1
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Lv Q, Shen X, Li X, Meng Y, Yu KM, Guo P, Xiao L, Ho JC, Duan X, Duan X. On-Wire Design of Axial Periodic Halide Perovskite Superlattices for High-Performance Photodetection. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38934514 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Precise synthesis of all-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanowire heterostructures and superlattices with designable modulation of chemical compositions is essential for tailoring their optoelectronic properties. Nevertheless, controllable synthesis of perovskite nanostructure heterostructures remains challenging and underexplored to date. Here, we report a rational strategy for wafer-scale synthesis of one-dimensional periodic CsPbCl3/CsPbI3 superlattices. We show that the highly parallel array of halide perovskite nanowires can be prepared roughly as horizontally guided growth on an M-plane sapphire. A periodic patterning of the sapphire substrate enables position-selective ion exchange to obtain highly periodic CsPbCl3/CsPbI3 nanowire superlattices. This patterning is further confirmed by micro-photoluminescence investigations, which show that two separate band-edge emission peaks appear at the interface of a CsPbCl3/CsPbI3 heterojunction. Additionally, compared with the pure CsPbCl3 nanowires, photodetectors fabricated using these periodic heterostructure nanowires exhibit superior photoelectric performance, namely, high ION/IOFF ratio (104), higher responsivity (49 A/W), and higher detectivity (1.51 × 1013 Jones). Moreover, a spatially resolved visible image sensor based on periodic nanowire superlattices is demonstrated with good imaging capability, suggesting promising application prospects in future photoelectronic imaging systems. All these results based on the periodic CsPbCl3/CsPbI3 nanowire superlattices provides an attractive material platform for integrated perovskite devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Lv
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xia Shen
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xuyang Li
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - You Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kin Man Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Johnny C Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xidong Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Darweesh R, Yadav RK, Adler E, Poplinger M, Levi A, Lee JJ, Leshem A, Ramasubramaniam A, Xia F, Naveh D. Nonlinear self-calibrated spectrometer with single GeSe-InSe heterojunction device. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6028. [PMID: 38758797 PMCID: PMC11100572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Computational spectrometry is an emerging field that uses photodetection in conjunction with numerical algorithms for spectroscopic measurements. Compact single photodetectors made from layered materials are particularly attractive since they eliminate the need for bulky mechanical and optical components used in traditional spectrometers and can easily be engineered as heterostructures to optimize device performance. However, such photodetectors are typically nonlinear devices, which adds complexity to extracting optical spectra from their response. Here, we train an artificial neural network to recover the full nonlinear spectral photoresponse of a single GeSe-InSe p-n heterojunction device. The device has a spectral range of 400 to 1100 nm, a small footprint of ~25 × 25 square micrometers, and a mean reconstruction error of 2 × 10-4 for the power spectrum at 0.35 nanometers. Using our device, we demonstrate a solution to metamerism, an apparent matching of colors with different power spectral distributions, which is a fundamental problem in optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Darweesh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institue of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Rajesh Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institue of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Elior Adler
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institue of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Poplinger
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institue of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adi Levi
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institue of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jea-Jung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Amir Leshem
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ashwin Ramasubramaniam
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Doron Naveh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institue of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel
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3
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Yue P, Wang X. A Triangular-Matrix-Based Spectral Encoding Method for Broadband Filtering and Reconstruction-Based Spectral Measurement. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1215. [PMID: 38400373 PMCID: PMC10893530 DOI: 10.3390/s24041215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Broadband filtering and reconstruction-based spectral measurement represent a hot technical route for miniaturized spectral measurement; the measurement encoding scheme has a great effect on the spectral reconstruction fidelity. The existing spectral encoding schemes are usually complex and hard to implement; thus, the applications are severely limited. Considering this, here, a simple spectral encoding method based on a triangular matrix is designed. The condition number of the proposed spectral encoding system is estimated and demonstrated to be relatively low theoretically; then, verification experiments are carried out, and the results show that the proposed encoding can work well under precise or unprecise encoding and measurement conditions; therefore, the proposed scheme is demonstrated to be an effective trade-off of the spectral encoding efficiency and implementation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinliang Yue
