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Azizi J, Groß A, Euchner H. Computational Investigation of Carbon Based Anode Materials for Li- and Post-Li- Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301493. [PMID: 38411370 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to its negligible capacity with respect to sodium intercalation, graphite is not suited as anode material for sodium ion batteries. Hard carbon materials, on the other hand, provide reasonably high capacities at low insertion potential, making them a promising anode materials for sodium (and potassium) ion batteries. The particular nanostructure of these functionalized carbon-based materials has been found to be crucially linked to the material performance. However, there is still a lack of understanding with respect to the functional role of structural units, such as defects, for intercalation and storage. To overcome these problems, the intercalation of Li, Na, and K in graphitic model structures with distinct defect configurations has been investigated by density functional theory. The calculations confirm that defects are able to stabilize intercalation of larger alkali metal contents. At the same time, it is shown that a combination of phonon and band structure calculations are able to explain characteristic Raman features typically observed for alkali metal intercalation in hard carbon, furthermore allowing for the quantification of the alkali metal intercalation inbetween the layers of hard carbon anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Azizi
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, D-, 89081, Ulm
| | - Axel Groß
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, D-, 89081, Ulm
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage, D-, 89081, Ulm
| | - Holger Euchner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Kammarchedu V, Asgharian H, Zhou K, Soltan Khamsi P, Ebrahimi A. Recent advances in graphene-based electroanalytical devices for healthcare applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12857-12882. [PMID: 38888429 PMCID: PMC11238565 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphene, with its outstanding mechanical, electrical, and biocompatible properties, stands out as an emerging nanomaterial for healthcare applications, especially in building electroanalytical biodevices. With the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and infectious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for point-of-care testing and remote patient monitoring has never been greater. Owing to their portability, ease of manufacturing, scalability, and rapid and sensitive response, electroanalytical devices excel in these settings for improved healthcare accessibility, especially in resource-limited settings. The development of different synthesis methods yielding large-scale graphene and its derivatives with controllable properties, compatible with device manufacturing - from lithography to various printing methods - and tunable electrical, chemical, and electrochemical properties make it an attractive candidate for electroanalytical devices. This review article sheds light on how graphene-based devices can be transformative in addressing pressing healthcare needs, ranging from the fundamental understanding of biology in in vivo and ex vivo studies to early disease detection and management using in vitro assays and wearable devices. In particular, the article provides a special focus on (i) synthesis and functionalization techniques, emphasizing their suitability for scalable integration into devices, (ii) various transduction methods to design diverse electroanalytical device architectures, (iii) a myriad of applications using devices based on graphene, its derivatives, and hybrids with other nanomaterials, and (iv) emerging technologies at the intersection of device engineering and advanced data analytics. Finally, some of the major hurdles that graphene biodevices face for translation into clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kammarchedu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Heshmat Asgharian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Keren Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Pouya Soltan Khamsi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Aida Ebrahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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3
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Wen H, Zhao Z, Luo Z, Wang C. Unraveling the Impact of Curvature on Electrocatalytic Performance of Carbon Materials: A State-of-the-Art Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301859. [PMID: 38246873 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Curvature of carbon materials has gained significant attention as catalysts due to their distinctive properties and potential applications. This review comprehensively summarizes how the bending of carbon materials can improve electrocatalytic performance, with special attention to the applications of various bent carbon materials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene) in electrocatalysts and a large number of related density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations. Extensive mechanism research has provided a wealth of evidence indicating that the curvature of carbon materials has a profound impact on catalytic activity. This improvement in catalytic performance by curved carbon materials is attributed to factors like a larger active surface area, modulation of electronic structure, and better dispersal of catalytic active sites. A comprehensive understanding and utilization of these effects enable the design of highly efficient carbon-based catalysts for applications in energy conversion, environmental remediation, and chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Congwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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4
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Cabrera-Tinoco H, Borja-Castro L, Valencia-Bedregal R, Perez-Carreño A, Lalupu-García A, Veliz-Quiñones I, Bustamante Dominguez AG, Barnes CHW, De Los Santos Valladares L. Pyridinic-N Coordination Effect on the Adsorption and Activation of CO 2 by Single Vacancy Iron-Doped Graphene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6703-6717. [PMID: 38498309 PMCID: PMC10993407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphene doped with different transition metals has been recently proposed to adsorb CO2 and help reduce the greenhouse effect. Iron-doped graphene is one of the most promising candidates for this task, but there is still a lack of full understanding of the adsorption mechanism. In this work, we analyze the electronic structure, geometry, and charge redistribution during adsorption of CO2 molecules by single vacancy iron-doped graphene by DFT calculations using the general gradient approximation of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzernhof functional (PBE) and the van der Waals density functional (vdW). To understand the impact of the pyridinic-N coordination of the iron atom, we gradually replaced the neighboring carbon atoms by nitrogen atoms. The analysis indicates that chemisorption and physisorption occur when the molecule is adsorbed in the side-on and end-on orientation, respectively. Adsorption is stronger when pyridinic-N coordination increases, and the vdW functional describes the chemical interactions and adsorption energy differently in relation to PBE without significant structural changes. The development of the chemical interactions with the change of coordination in the system is further investigated in this work with crystal overlap Hamilton population (COHP) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Borja-Castro
- Laboratorio
de Cerámicos y Nanomateriales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ap. Postal 14-0149 Lima, Peru
| | - Renato Valencia-Bedregal
- Laboratorio
de Cerámicos y Nanomateriales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ap. Postal 14-0149 Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Angel Guillermo Bustamante Dominguez
- Laboratorio
de Cerámicos y Nanomateriales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ap. Postal 14-0149 Lima, Peru
| | - Crispin H. W. Barnes
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J Thomson Av, Cambridge CB3 0H3, U.K.
