1
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Beckham JL, Bradford TS, Ayala-Orozco C, Santos AL, Arnold D, van Venrooy AR, García-López V, Pal R, Tour JM. Distinguishing Molecular Mechanical Action from Photothermal and Photodynamic Behavior. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306669. [PMID: 38062893 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Molecular motors (MM) are molecular machines, or nanomachines, that rotate unidirectionally upon photostimulation and perform mechanical work on their environment. In the last several years, it has been shown that the photomechanical action of MM can be used to permeabilize lipid bilayers, thereby killing cancer cells and pathogenic microorganisms and controlling cell signaling. The work contributes to a growing acknowledgement that the molecular actuation characteristic of these systems is useful for various applications in biology. However, the mechanical effects of molecular motion on biological materials are difficult to disentangle from photodynamic and photothermal action, which are also present when a light-absorbing fluorophore is irradiated with light. Here, an overview of the key methods used by various research groups to distinguish the effects of photomechanical, photodynamic, and photothermal action is provided. It is anticipated that this discussion will be helpful to the community seeking to use MM to develop new and distinctive medical technologies that result from mechanical disruption of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Thomas S Bradford
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ciceron Ayala-Orozco
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ana L Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- IdISBA-Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, 07120, Spain
| | - Dallin Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Alexis R van Venrooy
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Víctor García-López
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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2
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Beckham JL, van Venrooy AR, Kim S, Li G, Li B, Duret G, Arnold D, Zhao X, Li JT, Santos AL, Chaudhry G, Liu D, Robinson JT, Tour JM. Molecular machines stimulate intercellular calcium waves and cause muscle contraction. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1051-1059. [PMID: 37430037 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular calcium waves (ICW) are complex signalling phenomena that control many essential biological activities, including smooth muscle contraction, vesicle secretion, gene expression and changes in neuronal excitability. Accordingly, the remote stimulation of ICW could result in versatile biomodulation and therapeutic strategies. Here we demonstrate that light-activated molecular machines (MM)-molecules that perform mechanical work on the molecular scale-can remotely stimulate ICW. MM consist of a polycyclic rotor and stator that rotate around a central alkene when activated with visible light. Live-cell calcium-tracking and pharmacological experiments reveal that MM-induced ICW are driven by the activation of inositol-triphosphate-mediated signalling pathways by unidirectional, fast-rotating MM. Our data suggest that MM-induced ICW can control muscle contraction in vitro in cardiomyocytes and animal behaviour in vivo in Hydra vulgaris. This work demonstrates a strategy for directly controlling cell signalling and downstream biological function using molecular-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soonyoung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guillaume Duret
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dallin Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John T Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana L Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- IdISBA-Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center and Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Bhattacharjee R, Negi A, Bhattacharya B, Dey T, Mitra P, Preetam S, Kumar L, Kar S, Das SS, Iqbal D, Kamal M, Alghofaili F, Malik S, Dey A, Jha SK, Ojha S, Paiva-Santos AC, Kesari KK, Jha NK. Nanotheranostics to Target Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria: Strategies and Applications. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pressé
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
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5
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MacDonald TC, Feringa BL, Price WS, Wezenberg SJ, Beves JE. Controlled Diffusion of Photoswitchable Receptors by Binding Anti-electrostatic Hydrogen-Bonded Phosphate Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20014-20020. [PMID: 33180496 PMCID: PMC7735709 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrogen phosphate anions are found to spontaneously associate into anti-electrostatic oligomers via hydrogen bonding interactions at millimolar concentrations in DMSO. Diffusion NMR measurements supported formation of these oligomers, which can be bound by photoswitchable anion receptors to form large bridged assemblies of approximately three times the volume of the unbound receptor. Photoisomerization of the oligomer-bound receptor causes a decrease in diffusion coefficient of up to 16%, corresponding to a 70% increase in effective volume. This new approach to external control of diffusion opens prospects in controlling molecular transport using light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - William S. Price
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathon E. Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Gunasekera RS, Galbadage T, Ayala-Orozco C, Liu D, García-López V, Troutman BE, Tour JJ, Pal R, Krishnan S, Cirillo JD, Tour JM. Molecular Nanomachines Can Destroy Tissue or Kill Multicellular Eukaryotes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13657-13670. [PMID: 32091877 PMCID: PMC8189693 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated molecular nanomachines (MNMs) can be used to drill holes into prokaryotic (bacterial) cell walls and the membrane of eukaryotic cells, including mammalian cancer cells, by their fast rotational movement, leading to cell death. We examined how these MNMs function in multicellular organisms and investigated their use for treatment and eradication of specific diseases by causing damage to certain tissues and small organisms. Three model eukaryotic species, Caenorhabditis elegans, Daphnia pulex, and Mus musculus (mouse), were evaluated. These organisms were exposed to light-activated fast-rotating MNMs and their physiological and pathological changes were studied in detail. Slow rotating MNMs were used to control for the effects of rotation rate. We demonstrate that fast-rotating MNMs caused depigmentation and 70% mortality in C. elegans while reducing the movement as well as heart rate and causing tissue damage in Daphnia. Topically applied light-activated MNMs on mouse skin caused ulceration and microlesions in the epithelial tissue, allowing MNMs to localize into deeper epidermal tissue. Overall, this study shows that the nanomechanical action of light-activated MNMs is effective against multicellular organisms, disrupting cell membranes and damaging tissue in vivo. Customized MNMs that target specific tissues for therapy combined with spatial and temporal control could have broad clinical applications in a variety of benign and malignant disease states including treatment of cancer, parasites, bacteria, and diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thushara Galbadage
