1
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Wang A, Wu X, Zhao S, Han ZV, Shi Y, Cerullo G, Wang F. Electrically tunable non-radiative lifetime in WS 2/WSe 2 heterostructures. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13687-13693. [PMID: 38967228 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01982b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Van der Waals heterostructures based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as excellent candidates for next-generation optoelectronics and valleytronics, due to their fascinating physical properties. The understanding and active control of the relaxation dynamics of heterostructures play a crucial role in device design and optimization. Here, we investigate the back-gate modulation of exciton dynamics in a WS2/WSe2 heterostructure by combining time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) at cryogenic temperatures. We find that the non-radiative relaxation lifetimes of photocarriers in heterostructures can be electrically controlled for samples with different twist-angles, whereas such lifetime tuning is not present in standalone monolayers. We attribute such an observation to doping-controlled competition between interlayer and intralayer recombination pathways in high-quality WS2/WSe2 samples. The simultaneous measurement of TRPL and TAS lifetimes within the same sample provides additional insight into the influence of coexisting excitons and background carriers on the photo-response, and points to the potential of tailoring light-matter interactions in TMD heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xingguang Wu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zheng Vitto Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fengqiu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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2
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Timmer D, Gittinger M, Quenzel T, Cadore AR, Rosa BLT, Li W, Soavi G, Lünemann DC, Stephan S, Silies M, Schulz T, Steinhoff A, Jahnke F, Cerullo G, Ferrari AC, De Sio A, Lienau C. Ultrafast Coherent Exciton Couplings and Many-Body Interactions in Monolayer WS 2. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8117-8125. [PMID: 38901032 PMCID: PMC11229071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are quantum confined systems with interesting optoelectronic properties, governed by Coulomb interactions in the monolayer (1L) limit, where strongly bound excitons provide a sensitive probe for many-body interactions. Here, we use two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to investigate many-body interactions and their dynamics in 1L-WS2 at room temperature and with sub-10 fs time resolution. Our data reveal coherent interactions between the strongly detuned A and B exciton states in 1L-WS2. Pronounced ultrafast oscillations of the transient optical response of the B exciton are the signature of a coherent 50 meV coupling and coherent population oscillations between the two exciton states. Supported by microscopic semiconductor Bloch equation simulations, these coherent dynamics are rationalized in terms of Dexter-like interactions. Our work sheds light on the role of coherent exciton couplings and many-body interactions in the ultrafast temporal evolution of spin and valley states in TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Timmer
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Quenzel
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alisson R. Cadore
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara L. T. Rosa
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wenshan Li
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Lünemann
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Stephan
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Silies
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tommy Schulz
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials
Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinhoff
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials
Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Jahnke
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials
Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von
Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von
Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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3
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Chan YH, Naik MH, Haber JB, Neaton JB, Louie SG, Qiu DY, da Jornada FH. Exciton-Phonon Coupling Induces a New Pathway for Ultrafast Intralayer-to-Interlayer Exciton Transition and Interlayer Charge Transfer in WS 2-MoS 2 Heterostructure: A First-Principles Study. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7972-7978. [PMID: 38888269 PMCID: PMC11229060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite the weak, van der Waals interlayer coupling, photoinduced charge transfer vertically across atomically thin interfaces can occur within surprisingly fast, sub-50 fs time scales. An early theoretical understanding of charge transfer is based on a noninteracting picture, neglecting excitonic effects that dominate optical properties of such materials. We employ an ab initio many-body perturbation theory approach, which explicitly accounts for the excitons and phonons in the heterostructure. Our large-scale first-principles calculations directly probe the role of exciton-phonon coupling in the charge dynamics of the WS2/MoS2 heterobilayer. We find that the exciton-phonon interaction induced relaxation time of photoexcited excitons at the K valley of MoS2 and WS2 is 67 and 15 fs at 300 K, respectively, which sets a lower bound to the intralayer-to-interlayer exciton transfer time and is consistent with experiment reports. We further show that electron-hole correlations facilitate novel transfer pathways that are otherwise inaccessible to noninteracting electrons and holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-hao Chan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Physic
Division, National Center of Theoretical Sciences, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mit H. Naik
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United
States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonah B. Haber
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United
States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United
States
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United
States