| | - Luis De Los Santos Valladares
- Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Materiais,
Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J Thomson Av, Cambridge CB3 0H3, U.K.
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5
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Tian M, Tennyson WD, Yoon M, Puretzky AA, Geohegan DB, Duscher G, Eres G. Role of Curvature in Stabilizing Boron-Doped Nanocorrugated Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1276-1282. [PMID: 38109559 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped carbon nanostructures have attracted great interest recently because of their remarkable electrocatalytic performance comparable to or better than that of conventional metal catalysts. In a previous work (Carbon 123, 605 (2017)), we reported that along with significant performance improvement, B doping enhances the oxidation resistance of few-layer graphene (FLG) that provides increased structural stability for intermediate-temperature fuel-cell electrodes. In general, detailed characterization of the atomic and electronic structure transformations that occur in B-doped carbon nanostructures during fuel-cell operation is lacking. In this work, we use aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, nanobeam electron diffraction, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to characterize the atomic and electronic structures of B-doped FLG before and after fuel-cell operation. These data point to the nanoscale corrugation of B-doped FLGs as the key factor responsible for increased stability and high corrosion resistance. The similarity of the 1s to π* and σ* transition features in the B K-edge EELS to those in B-doped carbon nanotubes provides an estimate for the curvature of nanocorrugation in B-FLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkun Tian
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Wesley D Tennyson
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mina Yoon
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gerd Duscher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gyula Eres
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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6
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Lopez-Suarez M, Lleopart G, Morales-Salvador R, Moreira IDPR, Bromley ST. Buckletronics: how compression-induced buckling affects the mechanical and electronic properties of sp 2-based two-dimensional materials. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220248. [PMID: 37211030 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We explore the mechanical and electronic response of sp2-based two-dimensional materials under in-plane compression employing first principles density functional theory-based calculations. Taking two carbon-based graphynes (α-graphyne and γ-graphyne) as example systems, we show that the structures of both two-dimensional materials are susceptible to out-of-plane buckling, which emerges for modest in-plane biaxial compression (1.5-2%). Out-of-plane buckling is found to be more energetically stable than in-plane scaling/distortion and significantly lowers the in-plane stiffness of both graphenes. The buckling also gives rise to in-plane auxetic behaviour in both two-dimensional materials. Under compression, the induced in-plane distortions and out-of-plane buckling also lead to modulations of the electronic band gap. Our work highlights the possibility of using in-plane compression to induce out-of-plane buckling in, otherwise planar, sp2-based two-dimensional materials (e.g. graphynes, graphdiynes). We suggest that controllable compression-induced buckling in planar two-dimensional materials (as opposed to two-dimensional materials, which are buckled due to sp3 hybridization) could provide a route to a new 'buckletronics' approach for tuning the mechanical and electronic properties of sp2-based systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Supercomputing simulations of advanced materials'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Lopez-Suarez
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC), Universitat de Barcelona,c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genis Lleopart
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC), Universitat de Barcelona,c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Morales-Salvador
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC), Universitat de Barcelona,c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC), Universitat de Barcelona,c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan T Bromley
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC), Universitat de Barcelona,c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Santos E. Structural Dynamics in the Presence of Water of Graphene Bilayers with Defects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2038. [PMID: 37513049 PMCID: PMC10385876 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of a bilayer of graphene containing one mono-vacancy in the top layer has been investigated in the framework of DFTB in the absence and in the presence of water. Due to the speed of the code, we can describe details of the behavior, which are not directly accessible experimentally and cannot be treated by DFT or classical molecular dynamics. The presence of water enhances the displacement of carbon atoms in the perpendicular direction to the surface. Our results explain very well a variety of experimental findings. In particular, the stabilization of the Jahn-Teller distortion by hydrogenation of one of the carbon atoms at the edge of a mono-vacancy has been elucidated. This work is the first analysis of the behavior of a graphene vacancy at room temperature in contact with water based on a quantum mechanical molecular dynamics method, where both graphene and solvent are treated at the same level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Santos
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Mez-Starck-Haus, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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8
