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Vetrichelvi G, Gowtham P, Balaji D, Rajeshkumar L. Functional metamaterials for wireless antenna applications - A review abetted with patent landscape analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34022. [PMID: 39055806 PMCID: PMC11269876 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The communication network made the globe a single entity and easily acessible by everyone at any time. Growth in communication networks is unimaginable and advanced nowadays. It is growing every day by means of medium or components used in communication. There are various significant components that are generally used in the communication networks. Specifically, wireless communication (WC) is the dominant in today's communication world. It is supported by the transmitting and receiving nodes at each end of communication. The common components in communication antennas are the transmitters and receivers. It has been unalterable for many decades but their capabilities have been improved through various methods including their manufacturing by the use of alternative materials. This article focuses on metamaterial (MM) based wireless antennas. The growth of metamaterials utilization in the fabrication of microstrip antennas has been discussed comprehensively and its future scope has been envisaged through patent landscape analysis. It is done meticulously using the patent database and in addition, the growth of some of the metamaterials was also predicted using the landscape analysis. Some significant technologies related with metamaterials in WC that were patented have been discussed comprehensively along with the reference to recently published articles. This articles serves as a guide to the researchers working in the communication field to envisage the future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Vetrichelvi
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641659, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Gowtham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - L. Rajeshkumar
- Center for Research, Alliance University, Anekal - Chandapura Road, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India
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2
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Huang C, Liang L, Chang P, Yao H, Yan X, Zhang Y, Xie Y. Terahertz Liquid Biosensor Based on A Graphene Metasurface for Ultrasensitive Detection with A Quasi-Bound State in the Continuum. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310493. [PMID: 38033193 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a quasi-bound state in a continuum (QBIC) has garnered significant attention in various fields such as sensing, communication, and optical switching. Within metasurfaces, QBICs offer a reliable platform that enables sensing capabilities through potent interactions between local electric fields and matter. Herein, a novel terahertz (THz) biosensor based on the integration of QBIC with graphene is reported, which enables multidimensional detection. The proposed biosensor is distinctive because of its ability to discern concentrations of ethanol and N-methylpyrrolidone in a wide range from 100% to 0%, by monitoring the changes in the resonance intensity and maximum wavelet coefficient. This approach demonstrates an excellent linear fit, which ensures robust quantitative analysis. The remarkable sensitivity of our biosensor enables it to detect minute changes in low-concentration solutions, with the lowest detection concentration value (LDCV) of 0.21 pg mL-1 . 2D wavelet coefficient intensity cards are effectively constructed through continuous wavelet transforms, which presents a more accurate approach for determining the concentration of the solution. Ultimately, the novel sensing platform offers a host of advantages, including heightened sensitivity and reusability. This pioneering approach establishes a new avenue for liquid-based terahertz biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Lanju Liang
- School of Opto-electronic Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Pengying Chang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Haiyun Yao
- School of Opto-electronic Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- school of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, China
| | - Yiyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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3
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Zhou H, Zhang C. Real-time reconfigurable metasurfaces enabling agile terahertz wave front manipulation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:287. [PMID: 38008791 PMCID: PMC10679158 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Real-time controlled programmable metasurfaces, having an array-of-subarrays architecture under the control of one-bit digital coding sequence, are demonstrated for rapid and precise multifunctional Terahertz wave front engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Zhou
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Zaman AM, Lu Y, Almond NW, Burton OJ, Alexander-Webber J, Hofmann S, Mitchell T, Griffiths JDP, Beere HE, Ritchie DA, Degl’Innocenti R. Versatile and active THz wave polarization modulators using metamaterial/graphene resonators. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2023.1057422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Active modification of the polarization state is a key feature for the next-generation of wireless communications, sensing, and imaging in the THz band. The polarization modulation performance of an integrated metamaterial/graphene device is investigated via a modified THz time domain spectroscopic system. Graphene’s Fermi level is modified through electrostatic gating, thus modifying the device’s overall optical response. Active tuning of ellipticity by >0.3 is reported at the resonant frequency of 0.80 THz. The optical activity of transmitted THz radiations is continuously modified by >21.5o at 0.71 THz. By carefully selecting the transmitted frequency with the relative angle between the incoming linear polarization and the device’s symmetry axis, active circular dichroism and optical activity are almost independently exploited. Finally, this all-electronically tuneable versatile polarization device can be used in all applications requiring an ultrafast modulation such as polarization spectroscopy, imaging, and THz wireless generation.
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5
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Hu Y, Tong M, Hu S, He W, Cheng X, Jiang T. Reassessing Fano Resonance for Broadband, High-Efficiency, and Ultrafast Terahertz Wave Switching. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204494. [PMID: 36385743 PMCID: PMC9839846 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized ultrafast switchable optical components with high efficiency and broadband response are in high demand to the development of optical imaging, sensing, and high-speed communication. Sharp Fano-type resonance switched by active materials is one of the key concepts that underpins the control of light in metaoptics with high sensitivity. However, actuating such metasurfaces exhibits a long-standing trade-off between modulation depth and operational bandwidth. Here, the limitations are circumvented by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental realization of an achromatic Fano metasurface so that a high contrast of tunability with ultrafast switching rate over a broad range of frequency is achieved. By developing the physics of inter-mode coupling, the Fano metasurface is designed according to a complete phase diagram derived from coupled mode theory. Unlike conventional Fano metasurfaces, the cross-polarized inter-metaatoms coupling is discovered as a superior ability of high-efficiency broadband achromatic polarization conversion. To prove the ultrasensitive nature, a metadevice is constructed by incorporating a thin amorphous Ge layer with a weak photoconductivity perturbation. Transmission modulation over broadband frequency range from 0.6 to 1.1 THz is thus successfully realized, featuring its merits of modulation depth over 90% and On-Off-On switching cycle less than 10 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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6
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Cai M, Liu H, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang D, Su M. Transmission properties of grating-gate GaN-based HEMTs under different incident angles in the mid-infrared region. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:45599-45611. [PMID: 36522963 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The absorption tunability of grating-gate GaN-based HEMTs in the mid-infrared region has been confirmed in wide frequency regions. However, the application potential of grating-gate GaN-based HEMTs is limited due to a lack of study on transmission properties under different incident angles. Therefore, this paper studied the transmission characteristics of grating-gate GaN-based HEMTs under different incident angles in the mid-infrared region. By using the optical transfer matrix approach to model the dispersion characteristics in the structure, we found that the stronger plasmon polaritons and phonon polaritons occur in conductive channel and GaN layer. The variation of different incident wave vectors with incident angle affects the plasmon polaritons and phonon polaritons excitation intensities, resulting in the angular tunability transmission properties of grating-gate GaN-based HEMTs. After simulating the electric field distribution in COMSOL, the different transmission properties of grating-gate GaN-based HEMTs occur under different incident angles. Simulated results reveal the excellent angle-selectivity in grating-gate GaN-based HEMTs. The research into these characteristics shows that the structure has a lot of promise for designing mid-infrared angle selection filters, sensors, and other subwavelength devices in the future.