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Ciceron Ayala-Orozco
- Department of Experimental Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | | | | | - Josiah J Tour
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
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7
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Ayala Orozco C, Liu D, Li Y, Alemany LB, Pal R, Krishnan S, Tour JM. Visible-Light-Activated Molecular Nanomachines Kill Pancreatic Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:410-417. [PMID: 31815419 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, synthetic molecular nanomachines (MNMs) that rotate unidirectionally in response to UV light excitation have been used to produce nanomechanical action on live cells to kill them through the drilling of holes in their cell membranes. In the work here, visible-light-absorbing MNMs are designed and synthesized to enable nanomechanical activation by 405 nm light, thereby using a wavelength of light that is less phototoxic than the previously employed UV wavelengths. Visible-light-absorbing MNMs that kill pancreatic cancer cells upon response to light activation are demonstrated. Evidence is presented to support the conclusion that MNMs do not kill cancer cells by the photothermal effect when used at low optical density. In addition, MNMs suppress the formation of reactive oxygen species, leaving nanomechanical action as the most plausible working mechanism for cell killing under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciceron Ayala Orozco
- Department of Radiation Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | | | - Yongjiang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , U.K
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
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8
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Galbadage T, Liu D, Alemany LB, Pal R, Tour JM, Gunasekera RS, Cirillo JD. Molecular Nanomachines Disrupt Bacterial Cell Wall, Increasing Sensitivity of Extensively Drug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to Meropenem. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14377-14387. [PMID: 31815423 PMCID: PMC6933815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria is an increasing problem in patient care and public health. Molecular nanomachines (MNMs) have the ability to open cell membranes using nanomechanical action. We hypothesized that MNMs could be used as antibacterial agents by drilling into bacterial cell walls and increasing susceptibility of drug-resistant bacteria to recently ineffective antibiotics. We exposed extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to light-activated MNMs and found that MNMs increase the susceptibility to Meropenem. MNMs with Meropenem can effectively kill K. pneumoniae that are considered Meropenem-resistant. We examined the mechanisms of MNM action using permeability assays and transmission electron microscopy, finding that MNMs disrupt the cell wall of extensively drug-resistant K. pneumoniae, exposing the bacteria to Meropenem. These observations suggest that MNMs could be used to make conventional antibiotics more efficacious against multi-drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushara Galbadage
- Department of Microbial
Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M
Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Department of BioSciences, and Shared Equipment
Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Alemany
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Department of BioSciences, and Shared Equipment
Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Department of BioSciences, and Shared Equipment
Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Richard S. Gunasekera
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Department of BioSciences, and Shared Equipment
Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department Biological Science, Biola University, La Mirada, California 90639, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial
Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M
Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
- E-mail:
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9
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García-López V, Liu D, Tour JM. Light-Activated Organic Molecular Motors and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2019; 120:79-124. [PMID: 31849216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors are at the heart of cellular machinery, and they are involved in converting chemical and light energy inputs into efficient mechanical work. From a synthetic perspective, the most advanced molecular motors are rotators that are activated by light wherein a molecular subcomponent rotates unidirectionally around an axis. The mechanical work produced by arrays of molecular motors can be used to induce a macroscopic effect. Light activation offers advantages over biological chemically activated molecular motors because one can direct precise spatiotemporal inputs while conducting reactions in the gas phase, in solution and in vacuum, while generating no chemical byproducts or waste. In this review, we describe the origins of the first light-activated rotary motors and their modes of function, the structural modifications that led to newer motor designs with optimized rotary properties at variable activation wavelengths. Presented are molecular motor attachments to surfaces, their insertion into supramolecular structures and photomodulating materials, their use in catalysis, and their action in biological environments to produce exciting new prospects for biomedicine.