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Liao Y, Li Z, Chen L, Croll AB, Xia W. Crumpling Defective Graphene Sheets. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3637-3644. [PMID: 36898061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon crumpling, graphene sheets yield intriguing hierarchical structures with high resistance to compression and aggregation, garnering a great deal of attention in recent years for their remarkable potential in a variety of applications. Here, we aim to understand the effect of Stone-Wales (SW) defects, i.e., a typical topological defect of graphene, on the crumpling behavior of graphene sheets at a fundamental level. By employing atomistically informed coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations, we find that SW defects strongly influence the sheet conformation as manifested by the change in size scaling laws and weaken the self-adhesion of the sheet during the crumpling process. Remarkably, the analyses of the internal structures (i.e., local curvatures, stresses, and cross-section patterns) of crumpled graphene emphasize the enhanced mechanical heterogeneity and "glass-like" amorphous state elicited by SW defects. Our findings pave the way for understanding and exploring the tailored design of crumpled structure via defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchao Liao
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhaofan Li
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Andrew B Croll
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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El-Machachi Z, Wilson M, Deringer VL. Exploring the configurational space of amorphous graphene with machine-learned atomic energies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13720-13731. [PMID: 36544732 PMCID: PMC9710228 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended amorphous carbon ("amorphous graphene") is a prototype system for disorder in 2D, showing a rich and complex configurational space that is yet to be fully understood. Here we explore the nature of amorphous graphene with an atomistic machine-learning (ML) model. We create structural models by introducing defects into ordered graphene through Monte-Carlo bond switching, defining acceptance criteria using the machine-learned local, atomic energies associated with a defect, as well as the nearest-neighbor (NN) environments. We find that physically meaningful structural models arise from ML atomic energies in this way, ranging from continuous random networks to paracrystalline structures. Our results show that ML atomic energies can be used to guide Monte-Carlo structural searches in principle, and that their predictions of local stability can be linked to short- and medium-range order in amorphous graphene. We expect that the former point will be relevant more generally to the study of amorphous materials, and that the latter has wider implications for the interpretation of ML potential models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariya El-Machachi
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3QRUK
| | - Mark Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3QZUK
| | - Volker L. Deringer
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3QRUK
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10
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Schmickler W, Santos E. Desorption of hydrogen from graphene induced by charge injection. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Santos
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Instiitute of Theoretical Chemistry Albert Einstein Allee 11 89089 Ulm GERMANY
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11
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Gao Y, Chen J, Chen G, Fan C, Liu X. Recent Progress in the Transfer of Graphene Films and Nanostructures. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100771. [PMID: 34928026 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The one-atom-thick graphene has excellent electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene has received a great deal of attention because it provides access to large-area and uniform films with high-quality. This allows the fabrication of graphene based-electronics, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics for practical applications. Zero bandgap, however, limits the application of a graphene film as electronic transistor. The most commonly used bottom-up approaches have achieved efficient tuning of the electronic bandgap by customizing well-defined graphene nanostructures. The postgrowth transfer of graphene films/nanostructures to a certain substrate is crucial in utilizing graphene in applicable devices. In this review, the basic growth mechanism of CVD graphene is first introduced. Then, recent advances in various transfer methods of as-grown graphene to target substrates are presented. The fabrication and transfer methods of graphene nanostructures are also provided, and then the transfer-related applications are summarized. At last, the challenging issues and the potential transfer-free approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jielin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Abstract
Graphene twistronics have recently gained significant attention due their superconductive behavior as a consequence of their tunable electronic properties. Although the electronic properties of twisted graphene have been extensively studied, the mechanical properties and integrity of twisted trilayer graphene (tTLG) under loading is still elusive. We investigated the fracture mechanics of tTLG with a twist angle of ±1.53° utilizing molecular dynamics simulation. This twist angle was chosen because it is known to exhibit highly superconductive behavior. The results indicate that tTLG does not preserve the excellent mechanical properties typically associated with graphene, with toughness and fracture strain values much lower in comparison. The Young’s modulus was an exception with values relatively close to pristine graphene, whereas the tensile strength was found to be roughly half of the intrinsic strength of graphene. The fracture toughness, fracture strain and strength converge as the crack length increases, reaching 0.26 J/m3, 0.0217 and 39.9 GPa at a crack length of 8 nm, respectively. The Griffth critical strain energy is 19.98 J/m2 and the critical stress intensity factor Kc is 4.47 MPa M1/2, in good agreement with that of monolayer graphene in the experiment. Our atomic insights might be helpful in the material design of twisted trilayer graphene-based electronics.
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