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7
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Binary THz modulator based on silicon Schottky-metasurface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18871. [PMID: 36344578 PMCID: PMC9640677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a metasurface THz modulator based on split-ring resonators (SRRs) formed by four interconnected horizontal Si–Au Schottky diodes. The equivalent junction capacitance of each SRR in the proposed modulator is much smaller than that of the previously reported metasurface counterparts with vertical Schottky junctions, leading to a higher modulation speed. To modulate a THz incident signal by the proposed metasurface, we vary the bias voltage externally applied to the Schottky junctions. Applying a reverse bias of VA = − 5 V to the Au gate, two LC resonances at 0.48 THz, and 0.95 THz are excited in the metasurface. Switching the applied voltage to VA = + 0.49 V, we diminish the oscillator strengths of the LC resonances, creating one dipole resonance at 0.73 THz in the transmission spectrum of the metasurface modulator. The modulation depths at these resonances are more than 45%, reaching 87% at 0.95 THz. The phase modulation for this THz modulator is about 1.12 rad at 0.86 THz. Furthermore, due to the particular design of the meta-atoms, the modulation speed of this device is estimated up to approximately several hundred GHz, which makes this device an appropriate candidate for high-speed applications in wireless communications systems based on external modulators.
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8
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Zhou Q, Ma W, Wu T, Li Y, Qiu Q, Duan J, Li J, Jiang L, Zhou W, Gao Y, Huang J, Huang Z. Metasurface Terahertz Perfect Absorber with Strong Multi-Frequency Selectivity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36712-36727. [PMID: 36278078 PMCID: PMC9583645 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we design a metasurface terahertz perfect absorber with multi-frequency selectivity and good incident angle compatibility using a double-squared open ring structure. Simulations reveal five selective absorption peaks located at 0-1.2 THz with absorption 94.50% at 0.366 THz, 99.99% at 0.507 THz, 95.65% at 0.836 THz, 98.80% at 0.996 THz, and 86.70% at 1.101 THz, caused by two resonant absorptions within the fundamental unit (fundamental mode of resonance absorption, FRA) and its adjacent unit (supermodel of resonance absorption, SRA) in the structure, respectively, when the electric field of the electromagnetic wave is incident perpendicular to the opening. The strong frequency selectivity at 0.836 THz with a Q-factor of 167.20 and 0.996 THz with a Q-factor of 166.00 is due to the common effect of the FRA and SRA. Then, the effect of polarized electromagnetic wave modes (TE and TM modes) at different angles of incidence (θ) and the size of the open rings on the device performance is analyzed. We find that for the TM mode, the absorption of the resonance peak changes only slightly at θ = 0-80°, which explains this phenomenon. The frequency shift of the absorption peaks caused by the size change of the open rings is described reasonably by an equivalent RLC resonant circuit. Next, by adjusting two-dimensional materials and photosensitive semiconductor materials embedded in the unit structure, the designed metasurface absorber has excellent tunable modulation. The absorption modulation depth (MD) reaches ≈100% using the conductivity of photosensitive semiconductor silicon (σSI-ps), indicating excellent control of the absorption spectrum. Our results can greatly promote the absorption of terahertz waves, absorption spectrum tunability, and frequency selectivity of devices, which are useful in the applications such as resonators, bio-detection, beam-controlled antennas, hyperspectral thermal imaging systems, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangguo Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Tuntan Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- Hangzhou
Institute for Advanced Study, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou310024, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinxi Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- School
of Science, Xihua University, 9999 Hongguang Avenue, Chengdu610039, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Jingguo Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai200083, P. R. China
- Hangzhou
Institute for Advanced Study, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou310024, P. R. China
- Institute
of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai200438, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu Quan Road, Beijing100049, P. R. China
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9
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Chen B, Wang X, Li W, Li C, Wang Z, Guo H, Wu J, Fan K, Zhang C, He Y, Jin B, Chen J, Wu P. Electrically addressable integrated intelligent terahertz metasurface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1296. [PMID: 36223473 PMCID: PMC9555782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) play an essential role in various applications, such as next-generation communication, uncrewed vehicles, and vital sign recognizers. However, in the terahertz (THz) region, the development of RISs is limited because of lacking tunable phase shifters and low-cost sensors. Here, we developed an integrated self-adaptive metasurface (SAM) with THz wave detection and modulation capabilities based on the phase change material. By applying various coding sequences, the metasurface could deflect THz beams over an angle range of 42.8°. We established a software-defined sensing reaction system for intelligent THz wave manipulation. In the system, the SAM self-adaptively adjusted the THz beam deflection angle and stabilized the reflected power in response to the detected signal without human intervention, showing vast potential in eliminating coverage dead zones and other applications in THz communication. Our programmable controlled SAM creates a platform for intelligent electromagnetic information processing in the THz regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benwen Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weili Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hangbin Guo
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Kebin Fan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Yunbin He
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Biaobing Jin
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Wen T, Wan P, Lu C, Zhang D, Gao M, Lin Y, Wen Q, Liao Y, Zhang H, Zhong Z. Tune the resonance of VO 2 joined metamaterial dimers by adjacent cut wires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29379-29387. [PMID: 36299113 DOI: 10.1364/oe.467751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two terahertz metamaterials were joined by a conductivity variable VO2 patch to obtain a metamaterial dimer. By applying voltage or heat to the VO2 patches, active modulation of terahertz wave could be achieved. A cut-wire metamaterial was placed adjacent to the VO2 joined dimer to affect its electromagnetic response. It was found that the cut wire could heavily impact the resonance mode of the VO2 joined dimer, which gives dual resonance dips in transmission spectrum for both insulating and conducting states of VO2 patches. As a result, by tuning the conductivity of VO2, active dual band phase modulation could be achieved with high transmission window by this dimer-cut wire coupling system.