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10
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MacDonald TSC, Price WS, Astumian RD, Beves JE. Enhanced Diffusion of Molecular Catalysts is Due to Convection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18864-18867. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William S. Price
- Nanoscale Group School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics University of Maine Orono ME 04469-5709 USA
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11
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MacDonald TSC, Price WS, Astumian RD, Beves JE. Enhanced Diffusion of Molecular Catalysts is Due to Convection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William S. Price
- Nanoscale Group School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics University of Maine Orono ME 04469-5709 USA
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12
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Abstract
Directed motion at the nanoscale is a central attribute of life, and chemically driven motor proteins are nature's choice to accomplish it. Motivated and inspired by such bionanodevices, in the past few decades chemists have developed artificial prototypes of molecular motors, namely, multicomponent synthetic species that exhibit directionally controlled, stimuli-induced movements of their parts. In this context, photonic and redox stimuli represent highly appealing modes of activation, particularly from a technological viewpoint. Here we describe the evolution of the field of photo- and redox-driven artificial molecular motors, and we provide a comprehensive review of the work published in the past 5 years. After an analysis of the general principles that govern controlled and directed movement at the molecular scale, we describe the fundamental photochemical and redox processes that can enable its realization. The main classes of light- and redox-driven molecular motors are illustrated, with a particular focus on recent designs, and a thorough description of the functions performed by these kinds of devices according to literature reports is presented. Limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of the field are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" , Università di Bologna , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
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13
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Villa K, Pumera M. Fuel-free light-driven micro/nanomachines: artificial active matter mimicking nature. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4966-4978. [PMID: 31368460 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the micro/nanomotor field have shown great progress in the propulsion of such devices by fuel-free mechanisms. Light, as an abundant and natural source, has been demonstrated to be a promising external field to wirelessly induce the motion of these tiny micro/nanomachines, without the need of any toxic fuel or complex system set-up. This tutorial review covers the most representative examples of light-driven micro/nanomotors developed so far, which self-propelled exclusively under fuel-free conditions. Their different swimming behaviors triggered by light stimuli, divided into four main categories (schooling, phototaxis, gravitaxis and directional motion), are discussed along with their similarities with the motion modes of microorganisms. Moreover, the main parameters that influence the motion of light-driven photocatalytic-based micro/nanomotors as well as alternative strategies to develop more efficient systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Villa
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
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14
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Zhang Y, Hess H. Enhanced Diffusion of Catalytically Active Enzymes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:939-948. [PMID: 31263753 PMCID: PMC6598160 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increasing number of investigations into enhanced diffusion of catalytically active enzymes. These studies suggested that enzymes are actively propelled as they catalyze reactions or bind with ligands (e.g., substrates or inhibitors). In this Outlook, we chronologically summarize and discuss the experimental observations and theoretical interpretations and emphasize the potential contradictions in these efforts. We point out that the existing multimeric forms of enzymes or isozymes may cause artifacts in measurements and that the conformational changes upon substrate binding are usually not sufficient to give rise to a diffusion enhancement greater than 30%. Therefore, more rigorous experiments and a more comprehensive theory are urgently needed to quantitatively validate and describe the enhanced enzyme diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351L Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351L Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
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15
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Liu D, García-López V, Gunasekera RS, Greer Nilewski L, Alemany LB, Aliyan A, Jin T, Wang G, Tour JM, Pal R. Near-Infrared Light Activates Molecular Nanomachines to Drill into and Kill Cells. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6813-6823. [PMID: 31117378 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using two-photon excitation (2PE), molecular nanomachines (MNMs) are able to drill through cell membranes and kill the cells. This avoids the use of the more damaging ultraviolet light that has been used formerly to induce this nanomechanical cell-killing effect. Since 2PE is inherently confocal, enormous precision can be realized. The MNMs can be targeted to specific cell surfaces through peptide addends. Further, the efficacy was verified through a controlled opening of synthetic bilayer vesicles using the 2PE excitation of MNM that had been trapped within the vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Gufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , DH1 3LE Durham , United Kingdom
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16
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Milić JV, Diederich F. The Quest for Molecular Grippers: Photo‐Electric Control of Molecular Gripping Machinery. Chemistry 2019; 25:8440-8452. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana V. Milić
- Laboratory of Photonics and InterfacesÉcole Polytechnique Fédéralé de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - François Diederich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8010 Zurich Switzerland
