1
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Verma R, Sharma G, Polshettiwar V. The paradox of thermal vs. non-thermal effects in plasmonic photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7974. [PMID: 39266509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The debate surrounding the roles of thermal and non-thermal pathways in plasmonic catalysis has captured the attention of researchers and sparked vibrant discussions within the scientific community. In this review, we embark on a thorough exploration of this intriguing discourse, starting from fundamental principles and culminating in a detailed understanding of the divergent viewpoints. We probe into the core of the debate by elucidating the behavior of excited charge carriers in illuminated plasmonic nanostructures, which serves as the foundation for the two opposing schools of thought. We present the key arguments and evidence put forth by proponents of both the non-thermal and thermal pathways, providing a perspective on their respective positions. Beyond the theoretical divide, we discussed the evolving methodologies used to unravel these mechanisms. We discuss the use of Arrhenius equations and their variations, shedding light on the ensuing debates about their applicability. Our review emphasizes the significance of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), investigating its role in collective charge oscillations and the decay dynamics that influence catalytic processes. We also talked about the nuances of activation energy, exploring its relationship with the nonlinearity of temperature and light intensity dependence on reaction rates. Additionally, we address the intricacies of catalyst surface temperature measurements and their implications in understanding light-triggered reaction dynamics. The review further discusses wavelength-dependent reaction rates, kinetic isotope effects, and competitive electron transfer reactions, offering an all-inclusive view of the field. This review not only maps the current landscape of plasmonic photocatalysis but also facilitates future explorations and innovations to unlock the full potential of plasmon-mediated catalysis, where synergistic approaches could lead to different vistas in chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Vivek Polshettiwar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India.
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2
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Lei D, Su D, Maier SA. New insights into plasmonic hot-electron dynamics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:243. [PMID: 39251594 PMCID: PMC11385206 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Functional Photonics, and Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, China.
| | - Dong Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Functional Photonics, and Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, China
| | - Stefan A Maier
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Sekar P, Bericat-Vadell R, Patehebieke Y, Broqvist P, Wallentin CJ, Görlin M, Sá J. Decoupling Plasmonic Hot Carrier from Thermal Catalysis via Electrode Engineering. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8619-8625. [PMID: 38973705 PMCID: PMC11261604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Increased attention has been directed toward generating nonequilibrium hot carriers resulting from the decay of collective electronic oscillations on metal known as surface plasmons. Despite numerous experimental endeavors, demonstrating hot carrier-mediated photocatalysis without a heating contribution has proven challenging, particularly for single electron transfer reactions where the thermal contribution is generally detrimental. An innovative engineering solution is proposed to enable single electron transfer reactions with plasmonics. It consists of a photoelectrode designed as an energy filter and photocatalysis performed with light function modulation instead of continuously. The photoelectrode, consisting of FTO/TiO2 amorphous (10 nm)/Au nanoparticles, with TiO2 acting as a step-shape energy filter to enhance hot electron extraction and charge-separated state lifetime. The extracted hot electrons were directed toward the counter electrode, while the hot holes performed a single electron transfer oxidation reaction. Light modulation prevented local heat accumulation, effectively decoupling hot carrier catalysis from the thermal contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiaraj Sekar
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Robert Bericat-Vadell
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Yeersen Patehebieke
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Kemivägen
10, Gothenburg 412 58, Sweden
| | - Peter Broqvist
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Structural Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Wallentin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Kemivägen
10, Gothenburg 412 58, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Görlin
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Structural Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Jacinto Sá
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
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4
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Kohila Rani K, Xiao YH, Devasenathipathy R, Gao K, Wang J, Kang X, Zhu C, Chen H, Jiang L, Liu Q, Qiao F, Li Z, Wu DY, Lu G. Raman Monitoring of the Electro-Optical Synergy-Induced Enhancements in Carbon-Bromine Bond Cleavage, Reaction Rate, and Product Selectivity of p-Bromothiophenol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27831-27840. [PMID: 38757708 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Electro-optical synergy has recently been targeted to improve the separation of hot carriers and thereby further improve the efficiency of plasmon-mediated chemical reactions (PMCRs). However, the electro-optical synergy in PMCRs needs to be more deeply understood, and its contribution to bond dissociation and product selectivity needs to be clarified. Herein, the electro-optical synergy in plasmon-mediated reduction of p-bromothiophenol (PBTP) was studied on a plasmonic nanostructured silver electrode using in situ Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. It was found that the electro-optical synergy-induced enhancements in the cleavage of carbon-bromine bonds, reaction rate, and product selectivity (4,4'-biphenyl dithiol vs thiophenol) were largely affected by the applied bias, laser wavelength, and laser power. The theoretical simulation further clarified that the strong electro-optical synergy is attributed to the matching of energy band diagrams of the plasmonic silver with those of the adsorbed PBTP molecules. A deep understanding of the electro-optical synergy in PBTP reduction and the clarification of the mechanism will be highly beneficial for the development of other highly efficient PMCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppasamy Kohila Rani
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yuan-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Rajkumar Devasenathipathy
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Kun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xing Kang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Haonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Furong Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhuoyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
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5