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11
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Ren Z, Xu J, Liu J, Li B, Zhou C, Sheng Z. Active and Smart Terahertz Electro-Optic Modulator Based on VO 2 Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26923-26930. [PMID: 35652202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modulating terahertz (THz) waves actively and smartly through an external field is highly desired in the development of THz spectroscopic devices. Here, we demonstrate an active and smart electro-optic THz modulator based on a strongly correlated electron oxide vanadium dioxide (VO2). With milliampere current excitation on the VO2 thin film, the transmission, reflection, absorption, and phase of THz waves can be modulated efficiently. In particular, the antireflection condition can be actively achieved and the modulation depth reaches 99.9%, accompanied by a 180° phase switching. Repeated and current scanning experiments confirm the high stability and multibit modulation of this electro-optic modulation. Most strikingly, by utilizing a feedback loop of "THz-electro-THz" geometry, a smart electro-optic THz control is realized. For instance, the antireflection condition can be stabilized precisely no matter what the initial condition is and how the external environment changes. The proposed electro-optic THz modulation method, taking advantage of strongly correlated electron material, opens up avenues for the realization of THz smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Ren
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | | | - Bolin Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Sheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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12
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Lin S, Wang Y, Peng Z, Chen Z, Hu F. Detection of cancer biomarkers CA125 and CA199 via terahertz metasurface immunosensor. Talanta 2022; 248:123628. [PMID: 35660997 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cancer biomarkers including AFP, CEA, CA199 and CA125, are of great importance in the diagnosis, prognostic prediction and recurrence monitoring of malignancies. However, in clinical practical applications, most tumor cancer biomarkers are lack of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we propose a terahertz (THz) metasurface (MS) immunosensor coupled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which have good biocompatibility and high specific surface area for biomarkers. Firstly, we added AuNPs to the surface of the sensor. And then, the surface is modified with Anti-CA125 or Anti-CA199 to improve the sensitivity and specificity to the target antigen. The biosensor was fabricated using a surface micromachining process and characterized by a THz-time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system. The sensitivity of the resonance frequency of the sensor to the refractive index was 65 GHz/RIU (refractive index unit). The detection performance of the THz immunosensor was also verified with different concentrations of CA125 and CA199. The experimental results showed that the frequency shift of the resonance peak was linearly related to the concentration of CA125 and CA199. The detection limits for both CA125 and CA199 are 0.01 U/ml, which is better than that of other common methods. Finally, serum samples were collected and detected to explore whether this method is suitable for clinical detection. The results are consistent with the results of antigen recognition. This study proves that the practicability of the THz immunosensor, which potentially provides important techniques and equipment for improving the sensitivity and specificity of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjun Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yuanli Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Precision Medicine Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou, 535000, China
| | - Zhenyun Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Zhencheng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Fangrong Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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13
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A Dual-Frequency Terahertz Metasurface Capable of Distinguishing the Handedness of Circularly Polarized Light. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circularly polarized light can present more optical properties of chiral materials and is widely used to analyze and detect biomolecules. In this paper, a dual-frequency terahertz circular polarization detection structure, which is based on multilayer metamaterials, is proposed. The proposed structure consists of a dual-frequency quarter-wave plate, a polyimide spacer, and a filter. The simulation results show that the structure can distinguish the handedness of circularly polarized light by filtering. The extinction ratios are 4 dB and 5.26 dB at 0.952 THz and 1.03 THz, respectively, and the maximum transmittance efficiency reaches 40%. Given the advantages of easy integration and dual-frequency operation, our design is bound to facilitate the development of multi-frequency detection in biomedical imaging devices.
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14
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Ran J, Chen T, Hao H, Wen D, Zhang X, Ren Y. Electrically controlled terahertz modulator with deep modulation and slow wave effect via a HEMT integrated metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:16134-16144. [PMID: 36221464 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Slow wave and localized field are conducive to terahertz (THz) modulators with deep and fast modulation. Here we propose an electrically controlled THz modulator with slow wave effect and localized field composed of a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) integrated metasurface. Unlike previously proposed schemes to realize slow wave effect electrically, this proposal controls the resonant modes directly through HEMT switches instead of the surrounding materials, leading to a modulation depth of 96% and a group delay of 10.4ps. The confined electric field where HEMT is embedded, and the slow wave effect, work together to pave a new mechanism for THz modulators with high performance.
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15
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Cai M, Liu H, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang D, Zhao D, Guo W. Polarization properties in grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs at mid-infrared frequencies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:14748-14758. [PMID: 35473212 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plasmon resonances of grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs can occur in wide frequency regions at mid-infrared frequencies. However, the lack of polarization properties research in grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs prevents the application potential. In order to solve the problem, the polarization properties in grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs at mid-infrared frequencies were studied in the paper. After using the optical transfer matrix method to calculate the dispersion curves in grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs, the plasmon polaritons in conductive channel and phonon polaritons in GaN layer occur under TM incident waves rather than TE incident waves. The phenomenon illustrates the potential of polarization-selectivity has existed in grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs. To study the polarization properties of grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs in detail, the electric field distribution and transmission properties of the structure were simulated in COMSOL. The results show the excellent polarization-selectivity at mid-infrared frequencies in grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs. The studies of these characteristics indicate the vast potential for using grating-gated AlN/GaN HEMTs to design mid-infrared polarizers, mid-infrared polarization state modulators and other devices in the future.
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16
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Wang P, Hu R, Huang X, Wang T, Hu S, Hu M, Xu H, Li X, Liu K, Wang S, Kang L, Werner DH. Terahertz Chiral Metamaterials Enabled by Textile Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110590. [PMID: 35218258 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Easy-to-fabricate, large-area, and inexpensive microstructures that realize control of the polarization of terahertz (THz) radiation are of fundamental importance to the development of the field of THz wave photonics. However, due to the lack of natural materials that can facilitate strong THz radiation-matter interactions, THz polarization components remain an undeveloped technology. Strong resonance-based responses offered by THz metamaterials have led to the recent development of THz metadevices, whereas, for polarization control devices, micrometer-scale fabrication techniques including aligned photolithography are generally required to create multilayer microstructures. In this work, leveraging a two-step textile manufacturing approach, a chiral metamaterial capable of exhibiting strong chiroptical responses at THz frequencies is demonstrated. Chiral-selective transmission and pronounced optical activity are experimentally observed. In sharp contrast to smart-clothing-related devices (e.g., textile antennas), the investigated chiral metamaterials gain their THz properties directly from the yarn-twisting enabled microhelical strings. It is envisioned that the interplay between meta-atom designs and textile manufacturing technology will lead to a new family of metadevices for complete control over the phase, amplitude, and polarization of THz radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Shulin Hu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Min Hu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Keshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Shengxiang Wang
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Micro-nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Douglas H Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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17
