1
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Jin L, Selopal GS, Tong X, Perepichka DF, Wang ZM, Rosei F. Heavy-Metal-Free Colloidal Quantum Dots: Progress and Opportunities in Solar Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402912. [PMID: 38923167 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise as building blocks in solar technologies owing to their remarkable photostability and adjustable properties through the rationale involving size, atomic composition of core and shell, shapes, and surface states. However, most high-performing QDs in solar conversion contain hazardous metal elements, including Cd and Pb, posing significant environmental risks. Here, a comprehensive review of heavy-metal-free colloidal QDs for solar technologies, including photovoltaic (PV) devices, solar-to-chemical fuel conversion, and luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), is presented. Emerging synthetic strategies to optimize the optical properties by tuning the energy band structure and manipulating charge dynamics within the QDs and at the QDs/charge acceptors interfaces, are analyzed. A comparative analysis of different synthetic methods is provided, structure-property relationships in these materials are discussed, and they are correlated with the performance of solar devices. This work is concluded with an outlook on challenges and opportunities for future work, including machine learning-based design, sustainable synthesis, and new surface/interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, National Institute of Scientific Research, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singh Selopal
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Rd, Banting Building, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Xin Tong
- Shimmer Center, Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu, 641419, P. R. China
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Zhiming M Wang
- Shimmer Center, Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu, 641419, P. R. China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
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2
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Wengler-Rust S, Staechelin YU, Lange H, Weller H. Electron Donor-Specific Surface Interactions Promote the Photocatalytic Activity of Metal-Semiconductor Nanohybrids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401388. [PMID: 38634407 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the application of colloidal semiconductor-metal nanoparticles (NPs) as photocatalysts for the hydrogen generation from water has been extensively studied. The present body of literature studies agrees that the photocatalytic yield strongly depends on the electron donating agent (EDA) added for scavenging the photogenerated holes. The highest reported hydrogen production rates are obtained in the presence of ionic EDAs and at high pH. The large hydrogen production rates are attributed to fast hole transfer from the NP onto the EDAs. However, the present discussions do not treat the influence of EDA-specific surface interactions. This systematic study focuses on that aspect by combining steady-state hydrogen production measurements with time-resolved and static optical spectroscopy, employing 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid-capped, Pt-tipped CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods in the presence of a large set of EDAs. Based on the experimental results, two distinct EDA groups are identified: surface-active and diffusion-limited EDAs. The largest photocatalytic efficiencies are obtained in the presence of surface-active EDAs that induce an agglomeration of the NPs. This demonstrates that the introduction of surface-active EDAs can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of the NPs, despite reducing their colloidal stability and inducing the formation of NP networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soenke Wengler-Rust
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yannic U Staechelin
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Lange
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IAP-CAN, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Mondal S, Naor T, Volokh M, Stone D, Albero J, Levi A, Vakahi A, García H, Banin U, Shalom M. NC Meets CN: Porous Photoanodes with Polymeric Carbon Nitride/ZnSe Nanocrystal Heterojunctions for Photoelectrochemical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38153-38162. [PMID: 39010305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) for converting solar energy into fuels (e.g., hydrogen) is a promising method for sustainable energy generation. We demonstrate a strategy to enhance the performance of PEC devices by integrating surface-functionalized zinc selenide (ZnSe) semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) into porous polymeric carbon nitride (CN) matrices to form a uniformly distributed blend of NCs within the CN layer via electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The achieved type II heterojunction at the CN/NC interface exhibits intimate contact between the NCs and the CN backbone since it does not contain insulating binders. This configuration promotes efficient charge separation and suppresses carrier recombination. The reported CN/NC composite structure serves as a photoanode, demonstrating a photocurrent density of 160 ± 8 μA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), 75% higher compared with a CN-based photoelectrode, for approximately 12 h. Spectral and photoelectrochemical analyses reveal extended photoresponse, reduced charge recombination, and successful charge transfer at the formed heterojunction; these properties result in enhanced PEC oxygen production activity with a Faradaic efficiency of 87%. The methodology allows the integration of high-quality colloidal NCs within porous CN-based photoelectrodes and provides numerous knobs for tuning the functionality of the composite systems, thus showing promise for achieving enhanced solar fuel production using PEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Tom Naor
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael Volokh
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - David Stone
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Josep Albero
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022, Spain
| | - Adar Levi
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Atzmon Vakahi
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022, Spain
| | - Uri Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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4
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Jiang D, Li Z, Li H, Cheng Y, Du H, Zhu C, Meng L, Fang Y, Zhao C, Lou Z, Lu Z, Yuan Y. Achieving Long-Lived Charge Separated State through Ultrafast Interfacial Hole Transfer in Redox Sites-Isolated CdS Nanorods for Enhanced Photocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310414. [PMID: 38294968 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
As opposed to natural photosynthesis, a significant challenge in a semiconductor-based photocatalyst is the limited hole extraction efficiency, which adversely affects solar-to-fuel efficiency. Recent studies have demonstrated that photocatalysts featuring spatially isolated dual catalytic oxidation/reduction sites can yield enhanced hole extraction efficiencies. However, the decay dynamics of excited states in such photocatalysts have not been explored. Here a ternary barbell-shaped CdS/MoS2/Cu2S heterostructure is prepared, comprising CdS nanorods (NRs) interfaced with MoS2 nanosheets at both ends and Cu2S nanoparticles on the sidewall. By using transient absorption (TA) spectra, highly efficient charge separation within the CdS/MoS2/Cu2S heterostructure are identified. This is achieved through directed electron transfer to the MoS2 tips at a rate constant of >8.3 × 109 s-1 and rapid hole transfer to the Cu2S nanoparticles on the sidewall at a rate of >6.1 × 1010 s-1, leading to an exceptional overall charge transfer constant of 2.3 × 1011 s-1 in CdS/MoS2/Cu2S. The enhanced hole transfer efficiency results in a remarkably prolonged charge-separated state, facilitating efficient electron accumulation within the MoS2 tips. Consequently, the ternary CdS/MoS2/Cu2S heterostructure demonstrates a 22-fold enhancement in visible-light-driven H2 generation compare to pure CdS nanorods. This work highlights the significance of efficient hole extraction in enhancing the solar-to-H2 performance of semiconductor-based heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daochuan Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yingpeng Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Haiwei Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chuhong Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Lingchen Meng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yuetong Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Chunyi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Zaizhu Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
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5
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Li Q, Wu K, Zhu H, Yang Y, He S, Lian T. Charge Transfer from Quantum-Confined 0D, 1D, and 2D Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5695-5763. [PMID: 38629390 PMCID: PMC11082908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The properties of colloidal quantum-confined semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), including zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots, 1D nanorods, 2D nanoplatelets, and their heterostructures, can be tuned through their size, dimensionality, and material composition. In their photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications, a key step is to generate spatially separated and long-lived electrons and holes by interfacial charge transfer. These charge transfer properties have been extensively studied recently, which is the subject of this Review. The Review starts with a summary of the electronic structure and optical properties of 0D-2D nanocrystals, followed by the advances in wave function engineering, a novel way to control the spatial distribution of electrons and holes, through their size, dimension, and composition. It discusses the dependence of NC charge transfer on various parameters and the development of the Auger-assisted charge transfer model. Recent advances in understanding multiple exciton generation, decay, and dissociation are also discussed, with an emphasis on multiple carrier transfer. Finally, the applications of nanocrystal-based systems for photocatalysis are reviewed, focusing on the photodriven charge separation and recombination processes that dictate the function and performance of these materials. The Review ends with a summary and outlook of key remaining challenges and promising future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Li
