Somachukwu A Umeozulu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maia G Van Buskirk
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrea S Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paolo Zanotti-Fregonara
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Zhou R, Ji B, Kong Y, Qin L, Ren W, Guan Y, Ni R. PET Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739130. [PMID: 34603323 PMCID: PMC8481830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation play an important role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Advances in molecular imaging using positron emission tomography have provided insights into the time course of neuroinflammation and its relation with Alzheimer's disease central pathologies in patients and in animal disease models. Recent single-cell sequencing and transcriptomics indicate dynamic disease-associated microglia and astrocyte profiles in Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial 18-kDa translocator protein is the most widely investigated target for neuroinflammation imaging. New generation of translocator protein tracers with improved performance have been developed and evaluated along with tau and amyloid imaging for assessing the disease progression in Alzheimer's disease continuum. Given that translocator protein is not exclusively expressed in glia, alternative targets are under rapid development, such as monoamine oxidase B, matrix metalloproteinases, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, imidazoline-2 binding sites, cyclooxygenase, cannabinoid-2 receptor, purinergic P2X7 receptor, P2Y12 receptor, the fractalkine receptor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, and receptor for advanced glycation end products. Promising targets should demonstrate a higher specificity for cellular locations with exclusive expression in microglia or astrocyte and activation status (pro- or anti-inflammatory) with highly specific ligand to enable in vivo brain imaging. In this review, we summarised recent advances in the development of neuroinflammation imaging tracers and provided an outlook for promising targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Qin
- Inner Mongolia Baicaotang Qin Chinese Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Wuwei Ren
- School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Perez DJ, Tabatabaei Dakhili SA, Bergman C, Dufour J, Wuest M, Juengling FD, Wuest F, Velazquez-Martinez CA. FOXM1 inhibitors as potential diagnostic agents: 1st generation of a PET probe targeting FOXM1 to detect triple negative-breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3720-3729. [PMID: 34402202 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The FOXM1 protein controls the expression of essential genes related to cancer cell cycle progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. We hypothesize that FOXM1 inhibitors could represent a novel approach to develop 18 F-based radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Therefore, in this report we describe the first attempt to use 18 F-labeled FOXM1 inhibitors to detect triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Briefly, we replaced the original amide group in the parent drug FDI-6 for a ketone group in the novel AF-FDI molecule, to carry out an aromatic nucleophilic ( 18 F)-fluorination. AF-FDI dissociated the FOXM1-DNA complex, decreased FOXM1 levels, and inhibited cell proliferation in a TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231). [ 18 F]AF-FDI was internalized in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell uptake inhibition experiments showed that AF-FDI and FDI-6 significantly decreased the maximum uptake of [ 18 F]AF-FDI, suggesting specificity towards FOXM1. [ 18 F]AF-FDI reached a tumor uptake of SUV = 0.31 in MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice and was metabolically stable 60 min post-injection. These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the potential role of FOXM1 to develop PET radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Perez
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361 - 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Edmonton, CANADA
| | | | - Cody Bergman
- University of Alberta, Department of Oncology, T6E 2E1, Edmonton, CANADA
| | - Jennifer Dufour
- University of Alberta, Department of Oncology, T6E 2E1, Edmonton, CANADA
| | - Melinda Wuest
- University of Alberta, Department of Oncology, T6E 2E1, Edmonton, CANADA
| | | | - Frank Wuest
- University of Alberta, Department of Oncology, T6E 2E1, Edmonton, CANADA
| | - Carlos Alberto Velazquez-Martinez
- University of Alberta, Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142-L Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, 11361 - 87 Avenue, T6G 2E1, Edmonton, CANADA
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12
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Dagallier C, Avry F, Touchefeu Y, Buron F, Routier S, Chérel M, Arlicot N. Development of PET Radioligands Targeting COX-2 for Colorectal Cancer Staging, a Review of in vitro and Preclinical Imaging Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675209. [PMID: 34169083 PMCID: PMC8217454 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death, making early diagnosis a major public health challenge. The role of inflammation in tumorigenesis has been extensively explored, and among the identified markers of inflammation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression seems to be linked to lesions with a poor prognosis. Until now, COX-2 expression could only be accessed by invasive methods, mainly by biopsy. Imaging techniques such as functional Positron Emission Tomography (PET) could give access to in vivo COX-2 expression. This could make the staging of the disease more accurate and would be of particular interest in the exploration of the first metastatic stages. In this paper, we review recent progress in the development of COX-2 specific PET tracers by comparing the radioligands' characteristics and highlighting the obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to achieve the clinical development of such a radiotracer, and its evaluation in the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dagallier