| | - Diana Y. Qiu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Felipe H. da Jornada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Hu Z, Wang H, Wang L, Wang H. A new charge transfer pathway in the MoSe 2-WSe 2 heterostructure under the conditions of B-excitons being resonantly pumped. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9424-9431. [PMID: 38446138 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Most transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures (HSs) exhibit a type II band alignment, leading to a charge transfer process accompanied by the transfer of spin-valley polarization and spontaneous formation of interlayer excitons. This unique band structure facilitates achieving a longer exciton lifetime and extended spin-valley polarization lifetime. However, the mechanism of charge transfer in type II TMD HSs is not fully comprehended. Here, the ultrafast charge transfer process is studied in MoSe2-WSe2 HS via valley-solved broadband pump-probe spectroscopy. Under the conditions of B-excitons of WSe2 and MoSe2 being resonantly pumped, a new charge transfer pathway through the higher energy state associated with the B-exciton is found. Meanwhile, the holes (electrons) in the WSe2 (MoSe2) layer of MoSe2-WSe2 HS produce obvious spin-valley polarization even under the condition of B-exciton of WSe2 (MoSe2) being resonantly pumped, and the lifetime can reach tens of ps, which is in stark contrast to the absence of A-exciton spin-valley polarization in monolayer WSe2 (MoSe2) under the same pumping condition. The results deepen the insight into the charge transfer process in type II TMD HSs and show the great potential of TMD HSs in the application of spin-valley electronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Haiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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5
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Bange JP, Schmitt D, Bennecke W, Meneghini G, AlMutairi A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Steil D, Steil S, Weitz RT, Jansen GSM, Hofmann S, Brem S, Malic E, Reutzel M, Mathias S. Probing electron-hole Coulomb correlations in the exciton landscape of a twisted semiconductor heterostructure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi1323. [PMID: 38324690 PMCID: PMC10849592 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In two-dimensional semiconductors, cooperative and correlated interactions determine the material's excitonic properties and can even lead to the creation of correlated states of matter. Here, we study the fundamental two-particle correlated exciton state formed by the Coulomb interaction between single-particle holes and electrons. We find that the ultrafast transfer of an exciton's hole across a type II band-aligned semiconductor heterostructure leads to an unexpected sub-200-femtosecond upshift of the single-particle energy of the electron being photoemitted from the two-particle exciton state. While energy relaxation usually leads to an energetic downshift of the spectroscopic signature, we show that this upshift is a clear fingerprint of the correlated interaction of the electron and hole parts of the exciton. In this way, time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is straightforwardly established as a powerful method to access electron-hole correlations and cooperative behavior in quantum materials. Our work highlights this capability and motivates the future study of optically inaccessible correlated excitonic and electronic states of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Bange
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Schmitt
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Bennecke
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Meneghini
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Daniel Steil
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Steil
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Thomas Weitz
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - G. S. Matthijs Jansen
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Samuel Brem
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ermin Malic
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcel Reutzel
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mathias
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Johnson AC, Georgaras JD, Shen X, Yao H, Saunders AP, Zeng HJ, Kim H, Sood A, Heinz TF, Lindenberg AM, Luo D, da Jornada FH, Liu F. Hidden phonon highways promote photoinduced interlayer energy transfer in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8819. [PMID: 38266081 PMCID: PMC10807799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Vertically stacked van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures exhibit unique electronic, optical, and thermal properties that can be manipulated by twist-angle engineering. However, the weak phononic coupling at a bilayer interface imposes a fundamental thermal bottleneck for future two-dimensional devices. Using ultrafast electron diffraction, we directly investigated photoinduced nonequilibrium phonon dynamics in MoS2/WS2 at 4° twist angle and WSe2/MoSe2 heterobilayers with twist angles of 7°, 16°, and 25°. We identified an interlayer heat transfer channel with a characteristic timescale of ~20 picoseconds, about one order of magnitude faster than molecular dynamics simulations assuming initial intralayer thermalization. Atomistic calculations involving phonon-phonon scattering suggest that this process originates from the nonthermal phonon population following the initial interlayer charge transfer and scattering. Our findings present an avenue for thermal management in vdW heterostructures by tailoring nonequilibrium phonon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalya C. Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johnathan D. Georgaras
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Helen Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Helen J. Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aditya Sood
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tony F. Heinz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M. Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Duan Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Felipe H. da Jornada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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7
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Timmer D, Lünemann DC, Riese S, Sio AD, Lienau C. Full visible range two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with high time resolution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:835-847. [PMID: 38175103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is a powerful method to study coherent and incoherent interactions and dynamics in complex quantum systems by correlating excitation and detection energies in a nonlinear spectroscopy experiment. Such dynamics can be probed with a time resolution limited only by the duration of the employed laser pulses and in a spectral range defined by the pulse spectrum. In the blue spectral range (<500 nm), the generation of sufficiently broadband ultrashort pulses with pulse durations of 10 fs or less has been challenging so far. Here, we present a 2DES setup based on a hollow-core fiber supercontinuum covering the full visible range (400-700 nm). Pulse compression via custom-made chirped mirrors yields a time resolution of <10 fs. The broad spectral coverage, in particular the extension of the pulse spectra into the blue spectral range, unlocks new possibilities for coherent investigations of blue-light absorbing and multichromophoric compounds, as demonstrated by a 2DES measurement of chlorophyll a.