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ye Yang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM
(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sheng He
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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6
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Dalui A, Ariga K, Acharya S. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals: from bottom-up nanoarchitectonics to energy harvesting applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10835-10865. [PMID: 37608724 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have been extensively investigated owing to their unique properties induced by the quantum confinement effect. The advent of colloidal synthesis routes led to the design of stable colloidal NCs with uniform size, shape, and composition. Metal oxides, phosphides, and chalcogenides (ZnE, CdE, PbE, where E = S, Se, or Te) are few of the most important monocomponent semiconductor NCs, which show excellent optoelectronic properties. The ability to build quantum confined heterostructures comprising two or more semiconductor NCs offer greater customization and tunability of properties compared to their monocomponent counterparts. More recently, the halide perovskite NCs showed exceptional optoelectronic properties for energy generation and harvesting applications. Numerous applications including photovoltaic, photodetectors, light emitting devices, catalysis, photochemical devices, and solar driven fuel cells have demonstrated using these NCs in the recent past. Overall, semiconductor NCs prepared via the colloidal synthesis route offer immense potential to become an alternative to the presently available device applications. This feature article will explore the progress of NCs syntheses with outstanding potential to control the shape and spatial dimensionality required for photovoltaic, light emitting diode, and photocatalytic applications. We also attempt to address the challenges associated with achieving high efficiency devices with the NCs and possible solutions including interface engineering, packing control, encapsulation chemistry, and device architecture engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dalui
- Department of Chemistry, Jogamaya Devi College, Kolkata-700026, India
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Somobrata Acharya
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata-700032, India.
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7
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Park B, Park WW, Choi JY, Choi W, Sung YM, Sul S, Kwon OH, Song H. Pt cocatalyst morphology on semiconductor nanorod photocatalysts enhances charge trapping and water reduction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7553-7558. [PMID: 37449064 PMCID: PMC10337723 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In photocatalysis, metal-semiconductor hybrid structures have been proposed for ideal photocatalytic systems. In this study, we investigate the effect of morphology and surface nature of Pt cocatalysts on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity in Pt-tipped CdSe nanorods. Three distinct morphologies of Pt cocatalysts were synthesized and employed as visible light photocatalysts. The rough tips exhibit the highest activity, followed by the round and cubic tips. Kinetic investigations using transient absorption spectroscopy reveal that the cubic tips exhibit lower charge-separated states feasible for reacting with water and water reduction rates due to their defectless surface facets. In contrast, the rough tips show a similar charge-separation value but a two-fold higher surface reaction rate than the round tips, resulting in a significant enhancement of hydrogen evolution. These findings highlight the importance of rational design on metal cocatalysts in addition to the main semiconductor bodies for maximizing photocatalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Analytical Engineering Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Suwon 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Soohwan Sul
- Analytical Engineering Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Suwon 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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8
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Chen Y, Amirav L. Shape tunability of copper nanocrystals deposited on nanorods. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7512-7523. [PMID: 37449067 PMCID: PMC10337768 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00677h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant role of metal particle geometry in dictating catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability is well established in heterocatalysis. However, this topic is rarely explored in semiconductor-metal hybrid photocatalytic systems, primarily due to the lack of synthetic control over this feature. Herein, we present a new synthetic route for the deposition of metallic Cu nanoparticles with spherical, elliptic, or cubic geometrical shapes, which are selectively grown on one side of the well-established CdSe@CdS nanorod photocatalytic system. An additional multipod morphology in which several nanorod branches are combined on a single Cu domain is presented as well. Cu is an earth-abundant low-cost catalyst known to promote a diverse gallery of organic transformations and is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor with interesting plasmonic properties. Its deposition on cadmium chalcogenide nanostructures is enabled here via mitigation of the reaction kinetics such that the cation exchange reaction is prevented. The structural diversity of these sophisticated nanoscale hybrid systems lays the foundations for shape-activity correlation studies and employment in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexing Chen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Lilac Amirav
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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9
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Kumar K, Wächtler M. Unravelling Dynamics Involving Multiple Charge Carriers in Semiconductor Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091579. [PMID: 37177124 PMCID: PMC10181110 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of colloidal nanocrystals as part of artificial photosynthetic systems has recently gained significant attention, owing to their strong light absorption and highly reproducible, tunable electronic and optical properties. The complete photocatalytic conversion of water to its components is yet to be achieved in a practically suitable and commercially viable manner. To complete this challenging task, we are required to fully understand the mechanistic aspects of the underlying light-driven processes involving not just single charge carriers but also multiple charge carriers in detail. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding charge carrier dynamics in semiconductor nanocrystals and the influence of various parameters such as dimension, composition, and cocatalysts. Transient absorption spectroscopic studies involving single and multiple charge carriers, and the challenges associated with the need for accumulation of multiple charge carriers to drive the targeted chemical reactions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center OPTIMAS, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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10
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Schlenkrich J, Lübkemann-Warwas F, Graf RT, Wesemann C, Schoske L, Rosebrock M, Hindricks KDJ, Behrens P, Bahnemann DW, Dorfs D, Bigall NC. Investigation of the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of Semiconductor Nanocrystal-Based Hydrogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208108. [PMID: 36828791 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Destabilization of a ligand-stabilized semiconductor nanocrystal solution with an oxidizing agent can lead to a macroscopic highly porous self-supporting nanocrystal network entitled hydrogel, with good accessibility to the surface. The previously reported charge carrier delocalization beyond a single nanocrystal building block in such gels can extend the charge carrier mobility and make a photocatalytic reaction more probable. The synthesis of ligand-stabilized nanocrystals with specific physicochemical properties is possible, thanks to the advances in colloid chemistry made in the last decades. Combining the properties of these nanocrystals with the advantages of nanocrystal-based hydrogels will lead to novel materials with optimized photocatalytic properties. This work demonstrates that CdSe quantum dots, CdS nanorods, and CdSe/CdS dot-in-rod-shaped nanorods as nanocrystal-based hydrogels can exhibit a much higher hydrogen production rate compared to their ligand-stabilized nanocrystal solutions. The gel synthesis through controlled destabilization by ligand oxidation preserves the high surface-to-volume ratio, ensures the accessible surface area even in hole-trapping solutions and facilitates photocatalytic hydrogen production without a co-catalyst. Especially with such self-supporting networks of nanocrystals, the problem of colloidal (in)stability in photocatalysis is circumvented. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements reveal the advantageous properties of the 3D networks for application in photocatalytic hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Schlenkrich
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Lübkemann-Warwas