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Yang F, Pitchappa P, Wang N. Terahertz Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) for 6G Communication Links. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:285. [PMID: 35208409 PMCID: PMC8879315 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The forthcoming sixth generation (6G) communication network is envisioned to provide ultra-fast data transmission and ubiquitous wireless connectivity. The terahertz (THz) spectrum, with higher frequency and wider bandwidth, offers great potential for 6G wireless technologies. However, the THz links suffers from high loss and line-of-sight connectivity. To overcome these challenges, a cost-effective method to dynamically optimize the transmission path using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is widely proposed. RIS is constructed by embedding active elements into passive metasurfaces, which is an artificially designed periodic structure. However, the active elements (e.g., PIN diodes) used for 5G RIS are impractical for 6G RIS due to the cutoff frequency limitation and higher loss at THz frequencies. As such, various tuning elements have been explored to fill this THz gap between radio waves and infrared light. The focus of this review is on THz RISs with the potential to assist 6G communication functionalities including pixel-level amplitude modulation and dynamic beam manipulation. By reviewing a wide range of tuning mechanisms, including electronic approaches (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, Schottky diodes, high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), and graphene), optical approaches (photoactive semiconductor materials), phase-change materials (vanadium dioxide, chalcogenides, and liquid crystals), as well as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), this review summarizes recent developments in THz RISs in support of 6G communication links and discusses future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Pitchappa
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
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18
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Cai Y, Zhu H, Shi Q, Cheng Y, Chang L, Huang W. Photothermal conversion of Ti 2O 3 film for tuning terahertz waves. iScience 2022; 25:103661. [PMID: 35036863 PMCID: PMC8753118 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic tuning of terahertz (THz) wave is vital for the development of next generation THz devices. Utilization of solar energy for tuning THz waves is a promising, eco-friendly, and sustainable way to expand THz application scenarios. Ti2O3 with an ultranarrow bandgap of 0.1eV exhibits intriguing thermal-induced metal-insulator transition (MIT), and possesses excellent photothermal conversion efficiency. Herein, Ti2O3 film was fabricated by a two-step magnetron sputtering method, and exhibited an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of 90.45% and demonstrated temperature-dependent THz transmission characteristics with a wideband at 0.1-1 THz. We supposed to combine photothermal conversion characteristics with temperature-dependent THz transmission properties of Ti2O3 film, which could introduce solar light as the energy source for tuning THz waves. Our work will provide new sight for investigating MIT characteristics of Ti2O3 at THz regime and exhibit huge potential in the application of tuning terahertz waves in outdoor scenarios in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hongfu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Lei Chang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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19
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Li C, Jiang L, Ma Q, Teng Y, Bian B, Yu M, Hua M, Liu X, He J, Su R, Jiang C. Electrically tunable terahertz switch based on superconducting subwavelength hole arrays. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:7530-7535. [PMID: 34613218 DOI: 10.1364/ao.435569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an electrically tunable superconducting device capable of switching the extraordinary terahertz (THz) transmission. The planar device consists of subwavelength hole arrays with real-time control capability. The maximum transmission coefficient at 0.33 THz is 0.98 and decreases to 0.17 when the applied voltage only increases to 1.3 V. A relative intensity modulation of 82.7% is observed, making this device an efficient THz switch. Additionally, this device exhibits good narrow-bandpass characteristics within 2 THz, which can be used as a frequency-selective component. This study offers an ideal tuning method and delivers a promising approach for designing active and miniaturized devices in THz cryogenic systems.
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20
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Zhang L, Cui TJ. Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurfaces: Principles and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9802673. [PMID: 34386772 PMCID: PMC8328401 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9802673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Space-time-modulated metastructures characterized by spatiotemporally varying properties have recently attracted great interest and become one of the most fascinating and promising research fields. In the meantime, space-time-coding digital metasurfaces with inherently programmable natures emerge as powerful and versatile platforms for implementing the spatiotemporal modulations, which have been successfully realized and used to manipulate the electromagnetic waves in both the spectral and spatial domains. In this article, we systematically introduce the general concepts and working principles of space-time-coding digital metasurfaces and provide a comprehensive survey of recent advances and representative applications in this field. Specifically, we illustrate the examples of complicated wave manipulations, including harmonic beam control and programmable nonreciprocal effect. The fascinating strategy of space-time-coding opens the door to exciting scenarios for information systems, with abundant applications ranging from wireless communications to imaging and radars. We summarize this review by presenting the perspectives on the existing challenges and future directions in this fast-growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Center for Intelligent Metamaterials, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Center for Intelligent Metamaterials, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510330, China
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21
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Yaxin Z, Hongxin Z, Wei K, Lan W, Mittleman DM, Ziqiang Y. Terahertz smart dynamic and active functional electromagnetic metasurfaces and their applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190609. [PMID: 32921231 PMCID: PMC7536021 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for smart and multi-functional applications in the terahertz (THz) frequency band, such as for communication, imaging, spectroscopy, sensing and THz integrated circuits, motivates the development of novel active, controllable and informational devices for manipulating and controlling THz waves. Metasurfaces are planar artificial structures composed of thousands of unit cells or metallic structures, whose size is either comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of the illuminated wave, which can efficiently interact with the THz wave and exhibit additional degrees of freedom to modulate the THz wave. In the past decades, active metasurfaces have been developed by combining diode arrays, two-dimensional active materials, two-dimensional electron gases, phase transition material films and other such elements, which can overcome the limitations of conventional bulk materials and structures for applications in compact THz multi-functional antennas, diffractive devices, high-speed data transmission and high-resolution imaging. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the development of dynamic and active functional electromagnetic metasurfaces and their applications in the THz band in recent years. Different kinds of active metasurfaces are cited and introduced. We believe that, in the future, active metasurfaces will be combined with digitalization and coding to yield more intelligent metasurfaces, which can be used to realize smart THz wave beam scanning, automatic target recognition imaging, self-adaptive directional high-speed data transmission network, biological intelligent detection and other such applications. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and smart monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yaxin
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Hongxin
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Kou Wei
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Lan
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yang Ziqiang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ji YY, Fan F, Zhang X, Cheng JR, Chang SJ. Terahertz birefringence anisotropy and relaxation effects in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal doped with gold nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:17253-17265. [PMID: 32679937 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) birefringence anisotropy of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) doped with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is investigated by using terahertz time domain polarization spectroscopy. Controlled by the electric field, the change rate of refractive index for PDLC doped with Au NPs is 0.91% V-1 as the voltage increases, smaller than the pure PDLC, which indicates that the response of the PDLC doped with Au NPs to electric field is more uniform than that of pure PDLC. Therefore, the PDLC doped with Au NPs is more suitable for tunable phase shifters. Furthermore, we found that under the high-frequency alternating electric field, the anisotropic polarization effect of PDLC will disappear to this electric field, namely polarization relaxation phenomenon. However, the results show that the PDLC doped with Au NPs can respond to an electric field with higher alternating frequencies, and the relaxation frequency of PDLC with an Au NPs concentration of 0.2 wt% was improved over two times compared with the pure PDLC and four times higher than that of the precursor mixture without ultraviolet radiation. This work has the significance for the potential applications of tunable THz liquid crystal phase and polarization devices, providing a more uniform and faster relaxation response to the operating electric field.
