Magnetic-Plasmonic Multimodular Hollow Nanoreactors for Compartmentalized Orthogonal Tandem Catalysis

Understanding the chemistry of mesostructured porous nanoreactors

Porous nanoreactors mimic the structures and functions of cells, providing an adaptable material with multiple functions and effects. These reactors can be nanoscale containers and shuttles or catalytic centres, drawing in reactants for cascading reactions with multishelled designs. The detailed construction of multi-level reactors at the nanometre scale remains a great challenge, but to regulate the reaction pathways within a reactor, designs of great intricacy are required. In this Review, we define the basic structural characteristics of porous nanoreactors, while also discussing the design principles and synthetic chemistry of these structures with respect to their emerging applications in energy storage and heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, we describe the difficulties of the structural optimization of these reactors and propose possible ways to improve porous nanoreactor design for future applications.

Smart Bioorthogonal Nanozymes: From Rational Design to Appropriate Bioapplications

Bioorthogonal chemistry has provided an elaborate arsenal to manipulate native biological processes in living systems. As the great advancement of nanotechnology in recent years, bioorthogonal nanozymes are innovated to tackle the challenges that emerged in practical biomedical applications. Bioorthogonal nanozymes are uniquely positioned owing to their advantages of high customizability and tunability, as well as good adaptability to biological systems, which bring exciting opportunities for biomedical applications. More intriguingly, the great advancement in nanotechnology offers an exciting opportunity for innovating bioorthogonal catalytic materials. In this comprehensive review, the significant progresses of bioorthogonal nanozymes are discussed with both spatiotemporal controllability and high performance in living systems, and highlight their design principles and recent rapid applications. The remaining challenges and future perspectives are then outlined along this thriving field. It is expected that this review will inspire and promote the design of novel bioorthogonal nanozymes, and facilitate their clinical translation.

Designing intelligent bioorthogonal nanozymes: Recent advances of stimuli-responsive catalytic systems for biomedical applications

Bioorthogonal nanozymes have emerged as a potent tool in biomedicine due to their unique ability to perform enzymatic reactions that do not interfere with native biochemical processes. The integration of stimuli-responsive mechanisms into these nanozymes has further expanded their potential, allowing for controlled activation and targeted delivery. As such, intelligent bioorthogonal nanozymes have received more and more attention in developing therapeutic approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the development and application of stimuli-responsive bioorthogonal nanozymes. By summarizing the design outlines for anchoring bioorthogonal nanozymes with stimuli-responsive capability, this review seeks to offer valuable insights and guidance for the rational design of these remarkable materials. This review highlights the significant progress made in this exciting field with different types of stimuli and the various applications. Additionally, it also examines the current challenges and limitations in the design, synthesis, and application of these systems, and proposes potential solutions and research directions. This review aims to stimulate further research toward the development of more efficient and versatile stimuli-responsive bioorthogonal nanozymes for biomedical applications.

Design of hollow structured nanoreactors for liquid-phase hydrogenations

Inspired by the attractive structures and functions of natural matter (such as cells, organelles and enzymes), chemists are constantly exploring innovative material platforms to mimic natural catalytic systems, particularly liquid-phase hydrogenations, which are of great significance for chemical upgrading and synthesis. Hollow structured nanoreactors (HSNRs), featuring unique nanoarchitectures and advantageous properties, offer new opportunities for achieving excellent catalytic activity, selectivity, stability and sustainability. Notwithstanding the great progress made in HSNRs, there still remain the challenges of precise synthetic chemistry, and mesoscale catalytic kinetic investigation, and smart catalysis. To this extent, we provide an overview of recent developments in the synthetic chemistry of HSNRs, the unique characteristics of these materials and catalytic mechanisms in HSNRs. Finally, a brief outlook, challenges and further opportunities for their synthetic methodologies and catalytic application are discussed. This review might promote the creation of further HSNRs, realize the sustainable production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and contribute to the development of materials science.