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China;
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4
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Liu MD, Chen HH, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Tang GJ, Ma F, He XT, Chen XD, Dong JW. On-Chip Topological Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Filters. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1635-1641. [PMID: 38277778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We present an on-chip filter with a broad tailorable working wavelength and a single-mode operation. This is realized through the application of topological photonic crystal nanobeam filters employing synthesis parameter dimensions. By introducing the translation of air holes as a new synthetic parameter dimension, we obtained nanobeams with tunable Zak phases. Leveraging the bulk-edge correspondence, we identify the existence of topological cavity modes and establish a correlation between the cavity's interface morphology and working wavelength. Through experiments, we demonstrate filters with adjustable filtering wavelengths ranging from 1301 to 1570 nm. Our work illustrates the use of the synthetic translation dimension in the design of on-chip filters, and it holds potential for applications in other devices such as microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Dian Liu
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hou-Hong Chen
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guo-Jing Tang
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fei Ma
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin-Tao He
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Wen Dong
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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5
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Uddin MG, Das S, Shafi AM, Wang L, Cui X, Nigmatulin F, Ahmed F, Liapis AC, Cai W, Yang Z, Lipsanen H, Hasan T, Yoon HH, Sun Z. Broadband miniaturized spectrometers with a van der Waals tunnel diode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:571. [PMID: 38233431 PMCID: PMC10794200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Miniaturized spectrometers are of immense interest for various on-chip and implantable photonic and optoelectronic applications. State-of-the-art conventional spectrometer designs rely heavily on bulky dispersive components (such as gratings, photodetector arrays, and interferometric optics) to capture different input spectral components that increase their integration complexity. Here, we report a high-performance broadband spectrometer based on a simple and compact van der Waals heterostructure diode, leveraging a careful selection of active van der Waals materials- molybdenum disulfide and black phosphorus, their electrically tunable photoresponse, and advanced computational algorithms for spectral reconstruction. We achieve remarkably high peak wavelength accuracy of ~2 nanometers, and broad operation bandwidth spanning from ~500 to 1600 nanometers in a device with a ~ 30×20 μm2 footprint. This diode-based spectrometer scheme with broadband operation offers an attractive pathway for various applications, such as sensing, surveillance and spectral imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Gius Uddin
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Susobhan Das
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Abde Mayeen Shafi
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Lab of Education Ministry for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoqi Cui
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Fedor Nigmatulin
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Faisal Ahmed
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Andreas C Liapis
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Key Lab of Education Ministry for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zongyin Yang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Hoon Hahn Yoon
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland.
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Aalto University, Aalto, 00076, Finland.
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6
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Feng X, Li C, Song J, He Y, Qu W, Li W, Guo K, Liu L, Yang B, Wei H. Differential perovskite hemispherical photodetector for intelligent imaging and location tracking. Nat Commun 2024; 15:577. [PMID: 38233400 PMCID: PMC10794423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced photodetectors with intelligent functions are expected to take an important role in future technology. However, completing complex detection tasks within a limited number of pixels is still challenging. Here, we report a differential perovskite hemispherical photodetector serving as a smart locator for intelligent imaging and location tracking. The high external quantum efficiency (~1000%) and low noise (10-13 A Hz-0.5) of perovskite hemispherical photodetector enable stable and large variations in signal response. Analysing the differential light response of only 8 pixels with the computer algorithm can realize the capability of colorful imaging and a computational spectral resolution of 4.7 nm in a low-cost and lensless device geometry. Through machine learning to mimic the differential current signal under different applied biases, one more dimensional detection information can be recorded, for dynamically tracking the running trajectory of an object in a three-dimensional space or two-dimensional plane with a color classification function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jinmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Keke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
- Optical Functional Theragnostic Joint Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Haotong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China.