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23
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Shi Q, Tian K, Zhu H, Li ZR, Zhu LG, Deng H, Huang W, Fu Q. Flexible and Giant Terahertz Modulation Based on Ultra-Strain-Sensitive Conductive Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9790-9796. [PMID: 31995363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic tuning of terahertz (THz) wave has a great potential application as smart THz devices, such as switches, modulators, sensors, and so on. However, the realization of flexible THz modulation with high efficiency is rarely observed, which is nearly absent from the booming development and demands on flexible electronics. Here, we report a flexible THz modulation based on conductive polymer composites composed of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and conductive particles (Ni). By designing the additive content of Ni particles, such a flexible layer exhibits resistivity change of 6-7 orders under tensile strain due to the formation of an electron-transport channel provided by the in situ evolution of the Ni network. It could be used to dynamically control the THz transmission with a giant modulation depth of around 96%, at a high strain operation (up to around 58.5%). Moreover, these characteristics are demonstrated to be available for highly tension sensitive THz spectroscopy and imaging. This work opens up a connection between flexible polymer-based composites and THz dynamic devices. It proposes an unprecedented flexible THz modulation with giant tuning efficiency and provides a scheme for contactless and passive tension sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ke Tian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Hongfu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Zi-Run Li
- Institute of Fluid Physics , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , Sichuan , China
| | - Li-Guo Zhu
- Institute of Fluid Physics , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , Sichuan , China
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
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24
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Xu R, Zhang Z, Wieck AD, Jukam N. Terahertz Fano resonances induced by combining metamaterial modes of the same symmetry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:3932-3941. [PMID: 32122053 DOI: 10.1364/oe.383713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fano resonances are observed in a composite metamaterial that consists of an electric split ring resonator eSRR and an I-shaped resonator ISR. By adjusting the length of the ISR the degree of asymmetry in the line shape of the composite metamaterial can be controlled and even made to be symmetric. In contrast to other methods to create Fano resonances, the individual modes of the eSRR and ISR have the same symmetry and are not evanescently coupled to each other. The transmission is simulated using the finite difference time domain method and a coupled oscillator model is used to obtain nominal values of the Fano asymmetry factor q. Composite metamaterials and individual eSRR and ISR metamaterials are fabricated, and their transmission is measured with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
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25
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Chaudhary RP, Das B, Oh SI, Kim DS. Efficient Control of THz Transmission of PEDOT:PSS with Resonant Nano-Metamaterials. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17681. [PMID: 31776406 PMCID: PMC6881394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-metamaterials designed to operate at a certain resonance frequency enhance the magnitude of terahertz (THz) wave transmission by three orders of magnitude or even more. In this pursuit, controlling magnitude of resonant transmission and tuning the resonance frequency is increasingly important for application in low power THz electronics and devices. THz optical properties of chemically doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) have been studied, however its effect on the THz transmission properties in combination with nano-metamaterials have not yet been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate the efficient control over resonant THz transmission and tuning of resonance frequency of different nano-metamaterials using PEDOT:PSS, without any toxic chemical doping. By ease of simple solution processing with single step and drop-casting 10 μL aqueous solution of PEDOT:PSS on different nano-metamaterials with varied concentrations, we were able to dynamically control the THz transmission along with resonance frequency. This dynamic control of transmission and shift in resonance frequency can be attributed to improved conductivity of PEDOT:PSS and its interaction with strongly localized THz field of the metamaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra P Chaudhary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bamadev Das
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seugn In Oh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Qiao S, Liang S, Zhou T, Zhang X, Guo X, Feng Z, Lan F, Chen Z, Yang X, Yang Z. High-Speed Efficient Terahertz Modulation Based on Tunable Collective-Individual State Conversion within an Active 3 nm Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7588-7597. [PMID: 31398289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) modulators are always realized by dynamically manipulating the conversion between different resonant modes within a single unit cell of an active metasurface. In this Letter, to achieve real high-speed THz modulation, we present a staggered netlike two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) nanostructure composite metasurface that has two states: a collective state with massive surface resonant characteristics and an individual state with meta-atom resonant characteristics. By controlling the electron transport of the nanoscale 2DEG with an electrical grid, collective-individual state conversion can be realized in this composite metasurface. Unlike traditional resonant mode conversion confined in meta-units, this state conversion enables the resonant modes to be flexibly distributed throughout the metasurface, leading to a frequency shift of nearly 99% in both the simulated and experimental transmission spectra. Moreover, such a mechanism can effectively suppress parasitic modes and significantly reduce the capacitance of the metasurface. Thereby, this composite metasurface can efficiently control the transmission characteristics of THz waves with high-speed modulations. As a result, 93% modulation depth is observed in the static experiment and modulated sinusoidal signals up to 3 GHz are achieved in the dynamic experiment, while the -3 dB bandwidth can reach up to 1 GHz. This tunable collective-individual state conversion may have great application potential in wireless communication and coded imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Zhao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Shen Qiao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Shixiong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Application Specific Integrated Circuit , Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute , Shijiazhuang 050051 , China
| | - Tianchi Zhou
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Zhihong Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Application Specific Integrated Circuit , Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute , Shijiazhuang 050051 , China
| | - Feng Lan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Chen T, Liang H, Hao X, Hou X, Kou W, Zhao Y, Zhou T, Liang S, Yang Z. A Review of THz Modulators with Dynamic Tunable Metasurfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E965. [PMID: 31266235 PMCID: PMC6669754 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation has received much attention during the past few decades for its potential applications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, imaging, and wireless communications. To use terahertz waves for data transmission in different application systems, the efficient and rapid modulation of terahertz waves is required and has become an in-depth research topic. Since the turn of the century, research on metasurfaces has rapidly developed, and the scope of novel functions and operating frequency ranges has been substantially expanded, especially in the terahertz range. The combination of metasurfaces and semiconductors has facilitated both new opportunities for the development of dynamic THz functional devices and significant achievements in THz modulators. This paper provides an overview of THz modulators based on different kinds of dynamic tunable metasurfaces combined with semiconductors, two-dimensional electron gas heterostructures, superconductors, phase-transition materials, graphene, and other 2D material. Based on the overview, a brief discussion with perspectives will be presented. We hope that this review will help more researchers learn about the recent developments and challenges of THz modulators and contribute to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Huajie Liang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Xiaolin Hao
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Wei Kou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Yuncheng Zhao
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Tianchi Zhou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Shixiong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Application Specific Integrated Circuit, Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China.
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Wei M, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhang L, Jin L, Wen T, Bai F, Zhang H. High-Performance All-Optical Terahertz Modulator Based on Graphene/TiO 2/Si Trilayer Heterojunctions. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:159. [PMID: 31076907 PMCID: PMC6510742 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-2996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a trilayer hybrid terahertz (THz) modulator made by combining a p-type silicon (p-Si) substrate, TiO2 interlayer, and single-layer graphene. The interface between Si and TiO2 introduced a built-in electric field, which drove the photoelectrons from Si to TiO2, and then the electrons injected into the graphene layer, causing the Fermi level of graphene to shift into a higher conduction band. The conductivity of graphene would increase, resulting in the decrease of transmitted terahertz wave. And the terahertz transmission modulation was realized. We observed a broadband modulation of the terahertz transmission in the frequency range from 0.3 to 1.7 THz and a large modulation depth of 88% with proper optical excitation. The results show that the graphene/TiO2/p-Si hybrid nanostructures exhibit great potential for terahertz broadband applications, such as terahertz imaging and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feiming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaiwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
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Ji Y, Fan F, Xu S, Yu J, Chang S. Manipulation enhancement of terahertz liquid crystal phase shifter magnetically induced by ferromagnetic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4933-4941. [PMID: 30834911 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnetic liquid crystals (FLCs), the suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed at different concentrations in liquid crystals (LCs), and their special magnetically induced birefringence characteristics have been investigated in the terahertz regime, mainly focusing on the interaction between magnetic cluster chains and LC molecules. We experimentally demonstrated the surface anchoring effect of the magnetic cluster chains on LC molecules in a mm-thick LC cell under an extremely weak external magnetic field (EMF), leading to a uniform anchoring arrangement of the LC molecules over the entire LC cell. Unlike pure 5CB LCs, the phase shift range of the FLCs at 1.45 THz up to π (no to ne or ne to no) can be achieved over the whole tunable range by simply changing the magnitude of the EMF without changing its direction, and the optical axis of LC molecules can be controlled to rotate by 90°, thereby realizing a tunable THz wave plate. This work provides a new way in the development of THz magneto-optic devices and phase devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Ji
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Yan X, Yang M, Zhang Z, Liang L, Wei D, Wang M, Zhang M, Wang T, Liu L, Xie J, Yao J. The terahertz electromagnetically induced transparency-like metamaterials for sensitive biosensors in the detection of cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:485-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhai ZC. Efficient terahertz transmission modulation in plasmonic metallic slits by a graphene ribbon array. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:9550-9554. [PMID: 30461734 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.009550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extraordinary optical transmission is the widely known phenomenon of enhanced transmission of waves through subwavelength periodic metallic apertures. Here, we propose efficient terahertz transmission modulation in subwavelength metallic slits by a graphene plasmonic ribbon array. The extraordinary optical transmission through the subwavelength metallic slits can be tuned by coupling with the plasmonic resonance of graphene ribbon array, resulting in a deep transmittance depression. Numerical simulations show that maximal transmission modulation depth of 98.99% can be obtained at 1.03 THz via this mechanism.
