1
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Cao J, Wu H, Zhang D, Luo D, Zhang L, Yang X, Qin J, He G. In-Situ Ultrafast Construction of Zinc Tungstate Interface Layer for Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319661. [PMID: 38703353 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Constructing artificial solid electrolyte interface on the Zn anode surface is recognized as an appealing method to inhibit zinc dendrites and side reactions, whereas the current techniques are complex and time-consuming. Here, a robust and zincophilic zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) layer has been in situ constructed on the Zn anode surface (denoted as ZWO@Zn) by an ultrafast chemical solution reaction. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the ZWO layer can effectively modulate the interfacial electric field distribution and promote the Zn2+ uniform diffusion, thus facilitating the uniform Zn2+ nucleation and suppressing zinc dendrites. Besides, ZWO layer can prevent direct contact between the Zn/water and increase the hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential to eliminate side reactions. Consequently, the in situ constructed ZWO layer facilitates remarkable reversibility in the ZWO@Zn||Ti battery, achieving an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.36 % under 1.0 mA cm-2, unprecedented cycling lifespan exceeding 1800 h under 1.0 mA cm-2 in ZWO@Zn||ZWO@Zn battery, and a steady and reliable operation of the overall ZWO@Zn||VS2 battery. The work provides a simple, low cost, and ultrafast pathway to crafting protective layers for driving advancements in aqueous zinc-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Ding Luo
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Xuelin Yang
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaqian Qin
- Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Guanjie He
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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2
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Luo D, Ma X, Du P, Chen Z, Lin Q, Liu Y, Niu B, He X, Wang X. Reconstructing Solvation Structure by Steric Hindrance-Coordination Push-Pull of Dipolymer-H 2O-Zn 2+ toward Long-life Aqueous Zinc-Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401163. [PMID: 38702974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-metal batteries are prospective energy storge devices due to their intrinsically high safety and cost effectiveness. Yet, uneven deposition of zinc ions in electrochemical reduction and side reactions at the anode interface significantly hinder their development and application. Here, we propose a solvation-interface attenuation strategy enabled by a frustrated tertiary amine amphiphilic dipolymer electrolyte additive. The configuration of superhydrophilic segments with covalently bonded lipophilic spacers enables coupled steric hindrance/coordination, which establishes a balanced push-pull dynamic of dipolymer-H2O-Zn2+. Such interplay reconstructs the solvation structure of Zn2+ and allows the formation of a stable dipolymer-inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. This SEI layer effectively shields the zinc-metal anode from water and anions, significantly reducing side reactions. In addition, the dipolymer adsorbed at the zinc-metal anode interface regulates the interfacial electrochemical reduction kinetics and ensures uniform zinc deposition. As a result, the Zn-Zn symmetric cells with dipolymer-containing electrolyte exhibit remarkable cycling stability exceeding 5800 h (242 days). The Zn-NVO batteries and Zn-AC hybrid ion supercapacitors also deliver stable cycling for up to 1440 h (60 days) with high-capacity retention over 80 %. This research demonstrates the potential to facilitate the development and commercialization of zinc-based energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Luo
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Pan Du
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Zuo Chen
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Qiurui Lin
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Ben Niu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xianru He
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
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3
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Xu D, Zhang H, Xie J, Zhou L, Yang F, Ma J, Yu Y, Wang G, Lu X. Highly Reversible Tin Film Anode Guided via Interfacial Coordination Effect for High Energy Aqueous Acidic Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408067. [PMID: 38923636 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Sn metal is a preferable choice as anode material for aqueous acidic batteries due to its acid-tolerance, non-toxicity, and ease of recycling. However, the large size and irregular deposition morphology of polyhedral Sn particles are bad for constructing stable and high-capacity Sn metal anode because of severe hydrogen evolution and metal shedding. To tackle this critical issue, 4-tert-octylphenol pentaethoxylate (POPE) is used as an electrolyte additive to generate a thin-film Sn anode with reversible stripping/plating behavior. POPE can not only induce homogeneous surface chemistry by adsorbing on the Sn surface via coordination bonds but also inhibit hydrogen evolution by modulating the solvation shell of Sn2+. The Sn film anode delivers improved electrochemical stability over 480 h with satisfactory rate performance and low polarization. Moreover, the as-assembled PbO2//Sn battery can also provide outstanding durability at 10 mAh cm-2. This work offers new inspiration for developing a reversible Sn metal film anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyu Xu
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Haozhe Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jinhao Xie