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering -Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca T Graf
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Nano- and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wesemann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Larissa Schoske
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering -Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Rosebrock
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering -Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen D J Hindricks
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering -Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Callinstraße 9, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Behrens
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering -Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Nano- and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Callinstraße 9, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef W Bahnemann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory "Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials", Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Saint-Petersburg, 198504, Peterhof, Russia
| | - Dirk Dorfs
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering -Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Nano- and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadja C Bigall
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering -Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Nano- and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Micheel M, Dong K, Amirav L, Wächtler M. Lateral charge migration in 1D semiconductor-metal hybrid photocatalytic systems. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2882241. [PMID: 37093989 DOI: 10.1063/5.0144785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Colloidal nanorods based on CdS or CdSe, functionalized with metal particles, have proven to be efficient catalysts for light-driven hydrogen evolution. Seeded CdSe@CdS nanorods have shown increasing performance with increasing rod length. This observation was rationalized by the increasing lifetime of the separated charges, as a large distance between holes localized in the CdSe seed and electrons localized at the metal tip decreases their recombination rate. However, the impact of nanorod length on the electron-to-tip localization efficiency or pathway remained an open question. Therefore, we investigated the photo-induced electron transfer to the metal in a series of Ni-tipped CdSe@CdS nanorods with varying length. We find that the transfer processes occurring from the region close to the semiconductor-metal interface, the rod region, and the CdSe seed region depend in different ways on the rods' length. The rate of the fastest process from excitonic states generated directly at the interface is independent of the rod length, but the relative amplitude decreases with increasing rod length, as the weight of the interface region is decreasing. The transfer of electrons to the metal tip from excitons generated in the CdS rod region depends strongly on the length of the nanorods, which indicates an electron transport-limited process, i.e., electron diffusion toward the interface region, followed by fast interface crossing. The transfer originating from the CdSe excitonic states again shows no significant length dependence in its time constant, as it is probably limited by the rate of overcoming the shallow confinement in the CdSe seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Micheel
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kaituo Dong
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Lilac Amirav
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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12
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Shulenberger KE, Jilek MR, Sherman SJ, Hohman BT, Dukovic G. Electronic Structure and Excited State Dynamics of Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanorods. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3852-3903. [PMID: 36881852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The cylindrical quasi-one-dimensional shape of colloidal semiconductor nanorods (NRs) gives them unique electronic structure and optical properties. In addition to the band gap tunability common to nanocrystals, NRs have polarized light absorption and emission and high molar absorptivities. NR-shaped heterostructures feature control of electron and hole locations as well as light emission energy and efficiency. We comprehensively review the electronic structure and optical properties of Cd-chalcogenide NRs and NR heterostructures (e.g., CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods, CdSe/ZnS rod-in-rods), which have been widely investigated over the last two decades due in part to promising optoelectronic applications. We start by describing methods for synthesizing these colloidal NRs. We then detail the electronic structure of single-component and heterostructure NRs and follow with a discussion of light absorption and emission in these materials. Next, we describe the excited state dynamics of these NRs, including carrier cooling, carrier and exciton migration, radiative and nonradiative recombination, multiexciton generation and dynamics, and processes that involve trapped carriers. Finally, we describe charge transfer from photoexcited NRs and connect the dynamics of these processes with light-driven chemistry. We end with an outlook that highlights some of the outstanding questions about the excited state properties of Cd-chalcogenide NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison R Jilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Skylar J Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin T Hohman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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13
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Ben-Shahar Y, Stone D, Banin U. Rich Landscape of Colloidal Semiconductor-Metal Hybrid Nanostructures: Synthesis, Synergetic Characteristics, and Emerging Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3790-3851. [PMID: 36735598 PMCID: PMC10103135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanochemistry provides powerful synthetic tools allowing one to combine different materials on a single nanostructure, thus unfolding numerous possibilities to tailor their properties toward diverse functionalities. Herein, we review the progress in the field of semiconductor-metal hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) focusing on metal-chalcogenides-metal combined systems. The fundamental principles of their synthesis are discussed, leading to a myriad of possible hybrid architectures including Janus zero-dimensional quantum dot-based systems and anisotropic quasi 1D nanorods and quasi-2D platelets. The properties of HNPs are described with particular focus on emergent synergetic characteristics. Of these, the light-induced charge-separation effect across the semiconductor-metal nanojunction is of particular interest as a basis for the utilization of HNPs in photocatalytic applications. The extensive studies on the charge-separation behavior and its dependence on the HNPs structural characteristics, environmental and chemical conditions, and light excitation regime are surveyed. Combining the advanced synthetic control with the charge-separation effect has led to demonstration of various applications of HNPs in different fields. A particular promise lies in their functionality as photocatalysts for a variety of uses, including solar-to-fuel conversion, as a new type of photoinitiator for photopolymerization and 3D printing, and in novel chemical and biomedical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ben-Shahar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona74100, Israel
| | - David Stone
- The Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem91904, Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem91904, Israel
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14
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Photosynthesis assembling of ZCS/PO/Ni3Pi2 catalyst for three-stage photocatalytic water splitting into H2 and H2O2. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Lin Q, Huang X, Lu L, Tang D. Snowflake-like CdS@ZnIn 2S 4 heterojunction-based photocatalyst-electrolyte effect: An innovative mode for photoelectrochemical immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114679. [PMID: 36099837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting innovative strategies with signal amplification in photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing systems to realize sensitive screening of low-abundance proteins has become one of the mainstream research orientations. Herein we reported a new strategy to amplify photocurrent signal employing a photocatalyst-electrolyte effect in alkaline media for the sensitive monitoring of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using snowflake-liked CdS@ZnIn2S4 heterojunction as photosensitizer. In this strategy, both the band-edge position and surface redox reaction process were subtly altered by modulating the alkalinity of electrolyte. The hydroxyl anions (OH-) from NaOH could be oxidized to hydroxyl radicals (·OH) by the holes in CdS@ZnIn2S4, thus accelerating the scavenging of holes and promoting the photocurrent. Based on the above-mentioned mechanism, a sensitive split-type glucose oxidase-mediated PEC immunosensor for PSA detection was fabricated. Upon target PSA introduction, the glucose acid was generated through the sandwich-type immunoreaction to affect the alkalinity of PEC detection environment, thereby suppressing the photocurrent intensity. The CdS@ZnIn2S4-based PEC immunosensor exhibited satisfactory photocurrent responses with a good linear range of 0.04-40 ng mL-1 at a limit of detection of 14 pg mL-1. Significantly, this research not only introduces an effective strategy to detect PSA with good sensitivity and specificity, but also provides a new insight to amplify the signal by regulating the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Lin
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Xue Huang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Liling Lu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China.