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Wang W, Ji H, Liu D, Xiong L, Hou Y, Zhang B, Shen J. Active bidirectional electrically-controlled terahertz device based on dimethyl sulfoxide-doped PEDOT:PSS. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:25849-25857. [PMID: 30469680 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.025849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A high-efficiency active bidirectional electrically-controlled terahertz device based on DMSO-doped PEDOT:PSS with low-power photoexcitation is investigated. Under low-power optical excitation of 30 mW (0.5 W/cm2) and under bias voltages ranging from -0.6 V to 0.5 V, spectrally broadband modulation of THz transmission over a range from -54% to 60% is obtained over the frequency range from 0.2 to 2.6 THz in a MEH-PPV/PEDOT:PSS:DMSO/Si/PEDOT:PSS:DMSO hybrid structure. By considering the combined carrier density characteristics of the proposed device, it is found that the large-scale amplitude modulation can be ascribed to the electrically-controlled carrier density in the silicon layer with the assistance of the p-n junction that consists of the DMSO-doped PEDOT:PSS and silicon. Bidirectional modulation has a larger modulation range and is easier to use in communications applications when compared with unidirectional modulation. These results show great potential for application to the design of active broadband terahertz devices.
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Jung H, Koo J, Heo E, Cho B, In C, Lee W, Jo H, Cho JH, Choi H, Kang MS, Lee H. Electrically Controllable Molecularization of Terahertz Meta-Atoms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802760. [PMID: 29904954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Active control of metamaterial properties is critical for advanced terahertz (THz) applications. However, the tunability of THz properties, such as the resonance frequency and phase of the wave, remains challenging. Here, a new device design is provided for extensively tuning the resonance properties of THz metamaterials. Unlike previous approaches, the design is intended to control the electrical interconnections between the metallic unit structures of metamaterials. This strategy is referred to as the molecularization of the meta-atoms and is accomplished by placing graphene bridges between the metallic unit structures whose conductivity is modulated by an electrolyte gating. Because of the scalable nature of the molecularization, the resonance frequency of the terahertz metamaterials can be tuned as a function of the number of meta-atoms constituting a unit metamolecule. At the same time, the voltage-controlled molecularization allows delicate control over the phase shift of the transmitted THz, without changing the high transmission of the materials significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseung Jung
- School of Electronic Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Jaemok Koo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Eunah Heo
- School of Electronic Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Boeun Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Chihun In
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Wonwoo Lee
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyunyong Choi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Hojin Lee
- School of Electronic Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
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Wen T, Zhang C, Zhang X, Liao Y, Xiang Q, Wen Q, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhang H, Jing Y, Zhong Z. Semiconductor terahertz modulator arrays: the size and edge effect. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3021-3024. [PMID: 29957771 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A terahertz spatial modulator is the critical component for active terahertz imaging using compressive sensing. Here small silicon pieces were put in arrays on flexible polymer substrate to fabricate semiconductor terahertz spatial modulators. By doing this, the inter-diffusion of photo-generated charge carriers is prevented for better resolution, and flexibility is achieved. Since the size of silicon is comparable to the wavelength of the terahertz wave, and the dielectric properties of the gap are very different from silicon, the optical modulation of each element is very different from the large silicon. In this Letter, the terahertz wave interaction and optical modulation of the small silicon are systematically studied by time domain spectroscopy. Notably, a strong resonance-like absorption peak was observed in a transmittance spectrum for the small silicon due to the size and edge effect. The spatial modulation of the terahertz wave was also compared between the silicon array and the large silicon samples.
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35
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Ye L, Sui K, Liu Y, Zhang M, Liu QH. Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide for highly efficient broadband mid-infrared propagation and modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15935-15947. [PMID: 30114847 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide is proposed for highly efficient broadband surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagation and modulation at mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrum. The hybrid plasmonic waveguide is composed of a monolayer graphene sheet in the center, a polysilicon gating layer, and two inner dielectric buffer layers and two outer parabolic-ridged silicon substrates symmetrically placed on both sides of the graphene. Owing to the unique parabolic-ridged waveguide structure, the light-graphene interaction and subwavelength SPPs confinement of the fundamental SPP mode for the hybrid waveguide can be significantly increased. Under the graphene chemical potential of 1.0 eV, the proposed waveguide can achieve outstanding SPP propagation performance with long propagation length of 12.1-16.7 μm and small normalized mode area of ~10-4 in the frequency range of 10-20 THz, exhibiting more than one order smaller in the normalized mode area while remaining the propagation length almost the same level with respect to the hybrid plasmonic waveguide without parabolic ridges. By tuning the graphene chemical potential from 0.1 to 1.0 eV, we demonstrate the waveguide has a modulation depth greater than 51% for the frequency ranging from 10 to 20 THz and reaches a maximum of nearly 100% at the frequency higher than 18 THz. Benefitting from the excellent broadband mid-IR propagation and modulation performance, the graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide may open up a new way for various mid-IR waveguides, modulators, interconnects and optoelectronic devices.