- Unité de Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - François Avry
- Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yann Touchefeu
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes University, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Buron
- ICOA, Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans, France
| | | | - Michel Chérel
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- Unité de Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM CIC 1415, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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Synthesis and antibacterial activity of benzothiazole and benzoxazole-appended substituted 1,2,3-triazoles. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-01844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Kumar JSD, Prabhakaran J, Molotkov A, Sattiraju A, Kim J, Doubrovin M, Mann JJ, Mintz A. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of [ 18F]FMTP, a COX-2 PET ligand. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1433-1440. [PMID: 32632914 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in neuroinflammation associated with many neurological diseases as well as cancers of the brain. Outside the brain, inflammation and COX-2 induction contribute to the pathogenesis of pain, arthritis, acute allograft rejection, and in response to infections, tumors, autoimmune disorders, and injuries. Herein, we report the radiochemical synthesis and evaluation of [18F]6-fluoro-2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)pyrimidin-4-amine ([18F]FMTP), a high-affinity COX-2 inhibitor, by cell uptake and PET imaging studies. METHODS The radiochemical synthesis of [18F]FMTP was optimized using chlorine to fluorine displacement method, by reacting [18F]fluoride/K222/K2CO3 with the precursor molecule. Cellular uptake studies of [18F]FMTP was performed in COX-2 positive BxPC3 and COX-2 negative PANC-1 cell lines with unlabeled FMTP as well as celecoxib to define specific binding agents. Dynamic microPET image acquisitionwas performed in anesthetized nude mice (n = 3), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced neuroinflammation mice (n = 4), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) administered control mice (n = 4) using a Trifoil microPET/CT for a scan period of 60 min. RESULTS A twofold higher binding of [18F]FMTP was found in COX-2 positive BxPC3 cells compared with COX-2 negative PANC-1 cells. The radioligand did not show specific binding to COX-2 negative PANC-1 cells. MicroPET imaging in wild-type mice indicated blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and fast washout of [18F]FMTP in the brain, likely due to the low constitutive COX-2 expression in the normal brain. In contrast, a ~ twofold higher uptake of the radioligand was found in LPS-induced mice brain than PBS treated control mice. CONCLUSIONS Specific binding to COX-2 in BxPC3 cell lines, BBB permeability, and increased brain uptake in neuroinflammation mice qualifies [18F]FMTP as a potential PET tracer for studying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Dileep Kumar
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | - Jaya Prabhakaran
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Manhattan, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Andrei Molotkov
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Anirudh Sattiraju
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Jongho Kim
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Doubrovin
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Manhattan, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA.
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15
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Wright JS, Kaur T, Preshlock S, Tanzey SS, Winton WP, Sharninghausen LS, Wiesner N, Brooks AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Copper-Mediated Late-stage Radiofluorination: Five Years of Impact on Pre-clinical and Clinical PET Imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2020; 8:167-206. [PMID: 33748018 PMCID: PMC7968072 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-020-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Copper-mediated radiofluorination (CMRF) is emerging as the method of choice for the formation of aromatic C-18F bonds. This minireview examines proof-of-concept, pre-clinical, and in-human imaging studies of new and established imaging agents containing aromatic C-18F bonds synthesized with CMRF. An exhaustive discussion of CMRF methods is not provided, although key developments that have enabled or improved upon the syntheses of fluorine-18 imaging agents are discussed. METHODS A comprehensive literature search from April 2014 onwards of the Web of Science and PubMed library databases was performed to find reports that utilize CMRF for the synthesis of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals, and these represent the primary body of research discussed in this minireview. Select conference proceedings, previous reports describing alternative methods for the synthesis of imaging agents, and preceding fluorine-19 methodologies have also been included for discussion. CONCLUSIONS CMRF has significantly expanded the chemical space that is accessible to fluorine-18 radiolabeling with production methods that can meet the regulatory requirements for use in Nuclear Medicine. Furthermore, it has enabled novel and improved syntheses of radiopharmaceuticals and facilitated subsequent PET imaging studies. The rapid adoption of CMRF will undoubtedly continue to simplify the production of imaging agents and inspire the development of new radiofluorination methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean S Tanzey
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wade P Winton
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Wiesner
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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