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Yu
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Guizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Civilization, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xihong Lu
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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4
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Nie W, Cheng H, Sun Q, Liang S, Lu X, Lu B, Zhou J. Design Strategies toward High-Performance Zn Metal Anode. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2201572. [PMID: 36840645 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) are one of the most promising alternatives for traditional energy-storage devices because of their low cost, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, and inherent safety. However, several detrimental issues with Zn metal anodes including Zn dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, corrosion and passivation, should be considered when designing advanced AZIBs. Moreover, these thorny issues are not independent but mutually reinforcing, covering many technical and processing parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively summarize the issues facing Zn anodes and the corresponding strategies to develop roadmaps for the development of high-performance Zn anodes. Herein, the failure mechanisms of Zn anodes and their corresponding impacts are outlined. Recent progress on improving the stability of Zn anode is summarized, including structurally designed Zn anodes, Zn alloy anodes, surface modification, electrolyte optimization, and separator design. Finally, this review provides brilliant and insightful perspectives for stable Zn metal anodes and promotes the large-scale application of AZIBs in power grid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qiangchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuquan Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xionggang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Bingan Lu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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5
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Xu S, Huang J, Wang G, Dou Y, Yuan D, Lin L, Qin K, Wu K, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wu C. Electrolyte and Additive Engineering for Zn Anode Interfacial Regulation in Aqueous Zinc Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300268. [PMID: 37317019 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-metal batteries (AZMBs) have gained great interest due to their low cost, eco-friendliness, and inherent safety, which serve as a promising complement to the existing metal-based batteries, e.g., lithium-metal batteries and sodium-metal batteries. Although the utilization of aqueous electrolytes and Zn metal anode in AZMBs ensures their improved safety over other metal batteries meanwhile guaranteeing their decent energy density at the cell level, plenty of challenges involved with metallic Zn anode still await to be addressed, including dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction, and zinc corrosion and passivation. In the past years, several attempts have been adopted to address these problems, among which engineering the aqueous electrolytes and additives is regarded as a facile and promising approach. In this review, a comprehensive summary of aqueous electrolytes and electrolyte additives will be given based on the recent literature, aiming at providing a fundamental understanding of the challenges associated with the metallic Zn anode in aqueous electrolytes, meanwhile offering a guideline for the electrolytes and additives engineering strategies toward stable AZMBs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqiu Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiawen Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guanyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuhai Dou
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Liangxu Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Kaifeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kuan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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6
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Deng Q, You S, Min W, Xu Y, Lin W, Lu J, Yang C. Polymer Molecules Adsorption-Induced Zincophilic-Hydrophobic Protective Layer Enables Highly Stable Zn Metal Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312924. [PMID: 38180113 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Zn metal, as one of the most promising anode materials for aqueous batteries, suffers from uncontrollable dendrite growth and water-induced parasitic reactions, which drastically compromise its cycle life and Coulombic efficiency (CE). Herein, a nonionic amphipathic additive Tween-20 (TW20) is proposed that bears both zincophilic and hydrophobic units. The zincophilic segment of TW20 preferentially adsorbs on the Zn anode, while the hydrophobic segment is exposed on the electrolyte side, forming an electrolyte-facing hydrophobic layer that shields the anode from active water molecules. Moreover, theoretical calculation and experimental results reveal that the TW20 additive can induce the preferential growth of (002) plane by adsorbing on other facets, enabling dendrite-free Zn anodes. Benefitting from these advantages, the stability and reversibility of Zn anodes are substantially improved, reflected by stable cycling for over 2500 h at 1.0 mA cm-2/1.0 mAh cm-2 and 500 h at 5 mA cm-2/5 mAh cm-2 as well as an average CE of 99.4% at 1.0 mA cm-2/1.0 mAh cm-2. The full cells paired with MnO2 demonstrate a long lifespan for more than 700 cycles at 500 mA g-1. This work is expected to provide a new approach to modulate Zn electrode interface chemistry for highly stable Zn anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shunzhang You