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36
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Liu W, Fan F, Xu S, Chen M, Wang X, Chang S. Terahertz wave modulation enhanced by laser processed PVA film on Si substrate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8304. [PMID: 29844377 PMCID: PMC5974372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An optically pumped ultrasensitive broadband terahertz (THz) wave modulator based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film on Si wafer was demonstrated in this work. The THz time domain spectroscopy experiments confirm that the PVA/Si can drastically enhance the photo-induced THz wave modulation on the Si surface, especially when the PVA film is heated by a high-power laser. A modulation depth of 72% can be achieved only under 0.55 W/cm2 modulated laser power, which is superior significantly to the bare Si. The numerical simulations indicate that the laser processed PVA (LP-PVA) film increases the photo-generated carrier concentration on the Si surface in two orders of magnitude higher than that of bare Si. Moreover, the modulation mechanism and the dynamic process of laser heating on the PVA/Si have been discussed. This highly efficient THz modulation mechanism and its simple fabrication method have great application potentials in THz modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Fei Fan
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Shitong Xu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xianghui Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shengjiang Chang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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37
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Nouman MT, Hwang JH, Faiyaz M, Lee KJ, Noh DY, Jang JH. Vanadium dioxide based frequency tunable metasurface filters for realizing reconfigurable terahertz optical phase and polarization control. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:12922-12929. [PMID: 29801325 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.012922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are two dimensional arrays of artificial subwavelength resonators, which can manipulate the amplitude and phase profile of incident electromagnetic fields. To date, limited progress has been achieved in realizing reconfigurable phase control of incident waves using metasurfaces. Here, an active metasurface is presented, whose resonance frequency can be tuned by employing insulator to metal transition in vanadium dioxide. By virtue of the phase jump accompanied by the resonance frequency tuning, the proposed metasurface acts as a phase shifter at THz frequency. It is further demonstrated that by appropriately tailoring the anisotropy of the metasurface, the observed phase shift can be used to switch the transmitted polarization from circular to approximately linear. This work thus shows potential for reconfigurable phase and polarization control at THz frequencies using vanadium dioxide based frequency tunable metasurfaces.
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38
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Matoug M, Gordon R. Crude Oil Asphaltenes Studied by Terahertz Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3406-3412. [PMID: 31458593 PMCID: PMC6641485 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was used to study the asphaltenes in different crude oils. THz-TDS has a feature of measuring the amplitude and time delay and consequently the refractive index and absorption coefficient spectra simultaneously. Our approach was based on measuring the THz signal from neat crude oil samples and comparing it with the THz signal after removing the asphaltene from the oil samples (maltene). The results show that the differences in the time delay and the peak amplitude between the neat oil and the maltene have a linear relation with the asphaltene content. The refractive index spectra of the asphaltene show variation in the low THz frequencies and comparable spectra in the higher frequencies. The absorption of the asphaltene was mild, and no distinctive absorption feature was observed except for some narrow absorption peaks that we attributed to water molecules adsorbed on the asphaltene.
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Zeng B, Huang Z, Singh A, Yao Y, Azad AK, Mohite AD, Taylor AJ, Smith DR, Chen HT. Hybrid graphene metasurfaces for high-speed mid-infrared light modulation and single-pixel imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:51. [PMID: 30839521 PMCID: PMC6106980 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, major advances have been made in both the generation and detection of infrared light; however, its efficient wavefront manipulation and information processing still encounter great challenges. Efficient and fast optoelectronic modulators and spatial light modulators are required for mid-infrared imaging, sensing, security screening, communication and navigation, to name a few. However, their development remains elusive, and prevailing methods reported so far have suffered from drawbacks that significantly limit their practical applications. In this study, by leveraging graphene and metasurfaces, we demonstrate a high-performance free-space mid-infrared modulator operating at gigahertz speeds, low gate voltage and room temperature. We further pixelate the hybrid graphene metasurface to form a prototype spatial light modulator for high frame rate single-pixel imaging, suggesting orders of magnitude improvement over conventional liquid crystal or micromirror-based spatial light modulators. This work opens up the possibility of exploring wavefront engineering for infrared technologies for which fast temporal and spatial modulations are indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zeng
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Zhiqin Huang
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- MPA-11, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Aditya D. Mohite
- MPA-11, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 USA
| | - Antoinette J. Taylor
- Chemistry, Life, and Earth Sciences Directorate, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - David R. Smith
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
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Hashemi MR, Cakmakyapan S, Jarrahi M. Reconfigurable metamaterials for terahertz wave manipulation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:094501. [PMID: 28590254 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa77cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metamaterials have emerged as promising platforms for manipulating the spectral and spatial properties of terahertz waves without being limited by the characteristics of naturally existing materials. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of various types of reconfigurable metamaterials that are utilized to manipulate the intensity, phase, polarization, and propagation direction of terahertz waves. We discuss various reconfiguration mechanisms based on optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli while using semiconductors, superconductors, phase-change materials, graphene, and electromechanical structures. The advantages and disadvantages of different reconfigurable metamaterial designs in terms of modulation efficiency, modulation bandwidth, modulation speed, and system complexity are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Hashemi
- University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles CA, 90095, United States of America
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Zhou G, Dai P, Wu J, Jin B, Wen Q, Zhu G, Shen Z, Zhang C, Kang L, Xu W, Chen J, Wu P. Broadband and high modulation-depth THz modulator using low bias controlled VO 2-integrated metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17322-17328. [PMID: 28789224 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An active vanadium dioxide integrated metasurface offering broadband transmitted terahertz wave modulation with large modulation-depth under electrical control is demonstrated. The device consists of metal bias-lines arranged with grid-structure patterned vanadium dioxide (VO2) film on sapphire substrate. Amplitude transmission is continuously tuned from more than 78% to 28% or lower in the frequency range from 0.3 THz to 1.0 THz, by means of electrical bias at temperature of 68 °C. The physical mechanism underlying the device's electrical tunability is investigated and found to be attributed to the ohmic heating. The developed device possessing over 87% modulation depth with 0.7 THz frequency band is expected to have many potential applications in THz regime such as tunable THz attenuator.
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Zhou Z, Wang S, Yu Y, Chen Y, Feng L. High performance metamaterials-high electron mobility transistors integrated terahertz modulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17832-17840. [PMID: 28789274 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an electric control metamaterials-high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) integrated terahertz (THz) modulator whose switching ability is developed by utilizing the symmetric quadruple-split-ring resonators (SRRs) metamaterial configuration and operating voltage is reduced by incorporating the HEMT elements. Meanwhile, the high switching speed of the HEMT implies that the THz modulator has a high potential in modulation speed. Under a reverse gate voltage of -4 V, the THz modulator exhibits a modulation depth of 80% at 0.86 THz and a phase shift of 0.67 rad (38.4°) at 0.77 THz, respectively. In addition, a modulation speed over 2.7 MHz is achieved and an improvement in the modulation speed of hundreds of MHz with optimum RC time constant is expected to achieve for the THz modulator.