Designer Nanoreactors for Bioorthogonal Catalysis

The evolutionary complexity of compartmentalized biostructures (such as cells and organelles) endows life-sustaining multistep chemical cascades and intricate living functionalities. Relatively, within a very short time span, a synthetic paradigm has resulted in tremendous growth in controlling the materials at different length scales (molecular, nano, micro, and macro), improving mechanistic understanding and setting the design principals toward different compositions, configurations, and structures, and in turn fine-tuning their optoelectronic and catalytic properties for targeted applications. Bioorthogonal catalysis offers a highly versatile toolkit for biochemical modulation and the capability to perform new-to-nature reactions inside living systems, endowing augmented functions. However, conventional catalysts have limitations to control the reactions under physiological conditions due to the hostile bioenvironment. The present account details the development of bioapplicable multicomponent designer nanoreactors (NRs), where the compositions, morphologies, interfacial active sites, and microenvironments around different metal nanocatalysts can be precisely controlled by novel nanospace-confined chemistries. Different architectures of porous, hollow, and open-mouth silica-based nano-housings facilitate the accommodation, protection, and selective access of different nanoscale metal-based catalytic sites. The modular porosity/composition, optical transparency, thermal insulation, and nontoxicity of silica are highly useful. Moreover, large macropores or cavities can also be occupied by enzymes (for chemoenzymatic cascades) and selectivity enhancers (for stimuli-responsive gating) along with the metal nanocatalysts. Further, it is crucial to selectively activate and control catalytic reactions by a remotely operable biocompatible energy source. Integration of highly coupled plasmonic (Au) components having few-nanometer structural features (gaps, cavities, and junctions as electromagnetic hot-spots) endows an opportunity to efficiently harness low-power NIR light and selectively supply energy to the interfacial catalytic sites through localized photothermal and electronic effects. Different plasmonically integrated NRs with customizable plasmonic-catalytic components, cavities inside bilayer nanospaces, and metal-laminated nanocrystals inside hollow silica can perform NIR-/light-induced catalytic reactions in complex media including living cells. In addition, magnetothermia-induced NRs by selective growth of catalytic metals on a pre-installed superparamagnetic iron-oxide core inside a hollow-porous silica shell endowed the opportunity to apply AMF as a bioorthogonal stimulus to promote catalytic reactions. By combining "plasmonic-catalytic" and "magnetic-catalytic" components within a single NR, two distinct reaction steps can be desirably controlled by two energy sources (NIR light and AMF) of distinct energy regimes. The capability to perform multistep organic molecular transformations in harmony with the natural living system will reveal novel reaction schemes for in cellulo synthesis of active drug and bioimaging probes. Well-designed nanoscale discrete architectures of NRs can facilitate spatiotemporal control over abiotic chemical synthesis without adversely affecting the cell viability. However, in-depth understanding of heterogeneous surface catalytic reactions, rate induction mechanisms, selectivity control pathways, and targeted nanobio interactions is necessary. The broad field of biomedical engineering can hugely benefit from the aid of novel nanomaterials with chemistry-based designs and the synthesis of engineered NRs performing unique bioorthogonal chemistry functions.

Kinetics Driven by Hollow Nanoreactors: An Opportunity for Controllable Catalysis

As a novel class of catalytic materials, hollow nanoreactors offer new opportunities for improving catalytic performance owing to their higher controllability on molecular kinetic behavior. Nevertheless, to achieve controllable catalysis with specific purposes, the catalytic mechanism occurring inside hollow nanoreactors remains to be further understood. In this context, this Review presents a focused discussion about the basic concept of hollow nanoreactors, the underlying theory for hollow nanoreactor-driven kinetics, and the intrinsic correlation between key structural parameters of hollow nanoreactors and molecular kinetic behaviors. We aim to provide in-depth insights into understanding kinetics occurred within typical hollow nanoreactors. The perspectives proposed in this paper may contribute to the development of the fundamental theoretical framework of hollow nanoreactor-driven catalysis.