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8
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Policht VR, Mittenzwey H, Dogadov O, Katzer M, Villa A, Li Q, Kaiser B, Ross AM, Scotognella F, Zhu X, Knorr A, Selig M, Cerullo G, Dal Conte S. Time-domain observation of interlayer exciton formation and thermalization in a MoSe 2/WSe 2 heterostructure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7273. [PMID: 37949848 PMCID: PMC10638375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) host interlayer excitons with electrons and holes residing in different layers. With respect to their intralayer counterparts, interlayer excitons feature longer lifetimes and diffusion lengths, paving the way for room temperature excitonic optoelectronic devices. The interlayer exciton formation process and its underlying physical mechanisms are largely unexplored. Here we use ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy with a broadband white-light probe to simultaneously resolve interlayer charge transfer and interlayer exciton formation dynamics in a MoSe2/WSe2 heterostructure. We observe an interlayer exciton formation timescale nearly an order of magnitude (~1 ps) longer than the interlayer charge transfer time (~100 fs). Microscopic calculations attribute this relative delay to an interplay of a phonon-assisted interlayer exciton cascade and thermalization, and excitonic wave-function overlap. Our results may explain the efficient photocurrent generation observed in optoelectronic devices based on TMD heterostructures, as the interlayer excitons are able to dissociate during thermalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica R Policht
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy.
- NRC Postdoc residing at U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA.
| | - Henry Mittenzwey
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oleg Dogadov
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Manuel Katzer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Villa
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Qiuyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Ross
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Scotognella
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Selig
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Dal Conte
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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9
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Kim W, Jeong G, Oh J, Kim J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Ryu S. Exciton-Sensitized Second-Harmonic Generation in 2D Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20580-20588. [PMID: 37801328 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficient optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) of two-dimensional (2D) crystals, coupled with their atomic thickness, which circumvents the phase-match problem, has garnered considerable attention. While various 2D heterostructures have shown promising applications in photodetectors, switching electronics, and photovoltaics, the modulation of nonlinear optical properties in such heterosystems remains unexplored. In this study, we investigate exciton-sensitized SHG in heterobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), where photoexcitation of one donor layer enhances the SHG response of the other as an acceptor. We utilize polarization-resolved interferometry to detect the SHG intensity and phase of each individual layer, revealing the energetic match between the excitonic resonances of donors and the SHG enhancement of acceptors for four TMD combinations. Our results also uncover the dynamic nature of interlayer coupling, as made evident by the dependence of sensitization on interlayer gap spacing and the average power of the fundamental beam. This work provides insights into how the interlayer coupling of two different layers can modify nonlinear optical phenomena in 2D heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wontaek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Gyouil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Juseung Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sunmin Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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10
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Lüttig J, Mueller S, Malý P, Krich JJ, Brixner T. Higher-Order Multidimensional and Pump-Probe Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7556-7573. [PMID: 37589504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient absorption and coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy are widely established methods for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in quantum systems. Conventionally, they are interpreted in the framework of perturbation theory at the third order of interaction. Here, we discuss the potential of higher-(than-third-)order pump-probe and multidimensional spectroscopy to provide insight into excited multiparticle states and their dynamics. We focus on recent developments from our group. In particular, we demonstrate how phase cycling can be used in fluorescence-detected two-dimensional spectroscopy to isolate higher-order spectra that provide information about highly excited states such as the correlation of multiexciton states. We discuss coherently detected fifth-order 2D spectroscopy and its power to track exciton diffusion. Finally, we show how to extract higher-order signals even from ordinary pump-probe experiments, providing annihilation-free signals at high excitation densities and insight into multiexciton interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jacob J Krich