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Nouman MT, Hwang JH, Jang JH. Ultrathin Terahertz Quarter-wave plate based on Split Ring Resonator and Wire Grating hybrid Metasurface. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39062. [PMID: 27958358 PMCID: PMC5153656 DOI: 10.1038/srep39062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar metasurface based quarter-wave plates offer various advantages over conventional waveplates in terms of compactness, flexibility and simple fabrication; however they offer very narrow bandwidth of operation. Here, we demonstrate a planar terahertz (THz) metasurface capable of linear to circular polarization conversion and vice versa in a wide frequency range. The proposed metasurface is based on horizontally connected split ring resonators and is realized on an ultrathin (0.05λ) zeonor substrate. The fabricated quarter waveplate realizes linear to circular polarization conversion in two broad frequency bands comprising 0.64–0.82 THz and 0.96–1.3 THz with an insertion loss ranging from −3.9 to −10 dB. By virtue of ultrathin sub wavelength thickness, the proposed waveplate design is well suited for application in near field THz optical systems. Additionally, the proposed metasurface design offers novel transmission phase characteristics that present further opportunities to realize dynamic polarization control of incident waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tayyab Nouman
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 OryongdongBuk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Hwang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 OryongdongBuk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 OryongdongBuk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Li Q, Cong L, Singh R, Xu N, Cao W, Zhang X, Tian Z, Du L, Han J, Zhang W. Monolayer graphene sensing enabled by the strong Fano-resonant metasurface. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17278-17284. [PMID: 27714077 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in graphene photonics reveal promising applications in the technologically important terahertz spectrum, where graphene-based active terahertz metamaterial modulators have been experimentally demonstrated. However, the sensitivity of the atomically thin graphene monolayer towards sharp Fano resonant terahertz metasurfaces remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate thin-film sensing of the graphene monolayer with a high quality factor terahertz Fano resonance in metasurfaces consisting of a two-dimensional array of asymmetric resonators. A drastic change in the transmission amplitude of the Fano resonance was observed due to strong interactions between the monolayer graphene and the tightly confined electric fields in the capacitive gaps of the Fano resonator. The deep-subwavelength sensing of the atomically thin monolayer graphene further highlights the extreme sensitivity of the resonant electric field excited at the dark Fano resonance, allowing the detection of an analyte that is λ/1 000 000 thinner than the free space wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China. and School of Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Longqing Cong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ningning Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Liangliang Du
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China. and College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Weili Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China. and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Chen HT, Taylor AJ, Yu N. A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:076401. [PMID: 27308726 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/7/076401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Nouman MT, Kim HW, Woo JM, Hwang JH, Kim D, Jang JH. Terahertz Modulator based on Metamaterials integrated with Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Varactors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26452. [PMID: 27194128 PMCID: PMC4872220 DOI: 10.1038/srep26452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The terahertz (THz) band of the electromagnetic spectrum, with frequencies ranging from 300 GHz to 3 THz, has attracted wide interest in recent years owing to its potential applications in numerous areas. Significant progress has been made toward the development of devices capable of actively controlling terahertz waves; nonetheless, further advances in device functionality are necessary for employment of these devices in practical terahertz systems. Here, we demonstrate a low voltage, sharp switching terahertz modulator device based on metamaterials integrated with metal semiconductor metal (MSM) varactors, fabricated on an AlGaAs/InGaAs based heterostructure. By varying the applied voltage to the MSM-varactor located at the center of split ring resonator (SRR), the resonance frequency of the SRR-based metamaterial is altered. Upon varying the bias voltage from 0 V to 3 V, the resonance frequency exhibits a transition from 0.52 THz to 0.56 THz, resulting in a modulation depth of 45 percent with an insertion loss of 4.3 dB at 0.58 THz. This work demonstrates a new approach for realizing active terahertz devices with improved functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tayyab Nouman
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woong Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jeong Min Woo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Hwang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Dongju Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryongdong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Seren HR, Zhang J, Keiser GR, Maddox SJ, Zhao X, Fan K, Bank SR, Zhang X, Averitt RD. Nonlinear terahertz devices utilizing semiconducting plasmonic metamaterials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16078. [PMID: 30167165 PMCID: PMC6059934 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of responsive metamaterials has enabled the realization of compact tunable photonic devices capable of manipulating the amplitude, polarization, wave vector and frequency of light. Integration of semiconductors into the active regions of metallic resonators is a proven approach for creating nonlinear metamaterials through optoelectronic control of the semiconductor carrier density. Metal-free subwavelength resonant semiconductor structures offer an alternative approach to create dynamic metamaterials. We present InAs plasmonic disk arrays as a viable resonant metamaterial at terahertz frequencies. Importantly, InAs plasmonic disks exhibit a strong nonlinear response arising from electric field-induced intervalley scattering, resulting in a reduced carrier mobility thereby damping the plasmonic response. We demonstrate nonlinear perfect absorbers configured as either optical limiters or saturable absorbers, including flexible nonlinear absorbers achieved by transferring the disks to polyimide films. Nonlinear plasmonic metamaterials show potential for use in ultrafast terahertz (THz) optics and for passive protection of sensitive electromagnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin R Seren
- Laboratory for Microsystems Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jingdi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - George R Keiser
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Scott J Maddox
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- Laboratory for Microsystems Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kebin Fan
- Laboratory for Microsystems Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Seth R Bank
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory for Microsystems Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard D Averitt
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Chen S, Fan F, Miao Y, He X, Zhang K, Chang S. Ultrasensitive terahertz modulation by silicon-grown MoS2 nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4713-4719. [PMID: 26856303 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials play more and more important roles these days, due to their broad applications in many areas. Herein, we propose an optically-pumped terahertz (THz) modulator, based on Si-grown MoS2 nanosheets. The broadband modulation effect has been proved by THz time domain spectroscopy and numerical simulation. The modulation depth of this Si-grown MoS2 nanosheet can reach over 75% under the low pumping power of 0.24 W cm(-2), much deeper than that of bare silicon. By theoretical models and simulation, it is proved that the broadband modulation effect can be described as a free carrier absorption for THz waves in the Drude form. Importantly, by a catalyst mechanism in the Si-grown MoS2, it is concluded that the MoS2-Si heterostructure enables the MoS2 to catalyze more carriers generated on the Si surface. This novel 2D material has a high effective modulation on THz waves under a low pumping power density, which affords it a promising potential in THz applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Chen
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Fei Fan
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China. and Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Yinping Miao
- School of Electronics Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Device, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiaotong He
- North China Research Institute of Electro-optics, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Kailiang Zhang
- School of Electronics Information Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Device, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Shengjiang Chang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China. and Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
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Jooshesh A, Bahrami-Yekta V, Zhang J, Tiedje T, Darcie TE, Gordon R. Plasmon-Enhanced below Bandgap Photoconductive Terahertz Generation and Detection. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:8306-8310. [PMID: 26575274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We use plasmon enhancement to achieve terahertz (THz) photoconductive switches that combine the benefits of low-temperature grown GaAs with mature 1.5 μm femtosecond lasers operating below the bandgap. These below bandgap plasmon-enhanced photoconductive receivers and sources significantly outperform commercial devices based on InGaAs, both in terms of bandwidth and power, even though they operate well below saturation. This paves the way for high-performance low-cost portable systems to enable emerging THz applications in spectroscopy, security, medical imaging, and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Jooshesh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Vahid Bahrami-Yekta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jinye Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Thomas Tiedje
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Thomas E Darcie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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