- Optical Functional Theragnostic Joint Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China.
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7
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Prencipe A, Gyger S, Baghban MA, Zichi J, Zeuner KD, Lettner T, Schweickert L, Steinhauer S, Elshaari AW, Gallo K, Zwiller V. Wavelength-Sensitive Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors on Thin Film Lithium Niobate Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9748-9752. [PMID: 37871304 PMCID: PMC10636877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate, because of its nonlinear and electro-optical properties, is one of the materials of choice for photonic applications. The development of nanostructuring capabilities of thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) permits fabrication of small footprint, low-loss optical circuits. With the recent implementation of on-chip single-photon detectors, this architecture is among the most promising for realizing on-chip quantum optics experiments. In this Letter, we report on the implementation of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) based on NbTiN on 300 nm thick TFLN ridge nano-waveguides. We demonstrate a waveguide-integrated wavelength meter based on the photon energy dependence of the superconducting detectors. The device operates at the telecom C- and L-bands and has a footprint smaller than 300 × 180 μm2 and critical currents between ∼12 and ∼14 μA, which ensures operation with minimum heat dissipation. Our results hold promise for future densely packed on-chip wavelength-multiplexed quantum communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Baghban
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Julien Zichi
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Katharina D. Zeuner
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lettner
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Lucas Schweickert
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Stephan Steinhauer
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ali W. Elshaari
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Katia Gallo
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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8
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Zhou Y, Sun H, Guo L, Min L, Wang M, Li L. Emerging Computational Micro-Spectrometers - From Complex System Integration to Simple In Situ Modulation. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300479. [PMID: 37653642 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The extensive applications of spectrum analysis across various fields have rendered the traditional desktop spectrometers unable to meet the market demand for portability and instantaneity. Reducing the size of spectrometers has become a topic of interest. Based on this trend, a novel type of computational spectrometer is developed and has been widely studied owing to its unique features. Such spectrometers do not need to integrate complex mechanical or optical structures, and most of them can achieve spectrum analysis by the properties of the material itself combines with the reconstruction algorithm. Impressively, a single-detector computational spectrometer has recently been successfully realized based on in situ modulation of material properties. This not only enables the further miniaturization of the device, but also means that the footprint-resolution limitation which has always existed in the field of hyperspectral imaging has been broken, opening a new era of image analysis. This review summarizes the classifications and principles of various spectrometers, compares the spectrum resolution performances of different types of spectrometers, and highlights the progress of computational spectrometers, especially the revolutionary single-detector spectrometer. It is expected that this review will provide a positive impact on expanding the boundary of spectrum analysis and move hyperspectral imaging forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Haoxuan Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Linqi Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Min
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
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9
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Guan Q, Lim ZH, Sun H, Chew JXY, Zhou G. Review of Miniaturized Computational Spectrometers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8768. [PMID: 37960467 PMCID: PMC10649566 DOI: 10.3390/s23218768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Spectrometers are key instruments in diverse fields, notably in medical and biosensing applications. Recent advancements in nanophotonics and computational techniques have contributed to new spectrometer designs characterized by miniaturization and enhanced performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of miniaturized computational spectrometers (MCS). We examine major MCS designs based on waveguides, random structures, nanowires, photonic crystals, and more. Additionally, we delve into computational methodologies that facilitate their operation, including compressive sensing and deep learning. We also compare various structural models and highlight their unique features. This review also emphasizes the growing applications of MCS in biosensing and consumer electronics and provides a thoughtful perspective on their future potential. Lastly, we discuss potential avenues for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guangya Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (Q.G.); (Z.H.L.); (H.S.); (J.X.Y.C.)