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16
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Rosner T, Pavlopoulos NG, Shoyhet H, Micheel M, Wächtler M, Adir N, Amirav L. The Other Dimension-Tuning Hole Extraction via Nanorod Width. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193343. [PMID: 36234471 PMCID: PMC9565346 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar-to-hydrogen generation is a promising approach to generate clean and renewable fuel. Nanohybrid structures such as CdSe@CdS-Pt nanorods were found favorable for this task (attaining 100% photon-to-hydrogen production efficiency); yet the rods cannot support overall water splitting. The key limitation seems to be the rate of hole extraction from the semiconductor, jeopardizing both activity and stability. It is suggested that hole extraction might be improved via tuning the rod's dimensions, specifically the width of the CdS shell around the CdSe seed in which the holes reside. In this contribution, we successfully attain atomic-scale control over the width of CdSe@CdS nanorods, which enables us to verify this hypothesis and explore the intricate influence of shell diameter over hole quenching and photocatalytic activity towards H2 production. A non-monotonic effect of the rod's diameter is revealed, and the underlying mechanism for this observation is discussed, alongside implications towards the future design of nanoscale photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Rosner
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Nicholas G. Pavlopoulos
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Hagit Shoyhet
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Mathias Micheel
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (N.A.); (L.A.)
| | - Noam Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (N.A.); (L.A.)
| | - Lilac Amirav
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (N.A.); (L.A.)
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17
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Dong K, Le T, Nakibli Y, Schleusener A, Wächtler M, Amirav L. Molecular Metallocorrole-Nanorod Photocatalytic System for Sustainable Hydrogen Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200804. [PMID: 35789067 PMCID: PMC9540064 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water is a potential source of clean and renewable fuel. Yet systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not been realized. Here, nanorod photocatalysts that have proven record activity for the water reduction half reaction were successfully combined with molecular metallocorroles suitable for catalyzing the accompanying oxidation reactions. Utilization of OH- /⋅OH redox species as charge transfer shuttle between freely mixed metallocorroles and rods resulted in quantum efficiency that peaked as high as 17 % for hydrogen production from water in the absence of sacrificial hole scavengers. While typically each sacrificial scavenger is able to extract but a single hole, here the molecular metallocorrole catalysts were found to successfully handle nearly 300,000 holes during their lifespan. The implications of the new system on the prospects of realizing practical overall water splitting and direct solar-to-fuel energy conversion were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Dong
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
- Current address of T.-A. Le: Faculty of science and engineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurku20500Finland
| | - Trung‐Anh Le
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
- Current address of T.-A. Le: Faculty of science and engineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurku20500Finland
| | - Yifat Nakibli
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
- Current address of T.-A. Le: Faculty of science and engineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurku20500Finland
| | - Alexander Schleusener
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Current address of Dr. A. Schleusener: Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 3016163GenovaItaly
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Current address of Dr. A. Schleusener: Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 3016163GenovaItaly
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of PhotonicsAlbert-Einstein-Straße 607745JenaGermany
| | - Lilac Amirav
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
- Current address of T.-A. Le: Faculty of science and engineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurku20500Finland
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18
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Wang N, Cheong S, Yoon DE, Lu P, Lee H, Lee YK, Park YS, Lee DC. Efficient, Selective CO 2 Photoreduction Enabled by Facet-Resolved Redox-Active Sites on Colloidal CdS Nanosheets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16974-16983. [PMID: 36007150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have enabled precise design of catalytic sites for CO2 photoreduction, pushing product selectivity to near unity. However, activity of most nanostructured photocatalysts remains underwhelming due to fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and sluggish hole transfer. To address these issues, we construct colloidal CdS nanosheets (NSs) with the large basal planes terminated by S2- atomic layers as intrinsic photocatalysts (CdS-S2- NSs). Experimental investigation reveals that the S2- termination endows ultrathin CdS-S2- NSs with facet-resolved redox-catalytic sites: oxidation occurs on S2--terminated large basal facets and reduction happens on side facets. Such an allocation of redox sites not only promotes spatial separation of photoinduced electrons and holes but also facilitates balanced extraction of holes and electrons by shortening the hole diffusion distance along the (001) direction of the ultrathin NSs. Consequently, the CdS-S2- NSs exhibit superb performance for photocatalytic CO2-to-CO conversion, which was verified by the isotope-labeled experiments to be a record-breaking performance: a CO selectivity of 99%, a CO formation rate of 2.13 mol g-1 h-1, and an effective apparent quantum efficiency of 42.1% under the irradiation (340 to 450 nm) of a solar simulator (AM 1.5G). The breakthrough performance achieved in this work provides novel insights into the precise design of nanostructures for selective and efficient CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianfang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhyeon Cheong
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kuk Lee
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Shin Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh C Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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19
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Bachar O, Meirovich MM, Zeibaq Y, Yehezkeli O. Protein‐Mediated Biosynthesis of Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Photocatalytic NAD(P)H Regeneration and Chiral Amine Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202457. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Bachar
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
| | - Matan M. Meirovich
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
| | - Yara Zeibaq
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
| | - Omer Yehezkeli
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
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20
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Dong K, Pezzetta C, Chen QC, Kaushansky A, Agosti A, Bergamini G, Davidson R, Amirav L. Nanorod Photocatalysts For C‐O Cross‐coupling Reactions. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Dong
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology chemistry ISRAEL
| | | | - Qiu-Cheng Chen
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology chemistry ISRAEL
| | | | | | | | | | - Lilac Amirav
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion 3200008 Haifa ISRAEL
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21
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Bachar O, Meirovich MM, Zeibaq Y, Yehezkeli O. Protein‐Mediated Biosynthesis of Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Photocatalytic NAD(P)H Regeneration and Chiral Amine Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Bachar
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
| | - Matan M. Meirovich
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
| | - Yara Zeibaq
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
| | - Omer Yehezkeli
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
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22
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Cohen T, Waiskopf N, Levi A, Stone D, Remennik S, Banin U. Flow synthesis of photocatalytic semiconductor-metal hybrid nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1944-1953. [PMID: 35050298 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor-metal hybrid nanostructures are promising materials for photocatalytic applications, providing high efficiencies compared to their composing counterparts. So far, the synthesis of such hybrid nanoparticles was limited to batch reactors, achieving tunability while demonstrating how each of the nanocrystals' characteristics affects photocatalytic performances. Yet, new methodologies should be established to increase the synthetic yield while maintaining high control over the resulting structures. Herein, scalable advanced flow techniques are introduced, yielding ZnSe-metal hybrid nanoparticles either in a thermal growth or photo-induced growth regime. Firstly, thermal gold growth in the flow reactor is achieved with good control over the metal tip size and the nanoparticle morphology. We address the dependence of the reaction on temperature, the precursor to nanorod molar ratios, and additional parameters. Additionally, light-induced growth by the flow reactor is demonstrated for platinum clusters. The quality of the resulting hybrids is directly demonstrated by their functionality in photocatalytic hydrogen generation by water reduction, displaying enhanced activity compared to bare ZnSe nanorods. The fairly straightforward adaptation of such powerful flow-reaction techniques to scale-up photocatalytic hybrid nanoparticle syntheses takes them one step forwards towards the realization of their potential in real-life application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Cohen