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Min
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yunkai Xu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, P. R. China
- Quzhou Institute of Power Battery and Grid Energy Storage, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Chenghao Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Liu Q, Liu X, Liu Y, Huang M, Wang W, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Xu L. Atomic-Level Customization of Zinc Crystallization Kinetics at the Interface for High-Utilization Zn Anodes. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38285902 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the crystallization occurring at the inner interfaces during electrochemical deposition is crucial for achieving a high reversibility in zinc anodes. However, design rules for crystallization kinetics still lack predictive power, particularly at the atomic scale, posing a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a crystal facet terminating agent, LaCl3, which modulates the preferential crystallization orientation of Zn by regulating its growth kinetics through the synergistic adsorption of dual ions. Interface molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and crucial experimental parameters reveal that the strong (002) facet texture of Zn deposits primarily depends on the adsorption of strong inhibitors. Specifically, the high adsorption free energy of Cl- on the Zn (002) facet and the concomitant aggregation of La3+ reduces the growth rate of the Zn (002) facet, thereby favoring its preservation as the final crystal facet. Consequently, this terminating agent enables the Zn anodes to deliver a high cumulative capacity of 12 Ah cm-2 at 40 mA cm-2, 20 mAh cm-2. The Zn||MnO2 full cell, when coupled with a high-mass-loading cathode and limited Zn supply, can maintain a practical areal capacity of 3.39 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, rigorous testing conditions and the successful scaling up to a 0.34 Ah pouch cell further confirm its promising prospects for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology (Xiangyang Demonstration Zone), Xiangyang 441000, People's Republic of China
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8
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Jia X, Song W, Liu Y. Design Strategies for Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries with High Zinc Utilization: From Metal Anodes to Anode-Free Structures. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:75. [PMID: 38175454 PMCID: PMC10766912 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to the excellent safety, environmental friendliness, natural abundance, high theoretical specific capacity, and low redox potential of zinc (Zn) metal. However, several issues such as dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and passivation of Zn metal anodes cause irreversible loss of the active materials. To solve these issues, researchers often use large amounts of excess Zn to ensure a continuous supply of active materials for Zn anodes. This leads to the ultralow utilization of Zn anodes and squanders the high energy density of AZMBs. Herein, the design strategies for AZMBs with high Zn utilization are discussed in depth, from utilizing thinner Zn foils to constructing anode-free structures with theoretical Zn utilization of 100%, which provides comprehensive guidelines for further research. Representative methods for calculating the depth of discharge of Zn anodes with different structures are first summarized. The reasonable modification strategies of Zn foil anodes, current collectors with pre-deposited Zn, and anode-free aqueous Zn metal batteries (AF-AZMBs) to improve Zn utilization are then detailed. In particular, the working mechanism of AF-AZMBs is systematically introduced. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for constructing high-utilization Zn anodes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 College Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 College Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyuan Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 College Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 College Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 College Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Xu J, Li H, Jin Y, Zhou D, Sun B, Armand M, Wang G. Understanding the Electrical Mechanisms in Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries: From Electrostatic Interactions to Electric Field Regulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309726. [PMID: 37962322 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn metal batteries are considered as competitive candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their excellent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the inevitable dendrite growth, severe hydrogen evolution, surface passivation, and sluggish reaction kinetics of Zn metal anodes hinder the practical application of Zn metal batteries. Detailed summaries and prospects have been reported focusing on the research progress and challenges of Zn metal anodes, including electrolyte engineering, electrode structure design, and surface modification. However, the essential electrical mechanisms that significantly influence Zn2+ ions migration and deposition behaviors have not been reviewed yet. Herein, in this review, the regulation mechanisms of electrical-related electrostatic repulsive/attractive interactions on Zn2+ ions migration, desolvation, and deposition behaviors are systematically discussed. Meanwhile, electric field regulation strategies to promote the Zn2+ ions diffusion and uniform Zn deposition are comprehensively reviewed, including enhancing and homogenizing electric field intensity inside the batteries and adding external magnetic/pressure/thermal field to couple with the electric field. Finally, future perspectives on the research directions of the electrical-related strategies for building better Zn metal batteries in practical applications are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haolin Li
