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Deng Z. Angle-Dependent Raman Spectra of Crystal Polymorphs of GaO: A Computational Study. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300129. [PMID: 38095211 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Two crystal polymorphs of GaO consisting of GaO-H and GaO-T monolayers are proposed in this study. Based on the density functional theory calculations, the phonon dispersion demonstrates that both GaO-H and GaO-T monolayers could be stable. The band gaps of GaO-H and GaO-T monolayers are 1.51 and 1.43 eV, respectively. When an external electric field is applied, the band gaps of GaO monolayers are reduced dramatically, down to 0.13 eV with the field of 0.7 V/Å. Because of the decreased symmetry of C3v under an external electric field, more peaks of Raman spectra can be obtained. The angle-dependent Raman spectra ofA ' 1 1 ${{\rm{A}}{{^\prime}}_1^1 }$ andA ' 1 2 ${{\rm{A}}{{^\prime}}_1^2 }$ of GaO-H monolayer, andA 1 g 1 ${{\rm{A}}_{1{\rm{g}}}^1 }$ andA 1 g 2 ${{\rm{A}}_{1{\rm{g}}}^2 }$ of GaO-T monolayer are discussed seperately, with the incident lasers of 488 and 532 nm. Additionally, the Raman intensity distribution shows that the incident light should be parallel to the plane of the GaO monolayer to obtain more comparable Raman spectra. These investigations of the crystal polymorphs of GaO monolayers may guide the experimental investigations of GaO monolayers and potential optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Deng
- School of Science, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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2
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Pasquale G, Lopriore E, Sun Z, Čerņevičs K, Tagarelli F, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Yazyev OV, Kis A. Electrical detection of the flat-band dispersion in van der Waals field-effect structures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1416-1422. [PMID: 37591936 PMCID: PMC10716041 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional flat-band systems have recently attracted considerable interest due to the rich physics unveiled by emergent phenomena and correlated electronic states at van Hove singularities. However, the difficulties in electrically detecting the flat-band position in field-effect structures are slowing down the investigation of their properties. In this work, we use indium selenide (InSe) as a flat-band system due to a van Hove singularity at the valence-band edge in a few-layer form of the material without the requirement of a twist angle. We investigate tunnelling photocurrents in gated few-layer InSe structures and relate them to ambipolar transport and photoluminescence measurements. We observe an appearance of a sharp change in tunnelling mechanisms due to the presence of the van Hove singularity at the flat band. We further corroborate our findings by studying tunnelling currents as a reliable probe for the flat-band position up to room temperature. Our results create an alternative approach to studying flat-band systems in heterostructures of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pasquale
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Lopriore
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristiāns Čerņevičs
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fedele Tagarelli
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Oleg V Yazyev
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andras Kis
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Sun T, Zhou C, Guo H, Meng Z, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhou H, Fei Y, Qiu K, Zhang F, Li B, Zhu X, Yang F, Zhao J, Guo J, Zhao J, Sheng Z. Coherent Phonon-Induced Gigahertz Optical Birefringence and Its Manipulation in SrTiO 3. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205707. [PMID: 36646514 PMCID: PMC9982545 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Birefringence, which modulates the polarization of electromagnetic wave, has been commercially developed and widely used in modern photonics. Fostered by high-frequency signal processing and communications, feasible birefringence technologies operating in gigahertz (GHz) range are highly desired. Here, a coherent phonon-induced GHz optical birefringence and its manipulation in SrTiO3 (STO) crystals are demonsrated. With ultrafast laser pumping, the coherent acoustic phonons with low damping are created in the transducer/STO structures. A series of transducer layers are examined and the optimized one with relatively high photon-phonon conversion efficiency, i.e., semiconducting LaRhO3 film, is obtained. The most intriguing finding here is that, by virtue of high sensitivity to strain perturbation of STO, GHz optical birefringence can be induced by the coherent acoustic phonons and the birefringent amplitudes possess crystal orientation dependence. Optical manipulation of both coherent phonons and its induced GHz birefringence by double pump technique are also realized. These findings reveal an alternative mechanism of ultrafast optical birefringence control, and offer prospects for applications in high-frequency acoustic-optics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- Present address:
Institute of Plasma PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
- Present address:
Institute of Plasma PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
| | - Hongli Guo
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscaleand CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly‐Coupled Quantum Matter Physicsand Department of PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Zhi Meng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Han Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Yuming Fei
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Kang Qiu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
| | - Fapei Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
| | - Bolin Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhao
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscaleand CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly‐Coupled Quantum Matter Physicsand Department of PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Sheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field LaboratoryHFIPSAnhui, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031P. R. China
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Wan W, Guo R, Ge Y, Liu Y. Carrier and phonon transport in 2D InSe and its Janus structures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:133001. [PMID: 36634370 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acb2a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional (2D) Indium Selenide (InSe) has been receiving much attention in the scientific community due to its reduced size, extraordinary physical properties, and potential applications in various fields. In this review, we discussed the recent research advancement in the carrier and phonon transport properties of 2D InSe and its related Janus structures. We first introduced the progress in the synthesis of 2D InSe. We summarized the recent experimental and theoretical works on the carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric characteristics of 2D InSe. Based on the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), the mechanisms underlying carrier or phonon scattering of 2D InSe were discussed in detail. Moreover, the structural and transport properties of Janus structures based on InSe were also presented, with an emphasis on the theoretical simulations. At last, we discussed the prospects for continued research of 2D InSe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