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nir Waiskopf
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Adar Levi
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David Stone
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sergei Remennik
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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23
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Liu Y, Yang W, Chen Q, Cullen DA, Xie Z, Lian T. Pt Particle Size Affects Both the Charge Separation and Water Reduction Efficiencies of CdS-Pt Nanorod Photocatalysts for Light Driven H 2 Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2705-2715. [PMID: 35089025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing the metal catalyst size into nanoclusters or even single atom is an emerging direction of developing more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems. Because the catalyst particle size affects both the catalyst activity and light driven charge separation efficiency, their effects on the overall photocatalytic efficiency are still poorly understood. Herein, using a well-defined semiconductor-metal heterostructure with Pt nanoparticle catalysts selectively grown on the apexes of CdS nanorods (NRs), we study the effect of the Pt catalyst size on light driven H2 generation quantum efficiency (QEH2). With the increase of the Pt catalyst size from 0.7 ± 0.3 to 3.0 ± 0.8 nm, the QEH2 of CdS-Pt increases from 0.5 ± 0.2% to 38.3 ± 5.1%, by nearly 2 orders of magnitude. Transient absorption spectroscopy measurement reveals that the electron transfer rate from the CdS NR to the Pt tip increases with the Pt diameter following a scaling law of d5.6, giving rise to the increase of electron transfer efficiency at larger Pt sizes. The observed trend can be understood by a simplified kinetic model that assumes the overall efficiency is the product of the quantum efficiencies of charge separation (including hole transfer, electron transfer, and hole scavenging) and water reduction steps, and for CdS-Pt NRs, the quantum efficiencies of electron transfer and water reduction steps increase with the Pt sizes. Our findings suggest the importance of improving the quantum efficiencies of both charge separation and catalysis in designing efficient semiconductor-metal hybrid photocatalysts, especially in the regime of small metal particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaoli Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,State of Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - David A Cullen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhaoxiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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24
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Behi M, Gholami L, Naficy S, Palomba S, Dehghani F. Carbon dots: a novel platform for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:353-376. [PMID: 36132691 PMCID: PMC9419304 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a recently synthesised class of carbon-based nanostructures known as zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials, which have drawn a great deal of attention owing to their distinctive features, which encompass optical properties (e.g., photoluminescence), ease of passivation, low cost, simple synthetic route, accessibility of precursors and other properties. These newly synthesised nano-sized materials can replace traditional semiconductor quantum dots, which exhibit significant toxicity drawbacks and higher cost. It is demonstrated that their involvement in diverse areas of chemical and bio-sensing, bio-imaging, drug delivery, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and light-emitting devices consider them as flawless and potential candidates for biomedical application. In this review, we provide a classification of CDs within their extended families, an overview of the different methods of CDs preparation, especially from natural sources, i.e., environmentally friendly and their unique photoluminescence properties, thoroughly describing the peculiar aspects of their applications in the biomedical field, where we think they will thrive as the next generation of quantum emitters. We believe that this review covers a niche that was not reviewed by other similar publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Behi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 Australia
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Leila Gholami
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science Mashhad Iran
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 Australia
| | - Stefano Palomba
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 Australia
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25
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Yang M, Xiong Q, Kodaimati MS, Jiang X, Schweitzer NM, Schatz GC, Weiss EA. Dynamic Control of Photocatalytic Proton Reduction through the Mechanical Actuation of a Hydrogel Host Matrix. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:12135-12141. [PMID: 34913699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution system that is dynamically and reversibly responsive to the pH of the surrounding solution through the actuation of a microhydrogel (microgel) matrix that hosts the photocatalysts (CdSe/CdS nanorods). The reversible actuation occurs within 0.58 (swelling) and 1.7 s (contraction). ΔpH = 0.01 relative to the pKa of the tertiary amine on the microgel polymer (7.27) results in a reversible change in the average diameter of the microgel hosts by a factor of 2.4 and a change in the photocatalytic turnover frequency (TOF) by a factor of 5. Kinetic isotope effect and photoluminescence quenching experiments reveal that the scavenging of the photoexcited hole by sulfite ions is the rate-limiting step and leads to the observed response of the TOF to pH through the actuation of the microgel. Molecular dynamics simulations quantify a greater local concentration of sulfite hole scavengers for pH < pKa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Qinsi Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mohamad S Kodaimati
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Neil M Schweitzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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26
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Liu Y, Cullen DA, Lian T. Slow Auger Recombination of Trapped Excitons Enables Efficient Multiple Electron Transfer in CdS-Pt Nanorod Heterostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20264-20273. [PMID: 34797980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Solar-to-fuel conversion reaction often requires multiple proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes powered by the energetic electrons and/or holes generated by the absorption of multiple photons. The effective coupling of multiple electron transfer from the light absorber with the multiple PCET reactions at the catalytic center is one of the key challenges in efficient and selective conversion of solar energy to chemical fuels. In this paper, we examine the dynamics of multiple electron transfer in quantum confined CdS nanorods with a Pt tip, in which the CdS rod functions as the light absorber and the Pt tip the catalytic center. By excitation-fluence-dependent transient absorption spectroscopic measurements, we show that the multiexciton Auger recombination rate in CdS rods follows a carrier-collision model, knA = n2(n - 1)/4k2A, with a biexciton lifetime (1/k2A) of 2.0 ± 0.2 ns. In CdS-Pt nanorods, electron transfer kinetics from the CdS conduction band edge to the Pt show negligible dependence on the excitation fluence, occurring with a half-life time of 5.6 ± 0.6 ps. The efficiency of multiple exciton dissociation by multiple electron transfer to Pt decreases from 100% in biexciton states to ∼41% at 22 exciton state due to the competition with Auger recombination. The half-lifetime of the n-charge separated state recombination (with n electrons in the Pt and n holes in the CdS) decreases from 10 μs in the single charge separated state to 42 ns in nine charge separated states. Our findings suggest the possibility of driving multielectron photocatalytic reactions under intense illumination and controlling product selectivity through multielectron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David A Cullen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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27
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Hao J, Liu H, Wang K, Sun XW, Delville JP, Delville MH. Hole Scavenging and Electron-Hole Pair Photoproduction Rate: Two Mandatory Key Factors to Control Single-Tip Au-CdSe/CdS Nanoheterodimers. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15328-15341. [PMID: 34460229 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal/semiconductor hetero-nanostructures are now considered as benchmark functional nanomaterials for many light-driven applications. Using laser-driven photodeposition to control growth of gold nanodots (NDs) onto CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods (DRs), we show that the addition of a dedicated hole scavenger (MeOH) is the cornerstone to significantly reduce to less than 3.5% the multiple-site nucleation and 2.5% the rate of gold-free DRs. This means, from a synthetic point of view, that rates up to 90% of single-tip DRs can be reproducibly achieved. Moreover, by systematically varying this hole scavenger concentration and the Au/DRs ratio on the one hand, and the irradiation intensity and the time exposure on the other hand, we explain how gold deposition switches from multisite to single-tipped and how the growth and final size of the single photodeposited ND can be controlled. A model also establishes that the results obtained based on these different varying conditions can be merged onto a single "master behavior" that summarizes and predicts the single-tip gold ND growth onto the CdSe/CdS DRs. We eventually use data from the literature on growth of platinum NDs onto CdS nanorods by laser-deposition to extend our investigation to another metal of major interest and strengthen our modeling of single metallic ND growth onto II-VI semiconducting nanoparticles. This demonstrated strategy can raise a common methodology in the synthesis of single-tip semiconductor-metal hybrid nanoheterodimers (NHDs), leading to advanced nanoparticles architectures for applications in areas as different as photocatalysis, hydrogen production, photovoltaics, and light detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hao