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Lüttig J, Rose PA, Malý P, Turkin A, Bühler M, Lambert C, Krich JJ, Brixner T. High-order pump-probe and high-order two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy on the example of squaraine oligomers. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:234201. [PMID: 37326161 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved spectroscopy is commonly used to study diverse phenomena in chemistry, biology, and physics. Pump-probe experiments and coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy have resolved site-to-site energy transfer, visualized electronic couplings, and much more. In both techniques, the lowest-order signal, in a perturbative expansion of the polarization, is of third order in the electric field, which we call a one-quantum (1Q) signal because in 2D spectroscopy it oscillates in the coherence time with the excitation frequency. There is also a two-quantum (2Q) signal that oscillates in the coherence time at twice the fundamental frequency and is fifth order in the electric field. We demonstrate that the appearance of the 2Q signal guarantees that the 1Q signal is contaminated by non-negligible fifth-order interactions. We derive an analytical connection between an nQ signal and (2n + 1)th-order contaminations of an rQ (with r < n) signal by studying Feynman diagrams of all contributions. We demonstrate that by performing partial integrations along the excitation axis in 2D spectra, we can obtain clean rQ signals free of higher-order artifacts. We exemplify the technique using optical 2D spectroscopy on squaraine oligomers, showing clean extraction of the third-order signal. We further demonstrate the analytical connection with higher-order pump-probe spectroscopy and compare both techniques experimentally. Our approach demonstrates the full power of higher-order pump-probe and 2D spectroscopy to investigate multi-particle interactions in coupled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter A Rose
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bühler
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jacob J Krich
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Koo Y, Lee H, Ivanova T, Kefayati A, Perebeinos V, Khestanova E, Kravtsov V, Park KD. Tunable interlayer excitons and switchable interlayer trions via dynamic near-field cavity. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:59. [PMID: 36864035 PMCID: PMC9981773 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging photo-induced excitonic processes in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterobilayers, e.g., interplay of intra- and inter-layer excitons and conversion of excitons to trions, allow new opportunities for ultrathin hybrid photonic devices. However, with the associated large degree of spatial heterogeneity, understanding and controlling their complex competing interactions in TMD heterobilayers at the nanoscale remains a challenge. Here, we present an all-round dynamic control of interlayer-excitons and -trions in a WSe2/Mo0.5 W0.5 Se2 heterobilayer using multifunctional tip-enhanced photoluminescence (TEPL) spectroscopy with <20 nm spatial resolution. Specifically, we demonstrate the bandgap tunable interlayer excitons and the dynamic interconversion between interlayer-trions and -excitons, through the combinational tip-induced engineering of GPa-scale pressure and plasmonic hot electron injection, with simultaneous spectroscopic TEPL measurements. This unique nano-opto-electro-mechanical control approach provides new strategies for developing versatile nano-excitonic/trionic devices using TMD heterobilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Koo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongwoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatiana Ivanova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Ali Kefayati
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Vasili Perebeinos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Ekaterina Khestanova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Purz TL, Hipsley BT, Martin EW, Ulbricht R, Cundiff ST. Rapid multiplex ultrafast nonlinear microscopy for material characterization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:45008-45019. [PMID: 36522912 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate rapid imaging based on four-wave mixing (FWM) by assessing the quality of advanced materials through measurement of their nonlinear response, exciton dephasing, and exciton lifetimes. We use a WSe2 monolayer grown by chemical vapor deposition as a canonical example to demonstrate these capabilities. By comparison, we show that extracting material parameters such as FWM intensity, dephasing times, excited state lifetimes, and distribution of dark/localized states allows for a more accurate assessment of the quality of a sample than current prevalent techniques, including white light microscopy and linear micro-reflectance spectroscopy. We further discuss future improvements of the ultrafast FWM techniques by modeling the robustness of exponential decay fits to different spacing of the sampling points. Employing ultrafast nonlinear imaging in real-time at room temperature bears the potential for rapid in-situ sample characterization of advanced materials and beyond.
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Purz TL, Martin EW, Holtzmann WG, Rivera P, Alfrey A, Bates KM, Deng H, Xu X, Cundiff ST. Imaging dynamic exciton interactions and coupling in transition metal dichalcogenides. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214704. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0087544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are regarded as a possible material platform for quantum information science and related device applications. In TMD monolayers, the dephasing time and inhomogeneity are crucial parameters for any quantum information application. In TMD heterostructures, coupling strength and interlayer exciton lifetimes are also parameters of interest. However, many demonstrations in TMDs can only be realized at specific spots on the sample, presenting a challenge to the scalability of these applications. Here, using multi-dimensional coherent imaging spectroscopy, we shed light on the underlying physics—including dephasing, inhomogeneity, and strain—for a MoSe2 monolayer and identify both promising and unfavorable areas for quantum information applications. We, furthermore, apply the same technique to a MoSe2/WSe2 heterostructure. Despite the notable presence of strain and dielectric environment changes, coherent and incoherent coupling and interlayer exciton lifetimes are mostly robust across the sample. This uniformity is despite a significantly inhomogeneous interlayer exciton photoluminescence distribution that suggests a bad sample for device applications. This robustness strengthens the case for TMDs as a next-generation material platform in quantum information science and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben L. Purz
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Eric W. Martin
- MONSTR Sense Technologies LLC, Ann Abor, Michigan 48104, USA
| | - William G. Holtzmann
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Pasqual Rivera
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Adam Alfrey
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Bates
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Steven T. Cundiff
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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