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Al-Amin M, Hemmer JV, Joshi PB, Fogelman K, Wilson AJ. Quantification and description of photothermal heating effects in plasmon-assisted electrochemistry. Commun Chem 2024; 7:70. [PMID: 38561493 PMCID: PMC10984925 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing number of reports have demonstrated plasmon-assisted electrochemical reactions, though debate exists around the mechanisms underlying the enhanced activity. Here we address the impact of plasmonic photothermal heating with cyclic voltammetry measurements and finite-element simulations. We find that plasmonic photothermal heating causes a reduction in the hysteresis of the anodic and cathodic waves of the voltammograms along with an increase in mass-transport limiting current density due to convection induced by a temperature gradient. At slow scan rates, a temperature difference as low as 1 K between the electrode surface and bulk electrolytic solution enhances the current density greater than 100%. Direct interband excitation of Au exclusively enhances current density by photothermal heating, while plasmon excitation leads to photothermal and nonthermal enhancements. Our study reveals the role of temperature gradients in plasmon-assisted electrochemistry and details a simple control experiment to account for photothermal heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al-Amin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Johann V Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Padmanabh B Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kimber Fogelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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6
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Roh Y, Jin Y, Jeon B, Park Y, Yu K, Park JY. Revealing the Loss Mechanism of Chemically-Induced Hot Electron Transport. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3490-3497. [PMID: 38466136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Hot electrons are crucial for unraveling the intrinsic relationship between chemical reactions and charge transfer in heterogeneous catalysis. Significant research focused on real-time detection of reaction-driven hot electron flow (chemicurrent) to elucidate the energy conversion mechanisms, but it remains elusive because carrier generation contributes to only part of the entire process. Here, a theoretical model for quantifying the chemicurrent yield is presented by clarifying the contributions of hot carrier losses from the internal emission and multiple reflections. The experimental chemicurrent yield verifies our model with a reliable mean free path of hot electrons, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive consideration of the transport process besides hot electron generation. Moreover, Pt nanoparticles (NPs)-decorated Au/TiO2 is examined, showing the role of NPs-induced carrier losses in the performance of catalytic nanodiodes. These findings are expected to contribute to understanding the hot electron detection efficiency and designing nanodiodes with enhanced hot carrier flow and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Roh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Jin
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomjoon Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsik Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Bagnall AJ, Ganguli S, Sekretareva A. Hot or Not? Reassessing Mechanisms of Photocurrent Generation in Plasmon-Enhanced Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314352. [PMID: 38009712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that certain effects arising from localised surface plasmon resonance, such as enhanced electromagnetic fields, hot carriers, and thermal effects, can facilitate electrocatalytic processes. This newly emerging field of research is commonly referred to as plasmon-enhanced electrocatalysis (PEEC) and is attracting increasing interest from the research community, particularly regarding harnessing the high energy of hot carriers. However, this has led to a lack of critical analysis in the literature, where the participation of hot carriers is routinely claimed due to their perceived desirability, while the contribution of other effects is often not sufficiently investigated. As a result, correctly differentiating between the possible mechanisms at play has become a key point of contention. In this review, we specifically focus on the mechanisms behind photocurrents observed in PEEC and critically evaluate the possibility of alternative sources of current enhancement in the reported PEEC systems. Furthermore, we present guidelines for the best experimental practices and methods to distinguish between the various enhancement mechanisms in PEEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bagnall
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sagar Ganguli
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alina Sekretareva
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Xue J, Chen Z, Dang K, Wu L, Ji H, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zhao J. The plasmonic effect of Cu on tuning CO 2 reduction activity and selectivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2915-2925. [PMID: 38186081 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) has been widely used for catalyzing the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), but the plasmonic effect of Cu has rarely been explored for tuning the activity and selectivity of the CO2RR. Herein, we conducted a quantitative analysis on the plasmon-generated photopotential (Ehv) of a Cu nanowire array (NA) photocathode and found that Ehv exclusively reduced the apparent activation energy (Ea) of reducing CO2 to CO without affecting the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As a result, the CO production rate was enhanced by 52.6% under plasmon excitation when compared with that under dark conditions. On further incorporation with a polycrystalline Si photovoltaic device, the Cu NA photocathode exhibits good stability in terms of photocurrent and syngas production (CO : H2 = 2 : 1) within 10 h. This work validates the crucial role of the plasmonic effect of Cu on modulating the activity and selectivity of the CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Liang Z, Xu W, Li J, Lin C, Zhang W, Liu W, Xia XH, Zhou YG. Unveiling the Solvent Effect in Plasmon Enhanced Electrochemistry via the Nanoparticle-Impact Technique. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37955520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-enhanced electrochemistry (PEEC) has been observed to facilitate energy conversion systems by converting light energy to chemical energy. However, comprehensively understanding the PEEC mechanism remains challenging due to the predominant use of ensemble-based methodologies on macroscopic electrodes, which fails to measure electron-transfer kinetics due to constraints from mass transport and the averaging effect. In this study, we have employed nanoparticle impact electrochemistry (NIE), a newly developed electroanalytical technique capable of measuring electrochemical dynamics at a single-nanoparticle level under optimal mass transport conditions, along with microscopic electron-transfer theory for data interpretation. By investigating the plasmon enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at individual silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), we have clearly revealed the previously unknown influence of solvent effects within the PEEC mechanism. This finding suggests an additional approach to optimize plasmon-assisted electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan Province, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511340, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan Province, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511340, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Chuhong Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Wenmin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Science, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450044, Henan Province, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan Province, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511340, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Ge Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan Province, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511340, Guangdong Province, China
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