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, Pessac F-33608, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Wei Sun
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Marie-Helene Delville
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, Pessac F-33608, France
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28
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Sathiyan K, Bar-Ziv R, Marks V, Meyerstein D, Zidki T. The Role of Common Alcoholic Sacrificial Agents in Photocatalysis: Is It Always Trivial? Chemistry 2021; 27:15936-15943. [PMID: 34494701 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen production is proposed as a sustainable energy source. Simultaneous reduction and oxidation of water is a complex multistep reaction with high overpotential. Photocatalytic processes involving semiconductors transfer electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. Sacrificial substrates that react with the photochemically formed holes in the valence band are often used to study the mechanism of H2 production, as they scavenge the holes and hinder charge carrier recombination (electron-hole pairs). Here, we show that the desired sacrificial agent is one forming a radical that is a fairly strong reducing agent, and whose oxidized form is not a good electron acceptor that might suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In an acidic medium, methanol was found to fulfill both these requirements better than ethanol and propan-2-ol in the TiO2 -(M0 -NPs) (M=Au or Pt) system, whereas in an alkaline medium, the alcohols exhibit a reverse order of activity. Moreover, we report that CH2 (OH)2 is by far the most efficient sacrificial agent in a nontrivial mechanism in acidic media. Our study provides general guidelines for choosing an appropriate sacrificial substrate and helps to explain the variance in the performance of alcohol scavenger-based photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Sathiyan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Centers for Radical Reactions and Material Research and the Schlesinger Family Center for Compact Accelerators, Radiation Sources and Applications, Kyriat Hamada 3, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Ronen Bar-Ziv
- Department of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Center Negev, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva, 84190, Israel
| | - Vered Marks
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Centers for Radical Reactions and Material Research and the Schlesinger Family Center for Compact Accelerators, Radiation Sources and Applications, Kyriat Hamada 3, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Centers for Radical Reactions and Material Research and the Schlesinger Family Center for Compact Accelerators, Radiation Sources and Applications, Kyriat Hamada 3, Ariel, 40700, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tomer Zidki
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Centers for Radical Reactions and Material Research and the Schlesinger Family Center for Compact Accelerators, Radiation Sources and Applications, Kyriat Hamada 3, Ariel, 40700, Israel
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29
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Yan T, Liu H, Jin Z. Graphdiyne Based Ternary GD-CuI-NiTiO 3 S-Scheme Heterjunction Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24896-24906. [PMID: 34019381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the demand of fossil fuels continues to expand, hydrogen energy is considered a promising alternative energy. In this work, the NiTiO3-CuI-GD ternary system was successfully constructed based on morphology modulation and energy band structure design. First, the one-pot method was used to cleverly embed the cubes CuI in the stacked graphdiyne (GD) to prepare the hybrid CuI-GD, and CuI-GD was anchored on the surface of NiTiO3 by simple physical stirring. The unique spatial arrangement of the composite catalyst was utilized to improve the hydrogen production activity under light. Second, to combine various characterization tools and energy band structures, we proposed an step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction photocatalytic reaction mechanism, among them, the tubular NiTiO3 formed by the self-assembled of nanoparticles provided sufficient sites for the anchoring of CuI-GD, and the thin layer GD acted as an electron acceptor to capture a large number of electrons with the help of the conjugated carbon network; cubes CuI could consume holes in the reaction system; the loading of CuI-GD greatly improved the oxidation and reduction ability of the whole catalytic system. The S-scheme heterojunction accelerated the transfer of carriers and improved the separation efficiency. The experiment provides a new insight into the construction of an efficient and eco-friendly multicatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
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30
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Karaman C, Karaman O, Atar N, Yola ML. Electrochemical immunosensor development based on core-shell high-crystalline graphitic carbon nitride@carbon dots and Cd 0.5Zn 0.5S/d-Ti 3C 2T x MXene composite for heart-type fatty acid-binding protein detection. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:182. [PMID: 33959811 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant health problem owing to its high mortality rate. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP) is an important biomarker in the diagnosis of AMI. In this work, an electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor was developed based on Cd0.5Zn0.5S/d-Ti3C2Tx MXene (MXene: Transition metal carbide or nitride) composite as signal amplificator and core-shell high-crystalline graphitic carbon nitride@carbon dots (hc-g-C3N4@CDs) as electrochemical sensor platform. Firstly, a facile calcination technique was applied to the preparation of hc-g-C3N4@CDs and immobilization of primary antibody was performed on hc-g-C3N4@CDs surface. Then, the conjugation of the second antibody to Cd0.5Zn0.5S/d-Ti3C2Tx MXene was carried out by strong π-π and electrostatic interactions. The prepared electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The prepared electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor indicated a good sensitivity with detection limit (LOD) of 3.30 fg mL-1 in the potential range +0.1 to +0.5 V. Lastly, low-cost, satisfactory stable, and environmentally friendly immunosensor was presented for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Karaman
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Electricity and Energy, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onur Karaman
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Necip Atar
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Lütfi Yola
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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31
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Rameshbabu R, Ravi P, Pecchi G, Delgado EJ, Mangalaraja R, Sathish M. Black Trumpet Mushroom-like ZnS incorporated with Cu3P: Noble metal free photocatalyst for superior photocatalytic H2 production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 590:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Barrio J, Barzilai S, Karjule N, Amo-Ochoa P, Zamora F, Shalom M. Synergistic Doping and Surface Decoration of Carbon Nitride Macrostructures by Single Crystal Design. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:1868-1875. [PMID: 33644702 PMCID: PMC7903700 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tailored design of hybrid carbon nitride (CN) materials is quite challenging because of the drawbacks of the solid-state reaction, and the utilization of single crystals containing C-N monomers as reactants for the high-temperature reaction has been proven to imprint a given chemical composition, morphology, or electronic structure. We report the one-pot synthesis of alkali-containing CN macrostructures with ionic crystals on its surface by utilizing a tailored melamine-hydrochloride-based molecular single crystal containing NaCl and KCl as reactants. Structural and optical investigations reveal that upon calcination, molecular doping with Na+ and K+ is achieved, and additionally, the ionic species remain on the surface of the materials, resulting in an enhanced H2 evolution performance through water splitting owing to a high ionic strength of the reaction media. Additionally, the most stable configuration of the alkaline metals in the CN lattice is evaluated by DFT calculations. This work provides an approach for the rational design of CN and other related metal-free materials with controllable properties for energy-related applications and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Barrio
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College London, London SW2AZ, England
| | - Shmuel Barzilai
- Department
of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Neeta Karjule
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research
in Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Félix Zamora
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research
in Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Institute (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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33