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10
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Wu S, Chen C, Dai Y, Ye J, Xu X, Liu X, Tian F, Xu Y, Hu H. Direct-detected spectroscopy based on a plasmonic Schottky photodetector and a deep neural network. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4965-4968. [PMID: 37773361 DOI: 10.1364/ol.502048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Computational algorithms have facilitated the miniaturization of spectrometers, which is essential for on-chip and portable applications. A plasmonic Schottky photodetector provides a filter-free and CMOS-compatible scheme for spectral measurement. In this study, we report on a direct-detected spectral analysis based on an integrated vertically coupled plasmonic nanostructure Schottky photodetector. We demonstrate that the plasmonic Schottky photodetector has a fast response with a -3 dB bandwidth of 600 kHz and a high peak detectivity of 8.65 × 1010 Jones. By designing a deep neural network (DNN), we demonstrate the reconstruction of the unknown spectrum with a mean square error (MSE) of 1.57 × 10-4 at a broad operating wave band of 450-950 nm, using only 20 distinct devices. Moreover, the spectral resolution of the 20 devices can reach to 7 nm. These findings provide a promising route for the development of chip-integrated spectrometers with high spectral accuracy and optical performance.
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11
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Qiu Y, Zhou X, Tang X, Hao Q, Chen M. Micro Spectrometers Based on Materials Nanoarchitectonics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2253. [PMID: 36984133 PMCID: PMC10051378 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spectral analysis is an important tool that is widely used in scientific research and industry. Although the performance of benchtop spectrometers is very high, miniaturization and portability are more important indicators in some applications, such as on-site detection and real-time monitoring. Since the 1990s, micro spectrometers have emerged and developed. Meanwhile, with the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been applied in the design of various micro spectrometers in recent years, further reducing the size of the spectrometers. In this paper, we review the research progress of micro spectrometers based on nanomaterials. We also discuss the main limitations and perspectives on micro spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qiu
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingting Zhou
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Tang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Qun Hao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Menglu Chen
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
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12
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Staffas T, Troive F, Zwiller V. Temperature measurements in deployed optical fiber networks using single photon optical time domain reflectometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8170-8176. [PMID: 36859933 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an approach to measure average temperature changes in deployed optical fiber networks using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry, OTDR, at the single photon level. In this article we derive a model relating the change in temperature of an optical fiber to the change in time of flight of reflected photons in the fiber in the range -50 → 400 °C. A setup is constructed to validate this model utilizing a pulsed 1550 nm laser and a Superconducing Nanowire Single Photon Detector, SNSPD. With this setup we show that we can measure temperature changes with 0.08 °C accuracy over km distances and we demonstrate temperature measurements in a dark optical fiber network deployed across the Stockholm metropolitan area. This approach will enable in-situ characterization for both quantum and classical optical fiber networks.
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Huang C, Chen Y, Wang XL, Zhu B, Liu WJ, Ding SJ, Wu X. Flexible Microspectrometers Based on Printed Perovskite Pixels with Graded Bandgaps. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7129-7136. [PMID: 36710447 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized spectrometers have attracted much attention due to their capability to detect spectral information within a small size. However, such technology still faces challenges including large-scale preparation and performance repeatability. In this work, we overcome these challenges by demonstrating a microspectrometer constructed with a series of pixelized graded-bandgap perovskite photodetectors fabricated with inkjet printing. High-quality perovskite films with minimal pinholes and large grains are deposited by optimizing printing conditions including substrate temperature and surface modification. The resulting perovskite photodetectors show decent photosensing performance, and the different photodetectors based on perovskite films with different bandgaps exhibit various spectral responsivities with different cutoff wavelength edges. Microspectrometers are then constructed with the array of the pixelized graded-bandgap perovskite photodetectors, and incident spectra are algorithmically reconstructed by combining their output currents. The reconstruction performance of the miniaturized spectrometer is evaluated by comparing the results to the spectral curve measured with a commercial bulky spectrometer, indicating a reliable spectral reconstruction with a resolution of around 10 nm. More significantly, the miniaturized spectrometers are successfully fabricated on polymer substrates, and they demonstrate excellent mechanical flexibility. Therefore, this work provides a flexible miniaturized spectrometer with large-scale fabricability, which is promising for emerging applications including wearable devices, hyperspectral imaging, and internet of things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Huang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yantao Chen
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Shi-Jin Ding