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01510, Spain
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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10
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Pant B, Ren Y, Cao Y. Phase-Field Simulation of a Dynamic Protective Layer for the Inhibition of Dendrite Growth in Zinc Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59329-59336. [PMID: 38091363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Metallic zinc (Zn) has been considered one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation aqueous Zn batteries due to its low redox potential and high storage capacity. However, excessive dendrite formation in Zn metal, corrosion, the evolution of hydrogen gas during the cycling process, and the poor Zn-ion (Zn2+) transport from the electrolyte to the electrode limit its practical application. One of the most effective strategies to suppress Zn dendrite growth and promote Zn2+ transport is to introduce suitable protective layers between the Zn metal electrode and the electrolyte. Herein, we mathematically simulated the dynamic interactions between the Zn deposition on the anode and the resulting displacement of a protective layer that covers the anode, the latter of which can simultaneously inhibit Zn dendrite growth and enhance the Zn2+ transport through the interface between the Zn anode and the protective layer. Our simulation results indicate that a protective layer of high Zn2+ diffusivity not only improves the deposition rate of the Zn metal but also prevents dendrite growth by homogenizing the Zn2+ concentration at the anode surface. In addition, it is revealed that the anisotropic Zn2+ diffusivity in the protective layer influences the 2D diffusion of Zn2+. Higher Zn2+ diffusivity perpendicular to the Zn metal surface inhibits dendrite growth, while higher diffusivity parallel to the Zn metal surface promotes dendrite growth. Our work thus provides a fundamental understanding and a design principle for controlling anisotropic Zn2+ diffusion in the protective layer for better suppression of dendrite growth in Zn metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Pant
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Yao Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ye Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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11
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Li L, Yang H, Yuan Z, Tan Y, Zhang Y, Miao C, Chen D, Li G, Han W. The Organic Ligand Etching Method for Constructing In Situ Terraced Protective Layer Toward Stable Aqueous Zn Anode. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2305554. [PMID: 37635116 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The stability of aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) is highly dependent on the reversibility of stripping/plating Zn anode. In this work, an organic ligand etching method is proposed to develop a series of in situ multifunctional protective layers on Zn anode. Particularly, the 0.02 m [Fe(CN) 6]3- etching solutions can spontaneously etch the Zn anode, creating an in situ protective layer with unique terraced structure, which blocks the direct contact between the electrode and electrolyte and increases the area for Zn2+ ions deposition. Interestingly, all elements in the organic ligands (i.e., C, N, Zn, and Fe) exhibit strong zincophilic, significantly promoting zinc deposition kinetics and enhancing 3D nucleation behavior to inhibit zinc dendrite growth. As a result, the etched Zn anode can provide as high a Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% over 1000 cycles and sustain over 400 h long-term stability at a high current density of 10 mA cm-2 . As general validation, the small amount of metal cations additives (e.g., Ni2+ , Mn2+ , and Cu2+ ) can accelerate the synthesis of artificial interface layers with 3D structures and also regulate zinc deposition behavior. This work provides a new idea from the perspective of etching solution selection for surface modification of Zn metal anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Physics, College of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Hang Yang
- College of Physics, College of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Zeyu Yuan
- College of Physics, College of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yicheng Tan
- College of Physics, College of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Physics, College of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Chenglin Miao
- College of Physics, College of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Duo Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
| | - Guangshe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Wei Han
- College of Physics, College of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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12