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Banin U, Waiskopf N, Hammarström L, Boschloo G, Freitag M, Johansson EMJ, Sá J, Tian H, Johnston MB, Herz LM, Milot RL, Kanatzidis MG, Ke W, Spanopoulos I, Kohlstedt KL, Schatz GC, Lewis N, Meyer T, Nozik AJ, Beard MC, Armstrong F, Megarity CF, Schmuttenmaer CA, Batista VS, Brudvig GW. Nanotechnology for catalysis and solar energy conversion. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:042003. [PMID: 33155576 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbce8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This roadmap on Nanotechnology for Catalysis and Solar Energy Conversion focuses on the application of nanotechnology in addressing the current challenges of energy conversion: 'high efficiency, stability, safety, and the potential for low-cost/scalable manufacturing' to quote from the contributed article by Nathan Lewis. This roadmap focuses on solar-to-fuel conversion, solar water splitting, solar photovoltaics and bio-catalysis. It includes dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells, and organic photovoltaics. Smart engineering of colloidal quantum materials and nanostructured electrodes will improve solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, as described in the articles by Waiskopf and Banin and Meyer. Semiconductor nanoparticles will also improve solar energy conversion efficiency, as discussed by Boschloo et al in their article on DSSCs. Perovskite solar cells have advanced rapidly in recent years, including new ideas on 2D and 3D hybrid halide perovskites, as described by Spanopoulos et al 'Next generation' solar cells using multiple exciton generation (MEG) from hot carriers, described in the article by Nozik and Beard, could lead to remarkable improvement in photovoltaic efficiency by using quantization effects in semiconductor nanostructures (quantum dots, wires or wells). These challenges will not be met without simultaneous improvement in nanoscale characterization methods. Terahertz spectroscopy, discussed in the article by Milot et al is one example of a method that is overcoming the difficulties associated with nanoscale materials characterization by avoiding electrical contacts to nanoparticles, allowing characterization during device operation, and enabling characterization of a single nanoparticle. Besides experimental advances, computational science is also meeting the challenges of nanomaterials synthesis. The article by Kohlstedt and Schatz discusses the computational frameworks being used to predict structure-property relationships in materials and devices, including machine learning methods, with an emphasis on organic photovoltaics. The contribution by Megarity and Armstrong presents the 'electrochemical leaf' for improvements in electrochemistry and beyond. In addition, biohybrid approaches can take advantage of efficient and specific enzyme catalysts. These articles present the nanoscience and technology at the forefront of renewable energy development that will have significant benefits to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - N Waiskopf
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - L Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Freitag
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E M J Johansson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M B Johnston
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R L Milot
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - W Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - I Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - K L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - G C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - N Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Beckman Institute, 210 Noyes Laboratory, 127-72 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
| | - T Meyer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - A J Nozik
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Department of Chemistry, 80309, United States of America
| | - M C Beard
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
| | - F Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - V S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - G W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
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34
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Burke R, Bren KL, Krauss TD. Semiconductor nanocrystal photocatalysis for the production of solar fuels. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:030901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0032172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeckah Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Kara L. Bren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Todd D. Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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35
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Waiskopf N, Magdassi S, Banin U. Quantum Photoinitiators: Toward Emerging Photocuring Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:577-587. [PMID: 33353293 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals are promising photocatalysts for a wide range of applications, ranging from alternative fuel generation to biomedical and environmental applications. This stems from their diverse properties, including flexible spectral tunability, stability, and photocatalytic efficiencies. Their functionality depends on the complex influence of multiple parameters, including their composition, dimensions, architecture, surface coating, and environmental conditions. A particularly promising direction for rapid adoption of these nanoparticles as photocatalysts is their ability to act as photoinitiators (PIs) for radical polymerization. Previous studies served to demonstrate the proof of concept for the use of quantum confined semiconductor nanocrystals as photoinitiators, coining the term Quantum PIs, and provided insights for their photocatalytic mechanism of action. However, these early reports suffered from low efficiencies while requiring purging with inert gases, use of additives, and irradiation by high light intensities with very long excitation durations, which limited their potential for real-life applications. The progress in nanocrystal syntheses and surface engineering has opened the way to the introduction of the next generation of Quantum PIs. Herein, we introduce the research area of nanocrystal photocatalysts, review their studies as Quantum PIs for radical polymerization, from suspension polymerization to novel printing, as well as in a new family of polymerization techniques, of reversible deactivation radical polymerization, and provide a forward-looking view for the challenges and prospects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Waiskopf
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Ha HD, Yan C, Katsoukis G, Kamat GA, Moreno-Hernandez IA, Frei H, Alivisatos AP. Precise Colloidal Plasmonic Photocatalysts Constructed by Multistep Photodepositions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8661-8667. [PMID: 33226246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural photosynthesis relies on a sophisticated charge transfer pathway among multiple components with precise spatial, energetic, and temporal organizations in the aqueous environment. It continues to inspire and challenge the design and fabrication of artificial multicomponent colloidal nanostructures for solar-to-fuel conversion. Herein, we introduce a plasmonic photocatalyst synthesized with colloidal methods with five integrated components including cocatalysts installed in orthogonal locations. The precise deposition of individual inorganic components on an Au/TiO2 nanodumbell nanostructure is enabled by photoreduction and photo-oxidation, which selectively occurs at the TiO2 tip sites and Au lateral sites, respectively. Under visible-light irradiation, the photocatalyst exhibited activity of oxygen evolution from water without scavengers. We demonstrate that each component is essential for improving the photocatalytic performance. In addition, mechanistic studies suggest that the photocatalytic reaction requires combining the hot charge carriers derived from exciting both the d-sp interband transition and the localized surface plasmon resonance of Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Dong Ha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Georgios Katsoukis
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gaurav A Kamat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan A Moreno-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Heinz Frei
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United states
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37
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Rani E, Talebi P, Cao W, Huttula M, Singh H. Harnessing photo/electro-catalytic activity via nano-junctions in ternary nanocomposites for clean energy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23461-23479. [PMID: 33211053 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05782g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Though solar energy availability is predicted for centuries, the diurnal and asymmetrical nature of the sun across the globe presents significant challenges in terms of harvesting sunlight. Photo/electro-catalysis, currently believed to be the bottleneck, promises a potential solution to these challenges along with a green and sustainable environment. This review aims to provide the current highlights on the application of inorganic-semiconductor-based ternary nanocomposites for H2 production and pollutant removal. Various engineering strategies employing integration of 2D materials, 1D nanorods, and/or 0D nanoparticles with inorganic semiconductors to create multiple nano-junctions have been developed for the excellent photocatalytic activity. Following a succinct description of the latest progress in photocatalysts, a discussion on the importance of ternary electrocatalysts in the field of next-generation supercapacitors has been included. Finally, the authors' perspectives are considered briefly, including future developments and critical technical challenges in the ever-growing field of photo/electro-catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Rani
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland.