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Jiashan Fudan Institute, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province314100, China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan430205, China
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Recent advances in nanowire sensor assembly using laminar flow in open space. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Yoon HH, Fernandez HA, Nigmatulin F, Cai W, Yang Z, Cui H, Ahmed F, Cui X, Uddin MG, Minot ED, Lipsanen H, Kim K, Hakonen P, Hasan T, Sun Z. Miniaturized spectrometers with a tunable van der Waals junction. Science 2022; 378:296-299. [PMID: 36264793 DOI: 10.1126/science.add8544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized computational spectrometers, which can obtain incident spectra using a combination of device spectral responses and reconstruction algorithms, are essential for on-chip and implantable applications. Highly sensitive spectral measurement using a single detector allows the footprints of such spectrometers to be scaled down while achieving spectral resolution approaching that of benchtop systems. We report a high-performance computational spectrometer based on a single van der Waals junction with an electrically tunable transport-mediated spectral response. We achieve high peak wavelength accuracy (∼0.36 nanometers), high spectral resolution (∼3 nanometers), broad operation bandwidth (from ∼405 to 845 nanometers), and proof-of-concept spectral imaging. Our approach provides a route toward ultraminiaturization and offers unprecedented performance in accuracy, resolution, and operation bandwidth for single-detector computational spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Hahn Yoon
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.,QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Henry A Fernandez
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.,QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Fedor Nigmatulin
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.,QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Key Lab of Education Ministry for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zongyin Yang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hanxiao Cui
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Faisal Ahmed
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Xiaoqi Cui
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.,QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Md Gius Uddin
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.,QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Ethan D Minot
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Pertti Hakonen
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.,QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00076, Finland
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Wu Z, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Zhai Y, Zhang C, Wang B, Wang Q. Random color filters based on an all-dielectric metasurface for compact hyperspectral imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4548-4551. [PMID: 36048701 DOI: 10.1364/ol.469097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface filters are a compact, lightweight, and inexpensive solution for the miniaturized hyperspectral imaging system. However, the emerging applicability of these filters is limited by the trade-off between spatial and spectral resolutions. In this study, we establish and experimentally demonstrate a compact hyperspectral photodetection method using random all-dielectric metasurface filters that are directly integrated on the detectors. Based on compressive sensing algorithms, the compact photodetectors can accurately reconstruct the incident spectrum in the visible range. The minimum full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spectrum reconstructed is 4.8 nm, which fully satisfies the requirements of hyperspectral imaging. The proposed method may be applied in the design, development, and measurement of compact hyperspectral imaging systems.
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Kong L, Zhao Q, Wang H, Huang Y, Chen S, Hao H, Guo J, Tu X, Zhang L, Jia X, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P. Probabilistic Energy-to-Amplitude Mapping in a Tapered Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1587-1594. [PMID: 35129992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A spectrum-resolved photon detector is crucial for cutting-edge quantum optics, astronomical observation, and spectroscopic sensing. However, such an ability is rarely obtained because a direct linear conversion from weak single-photon energy to a readable electrical signal above the noise level without causing an avalanche is challenging. Here, we overcame these difficulties by building a probabilistic energy-to-amplitude mapping in a tapered superconducting nanowire single-photon detector and combining a computational reconstruction to obtain equivalent spectral resolving capacity. Distinguished dependence of pulse amplitude distributions on varied input spectra has been observed experimentally. As the energy-to-amplitude mapping is probabilistic, statistical measurements are required. By collecting around a few hundred photons, we have demonstrated wavelength perception over a wide spectral range from 600 to 1700 nm with a resolution of 100 nm. These findings represent a new approach to designing spectrum-sensitive SNSPDs for low-light spectroscopic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdong Kong
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhao
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211111, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yanghui Huang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hao Hao
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xuecou Tu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211111, China
| | - Labao Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211111, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211111, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211111, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211111, China
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