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17
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Günther JP, Majer G, Fischer P. Absolute diffusion measurements of active enzyme solutions by NMR. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:124201. [PMID: 30927887 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of enzymes is of fundamental importance for many biochemical processes. Enhanced or directed enzyme diffusion can alter the accessibility of substrates and the organization of enzymes within cells. Several studies based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy report enhanced diffusion of enzymes upon interaction with their substrate or inhibitor. In this context, major importance is given to the enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, for which enhanced diffusion has been reported even though the catalysed reaction is endothermic. Additionally, enhanced diffusion of tracer particles surrounding the active aldolase enzymes has been reported. These studies suggest that active enzymes can act as chemical motors that self-propel and give rise to enhanced diffusion. However, fluorescence studies of enzymes can, despite several advantages, suffer from artefacts. Here, we show that the absolute diffusion coefficients of active enzyme solutions can be determined with Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG-NMR). The advantage of PFG-NMR is that the motion of the molecule of interest is directly observed in its native state without the need for any labelling. Furthermore, PFG-NMR is model-free and thus yields absolute diffusion constants. Our PFG-NMR experiments of solutions containing active fructose-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle do not show any diffusion enhancement for the active enzymes, nor the surrounding molecules. Additionally, we do not observe any diffusion enhancement of aldolase in the presence of its inhibitor pyrophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philipp Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Majer
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Zhang Y, Armstrong MJ, Bassir Kazeruni NM, Hess H. Aldolase Does Not Show Enhanced Diffusion in Dynamic Light Scattering Experiments. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:8025-8029. [PMID: 30484320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies have measured a 30-80% increase of the diffusion coefficient when various enzymes, including aldolase, are catalytically active. This observation has been supported by several theoretical explanations; however, other theoretical studies argue against the possibility of enhanced diffusion, and two of them ascribe the experimental observations to potential artifacts arising in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements. Here, we utilized dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure the diffusion coefficient of aldolase in the absence and presence of its substrate. The DLS measurements have an experimental error of 3% and do not find a statistically significant change of the aldolase diffusion coefficient even at a saturating substrate concentration. This finding lends support to the contention that photophysical artifacts may have affected the FCS measurements and challenges the idea that enzymes can be self-propelled by their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , 351L Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Megan J Armstrong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , 351L Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Neda M Bassir Kazeruni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , 351L Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , 351L Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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19
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Urbanik D, Mani Dwivedi S, Denniston C. Simulations of microscopic propulsion of soft elastic bodies. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2018; 41:24. [PMID: 29464410 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2018-11629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using simulations that realistically model both hydrodynamic and elastic behavior, we study the motion of a microscopic, driven elastic sphere immersed in water. We first confirm the "jittery" relaxation recently predicted theoretically for an externally driven elastic sphere. The sphere is then divided in two and each section is driven internally with the two sections 180° out of phase. With periodic and perfectly symmetric driving, the elastic sphere spontaneously breaks symmetry and can attain macroscopic average swimming velocities to the right or left, the direction depending only on the initial state. With asymmetric driving the elastic sphere swims in one direction and the maximum speed is obtained with a 1/3:2/3 split. At high drive frequencies close to elastic resonances of the sphere, the motion can be quite efficient. At low drive frequencies the propulsion speed becomes independent of the elastic constants of the sphere and less efficient, but still substantial. Inertia is found to be an important driver of the behavior despite the small size of the spheres. As we model the full three-dimensional elasticity and compressible hydrodynamics, our simulations give not just qualitative indications but quantitative predictions for the motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Urbanik
- Cheriton School of Computer Science, The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shikhar Mani Dwivedi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Denniston
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Baroncini M, Casimiro L, de Vet C, Groppi J, Silvi S, Credi A. Making and Operating Molecular Machines: A Multidisciplinary Challenge. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:169-179. [PMID: 29435402 PMCID: PMC5795756 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement is one of the central attributes of life, and a key feature in many technological processes. While artificial motion is typically provided by macroscopic engines powered by internal combustion or electrical energy, movement in living organisms is produced by machines and motors of molecular size that typically exploit the energy of chemical fuels at ambient temperature to generate forces and ultimately execute functions. The progress in several areas of chemistry, together with an improved understanding of biomolecular machines, has led to the development of a large variety of wholly synthetic molecular machines. These systems have the potential to bring about radical innovations in several areas of technology and medicine. In this Minireview, we discuss, with the help of a few examples, the multidisciplinary aspects of research on artificial molecular machines and highlight its translational character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
- Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Christiaan de Vet
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
- Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
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21
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Abstract
Beyond the more common chemical delivery strategies, several physical techniques are used to open the lipid bilayers of cellular membranes. These include using electric and magnetic fields, temperature, ultrasound or light to introduce compounds into cells, to release molecular species from cells or to selectively induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) or uncontrolled cell death (necrosis). More recently, molecular motors and switches that can change their conformation in a controlled manner in response to external stimuli have been used to produce mechanical actions on tissue for biomedical applications. Here we show that molecular machines can drill through cellular bilayers using their molecular-scale actuation, specifically nanomechanical action. Upon physical adsorption of the molecular motors onto lipid bilayers and subsequent activation of the motors using ultraviolet light, holes are drilled in the cell membranes. We designed molecular motors and complementary experimental protocols that use nanomechanical action to induce the diffusion of chemical species out of synthetic vesicles, to enhance the diffusion of traceable molecular machines into and within live cells, to induce necrosis and to introduce chemical species into live cells. We also show that, by using molecular machines that bear short peptide addends, nanomechanical action can selectively target specific cell-surface recognition sites. Beyond the in vitro applications demonstrated here, we expect that molecular machines could also be used in vivo, especially as their design progresses to allow two-photon, near-infrared and radio-frequency activation.
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22
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Liu Y, He K, Chen G, Leow WR, Chen X. Nature-Inspired Structural Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12893-12941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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23
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Weistuch C, Pressé S. Spatiotemporal Organization of Catalysts Driven by Enhanced Diffusion. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:5286-5290. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Weistuch
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - S. Pressé
- Department of Physics, IUPUI Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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24
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García-López V, Alemany LB, Chiang PT, Sun J, Chu PL, Martí AA, Tour JM. Synthesis of light-driven motorized nanocars for linear trajectories and their detailed NMR structural determination. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Štacko P, Kistemaker JCM, van Leeuwen T, Chang MC, Otten E, Feringa BL. Locked synchronous rotor motion in a molecular motor. Science 2017; 356:964-968. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Kassem S, van Leeuwen T, Lubbe AS, Wilson MR, Feringa BL, Leigh DA. Artificial molecular motors. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2592-2621. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors take inspiration from motor proteins, nature's solution for achieving directional molecular level motion. An overview is given of the principal designs of artificial molecular motors and their modes of operation. We identify some key challenges remaining in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Kassem
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Thomas van Leeuwen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Anouk S. Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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27
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Amatatsu Y. Computational Design of a Fluorene-Based Ethylenoid Bridged by Trimethylene Chain. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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García-López V, Jeffet J, Kuwahara S, Martí AA, Ebenstein Y, Tour JM. Synthesis and Photostability of Unimolecular Submersible Nanomachines: Toward Single-Molecule Tracking in Solution. Org Lett 2016; 18:2343-6. [PMID: 27124281 PMCID: PMC4877667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
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The
synthesis and photophysical properties of a series of photostable
unimolecular submersible nanomachines (USNs) are reported as a first
step toward the analysis of their trajectories in solution. The USNs
have a light-driven rotatory motor for propulsion in solution and
photostable cy5-COT fluorophores for their tracking. These cy5-COT
fluorophores are found to provide an almost 2-fold increase in photostability
compared to the previous USN versions and do not affect the rotation
of the motor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Jeffet
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shunsuke Kuwahara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toho University , 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | | | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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29
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Neupane B, Chen F, Wei Y, Fang N, Ligler FS, Wang G. Nanosecond Time-Resolution Study of Gold Nanorod Rotation at the Liquid-Solid Interface. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2218-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Neupane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27599-7115 USA
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
- Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences; Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Yanli Wei
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Frances S. Ligler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27599-7115 USA
| | - Gufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
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