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Lu Q, Zhong H, Sun X, Shang M, Liu W, Zhou C, Hu Z, Shi Z, Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhao Y, Liao J, Zhang X, Lian Z, Song Y, Sun L, Jia K, Yin J, Zhang X, Xie Q, Yin WJ, Lin L, Liu Z. High Moisture-Barrier Performance of Double-Layer Graphene Enabled by Conformal and Clean Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7716-7724. [PMID: 37539976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene films that can theoretically block almost all molecules have emerged as promising candidate materials for moisture barrier films in the applications of organic photonic devices and gas storage. However, the current barrier performance of graphene films does not reach the ideal value. Here, we reveal that the interlayer distance of the large-area stacked multilayer graphene is the key factor that suppresses water permeation. We show that by minimizing the gap between the two monolayers, the water vapor transmission rate of double-layer graphene can be as low as 5 × 10-3 g/(m2 d) over an A4-sized region. The high barrier performance was achieved by the absence of interfacial contamination and conformal contact between graphene layers during layer-by-layer transfer. Our work reveals the moisture permeation mechanism through graphene layers, and with this approach, we can tailor the interlayer coupling of manually stacked two-dimensional materials for new physics and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Zhong
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiucai Sun
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingpeng Shang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Zhou
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoning Hu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofeng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Liao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Lian
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzhao Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaicheng Jia
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xie
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Jian Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
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Kim EM, Kim SJ, Choi GB, Lee J, Koo MM, Kim J, Kim YW, Lee J, Kim JH, Seo TH. A Graphene-Based Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device Enabled through a Water-Induced Interface Cleaning Process. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2309. [PMID: 37630894 PMCID: PMC10459967 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of four-layer graphene (4LG) as a highly reliable transparent conductive electrode (TCE) for polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)-based smart window devices. The adhesion between 4LG and the substrate was successfully improved through a water-induced interface-cleaning (WIIC) process. We compared the performance of a device with a WIIC-processed 4LG electrode with that of devices with a conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and a 4LG electrode without a WIIC. With the application of the WIIC process, the PDLC smart window with a 4LG electrode exhibited reduced turn-on voltage and haze compared to 4LG without the WIIC process and characteristics comparable to those of the ITO electrode. The WIIC-processed 4LG electrode demonstrated enhanced electrical properties and better optical performance, leading to improved device efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, our study revealed that the WIIC process not only improved the adhesion between 4LG and the substrate but also enhanced the compatibility and interfacial interactions, resulting in the superior performance of the smart window device. These findings suggest that 4LG with WIIC holds great promise as a transparent conductive electrode for flexible smart windows, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to conventional ITO electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- Green Energy and Nano Technology & R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea; (E.M.K.); (S.J.K.); (Y.W.K.); (J.L.)
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Green Energy and Nano Technology & R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea; (E.M.K.); (S.J.K.); (Y.W.K.); (J.L.)
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Bong Choi
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaegeun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46261, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min Mo Koo
- Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaewoong Kim
- Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Young Won Kim
- Green Energy and Nano Technology & R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea; (E.M.K.); (S.J.K.); (Y.W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Jongho Lee
- Green Energy and Nano Technology & R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea; (E.M.K.); (S.J.K.); (Y.W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin Hyeok Kim
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Optoelectronic Convergence Research Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Seo
- Green Energy and Nano Technology & R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea; (E.M.K.); (S.J.K.); (Y.W.K.); (J.L.)
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Kim YJ, Kim YH, Ahn S. Selective Blocking of Graphene Defects Using Polyvinyl Alcohol through Hydrophilicity Difference. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2001. [PMID: 36903122 PMCID: PMC10004167 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Defects on graphene over a micrometer in size were selectively blocked using polyvinyl alcohol through the formation of hydrogen bonding with defects. Because this hydrophilic PVA does not prefer to be located on the hydrophobic graphene surface, PVA selectively filled hydrophilic defects on graphene after the process of deposition through the solution. The mechanism of the selective deposition via hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions was also supported by scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis of selective deposition of hydrophobic alkanes on hydrophobic graphene surface and observation of PVA initial growth at defect edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-jeong Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hui Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhoon Ahn
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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Pálinkás A, Kálvin G, Vancsó P, Kandrai K, Szendrő M, Németh G, Németh M, Pekker Á, Pap JS, Petrik P, Kamarás K, Tapasztó L, Nemes-Incze P. The composition and structure of the ubiquitous hydrocarbon contamination on van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6770. [PMID: 36351922 PMCID: PMC9646725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of single layer van der Waals (vdW) materials is profoundly influenced by the immediate atomic environment at their surface, a prime example being the myriad of emergent properties in artificial heterostructures. Equally significant are adsorbates deposited onto their surface from ambient. While vdW interfaces are well understood, our knowledge regarding atmospheric contamination is severely limited. Here we show that the common ambient contamination on the surface of: graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2 is composed of a self-organized molecular layer, which forms during a few days of ambient exposure. Using low-temperature STM measurements we image the atomic structure of this adlayer and in combination with infrared spectroscopy identify the contaminant molecules as normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. Through its ability to self-organize, the alkane layer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of vdW materials and possibly dominating their interaction with the environment. Here, the authors attribute the ambient surface contamination of van der Waals materials to a self-organized molecular layer of normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. The alkane adlayer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2.
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