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Lin C, He L, Xiong P, Lin H, Lai W, Yang X, Xiao F, Sun XL, Qian Q, Liu S, Chen Q, Kaskel S, Zeng L. Adaptive Ionization-Induced Tunable Electric Double Layer for Practical Zn Metal Batteries over Wide pH and Temperature Ranges. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23181-23193. [PMID: 37956093 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The violent side reactions of Zn metal in aqueous electrolyte lead to sharp local-pH fluctuations at the interface, which accelerate Zn anode breakdown; thus, the development of an optimization strategy to accommodate a wide pH range is particularly critical for improving aqueous Zn metal batteries. Herein, we report a pH-adaptive electric double layer (EDL) tuned by glycine (Gly) additive with pH-dependent ionization, which exhibits excellent capability to stabilize Zn anodes in wide-pH aqueous electrolytes. It is discovered that a Gly-ionic EDL facilitates the directed migration of charge carriers in both mildly acidic and alkaline electrolytes, leading to the successful suppression of local saturation. It is worth mentioning that the regulation effect of the additive concentration on the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP) structure of Zn electrodes is clarified in depth. It is revealed that the Gly additives without dimerization can develop orderly and dense vertical adsorption within the IHP to effectively reduce the EDL repulsive force of Zn2+ and isolate H2O from the anode surface. Consequently, they Zn anode with tunable EDL exhibits superior electrochemical performance in a wide range of pH and temperature, involving the prodigious cycle reversibility of 7000 h at Zn symmetric cells with ZnSO4-Gly electrolytes and an extended lifespan of 50 times in Zn symmetric cells with KOH-Gly electrolytes. Moreover, acidic Zn powder||MnO2 pouch cells, and alkaline high-voltage Zn||Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells, and Zn||NiCo-LDH cells also deliver excellent cycling reversibility. The tunable EDL enables the ultrahigh depth of discharge (DOD) of 93%. This work elucidates the design of electrolyte additives compatible in a wide range of pH and temperature, which might cause inspiration in the fields of practical multiapplication scenarios for Zn anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyuan Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun He
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixun Xiong
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hui Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Lai
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyu Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingrong Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shude Liu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lingxing Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lin P, Chen G, Kang Y, Zhang M, Yang J, Lv Z, Yang Y, Zhao J. Simultaneous Inhibition of Zn Dendrites and Polyiodide Ions Shuttle Effect by an Anion Concentrated Electrolyte Membrane for Long Lifespan Aqueous Zinc-Iodine Batteries. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15492-15503. [PMID: 37535393 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-iodine (Zn-I2) batteries have attracted extensive attention due to their merits of inherent safety, wide natural abundance, and low cost. However, their application is seriously hindered by the irreversible capacity loss resulting from both anode and cathode. Herein, an anion concentrated electrolyte (ACE) membrane is designed to manipulate the Zn2+ ion flux on the zinc anode side and restrain the shuttle effect of polyiodide ions on the I2 cathode side simultaneously to realize long-lifetime separator-free Zn-I2 batteries. The ACE membrane with abundant sulfonic acid groups possesses a multifunctional amalgamation of good mechanical strength, guided Zn2+ ion transport, and effective charge repulsion of polyiodide ions. Moreover, rich ether oxygen, carbonyl, and S-O bonds in anionic polymer chains will form hydrogen bonds with water to reduce the proportion of free water in the ACE membrane, inhibiting the water-induced interfacial side reactions of the Zn metal anode. Besides, DFT calculations and in-situ UV-vis and in situ Raman results reveal that the shuttle effect of polyiodide ions is also significantly suppressed. Therefore, the ACE membrane enables a long lifespan of Zn anodes (3700 h) and excellent cycling stability of Zn-I2 batteries (10000 cycles), thus establishing a substantial base for their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Guanhong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhong Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zeheng Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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14
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He R, Yu F, Wu K, Liu HX, Li Z, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wu C. A Dual Organic Solvent Zn-Ion Electrolyte Enables Highly Stable Zn Metal Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37367972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc (Zn) batteries have been regarded as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their high abundance, low cost, and higher intrinsic safety. However, the low Zn plating/stripping reversibility, Zn dendrite growth, and continuous water consumption have hindered the practical application of aqueous Zn anodes. Herein, a hydrous organic Zn-ion electrolyte based on a dual organic solvent, namely hydrated Zn(BF4)2 zinc salt dissolved in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and vinyl carbonate (EC) solvents [denoted as Zn(BF4)2/DMC/EC], can address these problems, which not only inhibits the side reactions but also promotes uniform Zn plating/stripping through the formation of a stable solid state interface layer and Zn2+-EC/2DMC pairs. This electrolyte enables the Zn electrode to stably undergo >700 cycles at a rate of 1 mA cm-2 with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.71%. Moreover, the full cell paired with V2O5 also demonstrates excellent cycling stability without capacity decay at 1 A g-1 after 1600 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi He
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fangfang Yu
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kuan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hao-Xuan Liu
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
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