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5
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Yin T, Ulman KA, Liu S, Granados Del Águila A, Huang Y, Zhang L, Serra M, Sedmidubsky D, Sofer Z, Quek SY, Xiong Q. Chiral Phonons and Giant Magneto-Optical Effect in CrBr 3 2D Magnet. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101618. [PMID: 34302389 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phonons with chirality determine the optical helicity of inelastic light scattering processes due to their nonzero angular momentum. Here it is shown that 2D magnetic CrBr3 hosts chiral phonons at the Brillouin-zone center. These chiral phonons are linear combinations of the doubly-degenerate Eg phonons, and the phonon eigenmodes exhibit clockwise and counterclockwise rotational vibrations corresponding to angular momenta of l = ± 1. Such Eg chiral phonons completely switch the polarization of incident circularly polarized light. On the other hand, the non-degenerate non-chiral Ag phonons display a giant magneto-optical effect under an external out-of-plane magnetic field, rotating the plane of polarization of the scattered linearly polarized light. The corresponding degree of polarization of the scattered light changes from 91% to -68% as the magnetic field strength increases from 0 to 5 T. In contrast, the chiral Eg modes display no field dependence. The results lay a foundation for the study of phonon chirality and magneto-optical phenomena in 2D magnetic materials, as well as their related applications, such as the phonon Hall effect, topological photonics, and Raman lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yin
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Kanchan Ajit Ulman
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Sheng Liu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Andrés Granados Del Águila
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lifa Zhang
- NNU-SULI Thermal Energy Research Center and Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Marco Serra
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmidubsky
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Su Ying Quek
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School, Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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6
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Zhang Z, Yuan Y, Zhou W, Chen C, Yuan S, Zeng H, Fu YS, Zhang W. Strain-Induced Bandgap Enhancement of InSe Ultrathin Films with Self-Formed Two-Dimensional Electron Gas. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10700-10709. [PMID: 34080842 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin indium selenide (InSe) is a representative two-dimensional (2D) family that have recently attracted extensive interest for their intriguing emerging physics and potential optoelectronic applications with high-performance. Here, by utilizing molecular beam epitaxy and scanning tunneling microscopy, we report a controlled synthesis of InSe thin films down to the monolayer limit and characterization of their electronic properties at atomic scale. Highly versatile growth conditions are developed to fabricate well crystalline InSe films, with a reversible and controllable phase transformation between InSe and In2Se3. The band gap size of InSe films, as enhanced by quantum confinement, increases with decreasing film thickness. Near various categories of lattice imperfections, the band gap becomes significantly enlarged, resulting in a type-I band alignments for lateral heterojunctions. Such band gap enhancement, as unveiled from our first-principles calculations, is ascribed to the local compressive strain imposed by the lattice imperfections. Moreover, InSe films host highly conductive 2D electron gas, manifesting prominent quasiparticle scattering signatures. The 2D electron gas is self-formed via substrate doping of electrons, which shift the Fermi level above the confinement-quantized conduction band. Our study identifies InSe ultrathin film as an appealing system for both fundamental research and potential applications in nanoelectrics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimo Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chen Chen
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shengjun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hualing Zeng
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Fu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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7
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Liu Z, Guo K, Hu G, Shi Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Zhang L, Zhou P, Lu H, Lin ML, Liu S, Cheng Y, Liu XL, Xie J, Bi L, Tan PH, Deng L, Qiu CW, Peng B. Observation of nonreciprocal magnetophonon effect in nonencapsulated few-layered CrI 3. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/43/eabc7628. [PMID: 33097544 PMCID: PMC7608833 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
"Magneto-optical" effect refers to a rotation of polarization plane, which has been widely studied in traditional ferromagnetic metal and insulator films and scarcely in two-dimensional layered materials. Here, we uncover a new nonreciprocal magnetophonon Raman scattering effect in ferromagnetic few-layer CrI3 We observed a rotation of the polarization plane of inelastically scattered light between -20o and +60o that are tunable by an out-of-plane magnetic field from -2.5 to 2.5 T. It is experimentally observed that the degree of polarization can be magnetically manipulated between -20 and 85%. This work raises a new magneto-optical phenomenon and could create opportunities of applying two-dimensional ferromagnetic materials in Raman lasing, topological photonics, and magneto-optical modulator for information transport and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Kai Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhongtai Shi
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yue Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Linbo Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peiheng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Miao-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sizhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yingchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xue Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianliang Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lei Bi
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Longjiang Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
| | - Bo Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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