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Hart JL, Pan H, Siddique S, Schnitzer N, Mallayya K, Xu S, Kourkoutis LF, Kim EA, Cha JJ. Real-space visualization of a defect-mediated charge density wave transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402129121. [PMID: 39106309 PMCID: PMC11331100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402129121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the coupled charge density wave (CDW) and insulator-to-metal transitions in the 2D quantum material 1T-TaS2. By applying in situ cryogenic 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy with in situ electrical resistance measurements, we directly visualize the CDW transition and establish that the transition is mediated by basal dislocations (stacking solitons). We find that dislocations can both nucleate and pin the transition and locally alter the transition temperature Tc by nearly ~75 K. This finding was enabled by the application of unsupervised machine learning to cluster five-dimensional, terabyte scale datasets, which demonstrate a one-to-one correlation between resistance-a global property-and local CDW domain-dislocation dynamics, thereby linking the material microstructure to device properties. This work represents a major step toward defect-engineering of quantum materials, which will become increasingly important as we aim to utilize such materials in real devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Hart
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Haining Pan
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Saif Siddique
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Noah Schnitzer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | | | - Shiyu Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Lena F. Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Eun-ah Kim
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, South Korea
| | - Judy J. Cha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
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Xu Q, Ling L. Interface Visualization of Bio-material Interaction Via Cryo-AEM Using the Biosynthesis of Iron-Based Nanoparticles as a Model. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9756-9760. [PMID: 38781095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Although interaction between organisms and nonorganisms is vital in environmental processes, it is difficult to characterize at nanoscale resolution. Biosynthesis incorporates intracellular and extracellular processes involving crucial interfacial functions and electron and substance transfer processes, especially on the inorganic-organic interface. This work chooses the biosynthesis of iron-based nanoparticles (nFe) as a model for biomaterial interaction and employs Cryo-AEM (i.e., S/TEM, EELS, and EDS analysis based on sample preparation with cryo-transfer holder system), combined with CV, Raman, XPS, and FTIR to reveal the inorganic-organic interface process. The inorganic-organic interactions in the biosynthesis of iron-based nanoparticles by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (M-nFe) were characterized by changes in electron cloud density, and the corresponding chemical shifts of Fe and C EELS edges confirm that M-nFe acquires electrons from MR-1 on the interface. Capturing intact filamentous-like, slightly curved, and bundled structure provides solid evidence of a "circuit channel" for electron transfer between organic and inorganic interface. CV results also confirm that adding M-nFe can enhance electron transfer from MR-1 to ferric ions. A mechanism for the synthesis of M-nFe with MR-1 based on intracellular and extracellular conditions under facultative anaerobic was visualized, providing a protocol for investigating the organic-inorganic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lan Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Moradifar P, Liu Y, Shi J, Siukola Thurston ML, Utzat H, van Driel TB, Lindenberg AM, Dionne JA. Accelerating Quantum Materials Development with Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37979189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are driving a technology revolution in sensing, communication, and computing, while simultaneously testing many core theories of the past century. Materials such as topological insulators, complex oxides, superconductors, quantum dots, color center-hosting semiconductors, and other types of strongly correlated materials can exhibit exotic properties such as edge conductivity, multiferroicity, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, single photon emission, and optical-spin locking. These emergent properties arise and depend strongly on the material's detailed atomic-scale structure, including atomic defects, dopants, and lattice stacking. In this review, we describe how progress in the field of electron microscopy (EM), including in situ and in operando EM, can accelerate advances in quantum materials and quantum excitations. We begin by describing fundamental EM principles and operation modes. We then discuss various EM methods such as (i) EM spectroscopies, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron energy gain spectroscopy (EEGS); (ii) four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM); (iii) dynamic and ultrafast EM (UEM); (iv) complementary ultrafast spectroscopies (UED, XFEL); and (v) atomic electron tomography (AET). We describe how these methods could inform structure-function relations in quantum materials down to the picometer scale and femtosecond time resolution, and how they enable precision positioning of atomic defects and high-resolution manipulation of quantum materials. For each method, we also describe existing limitations to solve open quantum mechanical questions, and how they might be addressed to accelerate progress. Among numerous notable results, our review highlights how EM is enabling identification of the 3D structure of quantum defects; measuring reversible and metastable dynamics of quantum excitations; mapping exciton states and single photon emission; measuring nanoscale thermal transport and coupled excitation dynamics; and measuring the internal electric field and charge density distribution of quantum heterointerfaces- all at the quantum materials' intrinsic atomic and near atomic-length scale. We conclude by describing open challenges for the future, including achieving stable sample holders for ultralow temperature (below 10K) atomic-scale spatial resolution, stable spectrometers that enable meV energy resolution, and high-resolution, dynamic mapping of magnetic and spin fields. With atomic manipulation and ultrafast characterization enabled by EM, quantum materials will be poised to integrate into many of the sustainable and energy-efficient technologies needed for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Hart JL, Siddique S, Schnitzer N, Kourkoutis LF, Cha JJ. Pulse-Induced CDW Transitions in 1T-TaS2 Studied with in situ Cryo-TEM and Electric Biasing. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1714-1715. [PMID: 37613906 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James L Hart
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Saif Siddique
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Noah Schnitzer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Judy J Cha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Susarla S. Cryogenic Electron Microscopy Challenges to Image the Nanoscale Exciton Density of States. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1709. [PMID: 37613943 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Susarla
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, AZ, United States
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Pivak Y, Sun H, van Omme T, Bladt E, Pérez-Garza HH, Conroy M, Molina-Luna L. Development of a Stable Cryogenic In Situ Biasing System for Atomic Resolution (S)TEM. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1695. [PMID: 37613892 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniy Pivak
- DENSsolutions, Informaticalaan 12, Delft, TheNetherlands
| | - Hongyu Sun
- DENSsolutions, Informaticalaan 12, Delft, TheNetherlands
| | - Tijn van Omme
- DENSsolutions, Informaticalaan 12, Delft, TheNetherlands
| | - Eva Bladt
- DENSsolutions, Informaticalaan 12, Delft, TheNetherlands
| | | | - Michelle Conroy
- Michelle Conroy, Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, The United Kingdom
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