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Schaak RE, Steimle BC, Fenton JL. Made-to-Order Heterostructured Nanoparticle Libraries. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2558-2568. [PMID: 33026804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles that contain multiple materials connected through interfaces, often called heterostructured nanoparticles, are important constructs for many current and emerging applications. Such particles combine semiconductors, metals, insulators, catalysts, magnets, and other functional components that interact synergistically to enable applications in areas that include energy, nanomedicine, nanophotonics, photocatalysis, and active matter. To synthesize heterostructured nanoparticles, it is important to control all of the property-defining features of individual nanoparticles-size, shape, uniformity, crystal structure, composition, surface chemistry, and dispersibility-in addition to interfaces, asymmetry, and spatial organization, which facilitate communication among the constituent materials and enable their synergistic functions. While it is challenging to control all of these nanoscale features simultaneously, nanoparticle cation exchange reactions offer powerful capabilities that overcome many of the synthetic bottlenecks. In these reactions, which are often carried out on metal chalcogenide materials such as roxbyite copper sulfide (Cu1.8S) that have high cation mobilities and a high density of vacancies, cations from solution replace cations in the nanoparticle. Replacing only a fraction of the cations can produce phase-segregated products having internal interfaces, i.e., heterostructured nanoparticles. By the use of multiple partial cation exchange reactions, multicomponent heterostructured nanoparticles can be synthesized.In this Account, we discuss the use of multiple sequential partial cation exchange reactions to rationally construct complex heterostructured nanoparticles toward the goal of made-to-order synthesis. Sequential partial exchange of the Cu+ cations in roxbyite Cu1.8S spheres, rods, and plates produces a library of 47 derivatives that maintain the size, shape, and uniformity defined by the roxbyite templates while introducing various types of interfaces and different materials into the resulting heterostructured nanoparticles. When an excess of the metal salt reagent is used, the reaction time controls the extent of partial cation exchange. When a substoichiometric amount of metal salt reagent is used instead, the extent of partial cation exchange can be precisely controlled by the cation concentration. This approach allows significant control over the number, order, and location of partial cation exchange reactions. Up to seven sequential partial cation exchange reactions can be applied to roxbyite Cu1.8S nanorods to produce derivative heterostructured nanorods containing as many as six different materials, eight internal interfaces, and 11 segments, i.e. ZnS-CuInS2-CuGaS2-CoS-[CdS-(ZnS-CuInS2)]-Cu1.8S. We considered all possible injection sequences of five cations (Zn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, In3+, Ga3+) applied to all accessible Cu1.8S-derived nanorod precursors along with simple design criteria based on preferred cation exchange locations and crystal structure relationships. Using these guidelines, we mapped out synthetically feasible pathways to 65 520 distinct heterostructured nanorods, experimentally observed 113 members of this heterostructured nanorod megalibrary, and then made three of these in high yield and in isolatable quantities. By expansion of these capabilities into a broader scope of materials and identification of additional design guidelines, it should be possible to move beyond model systems and access functional targets rationally and retrosynthetically. Overall, the ability to access large libraries of complex heterostructured nanoparticles in a made-to-order manner is an important step toward bridging the gap between design and synthesis.
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Guo X, Li Q, Liu Y, Jin T, Chen Y, Guo L, Lian T. Enhanced Light-Driven Charge Separation and H 2 Generation Efficiency in WSe 2 Nanosheet-Semiconductor Nanocrystal Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44769-44776. [PMID: 32914948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor-catalyst heterostructures have shown promising performances for light-driven H2 generation, although further development of these materials is hindered by the lack of cost-effective and efficient catalysts. In this paper, we adopt a colloidal method to prepare few-layer WSe2 nanosheets without exfoliation and apply them as catalysts for forming heterostructures with a wide range of semiconductor absorbers (CdS nanorods, CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods, TiO2 nanoparticles, g-C3N4 nanosheets). These WSe2-semiconductor heterostructures show enhanced solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies compared to semiconductors without WSe2. The detailed mechanism of this enhancement has been investigated using WSe2 nanosheet-decorated CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods as a model system, which display ∼5.5-fold higher hydrogen generation apparent quantum efficiency compared to free CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods. Transient absorption spectroscopic studies reveal efficient charge separation in WSe2-decorated CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods, suggesting its key role in enhancing the H2 generation efficiency of WSe2-semiconductor heterostructures. This work demonstrates the great potentials of WSe2 nanosheets as catalysts for light-driven hydrogen production and the important effect of forming WSe2-semiconductor heterostructures in facilitating charge separation and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Qiuyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yawei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yubin Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Liejin Guo
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Influence of Surface Ligands on Charge-Carrier Trapping and Relaxation in Water-Soluble CdSe@CdS Nanorods. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the impact of the type of ligand at the surface of colloidal CdSe@CdS dot-in-rod nanostructures on the basic exciton relaxation and charge localization processes is closely examined. These systems have been introduced into the field of artificial photosynthesis as potent photosensitizers in assemblies for light driven hydrogen generation. Following photoinduced exciton generation, electrons can be transferred to catalytic reaction centers while holes localize into the CdSe seed, which can prevent charge recombination and lead to the formation of long-lived charge separation in assemblies containing catalytic reaction centers. These processes are in competition with trapping processes of charges at surface defect sites. The density and type of surface defects strongly depend on the type of ligand used. Here we report on a systematic steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic investigation of the impact of the type of anchoring group (phosphine oxide, thiols, dithiols, amines) and the bulkiness of the ligand (alkyl chains vs. poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)) to unravel trapping pathways and localization efficiencies. We show that the introduction of the widely used thiol ligands leads to an increase of hole traps at the surface compared to trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) capped rods, which prevent hole localization in the CdSe core. On the other hand, steric restrictions, e.g., in dithiolates or with bulky side chains (PEG), decrease the surface coverage, and increase the density of electron trap states, impacting the recombination dynamics at the ns timescale. The amines in poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) on the other hand can saturate and remove surface traps to a wide extent. Implications for catalysis are discussed.
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41
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Wang J, Ding T, Wu K. Coulomb Barrier for Sequential Two-Electron Transfer in a Nanoengineered Photocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13934-13940. [PMID: 32672949 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multielectron photocatalysis requires sequential, multiple charge transfer from the light absorber to the catalytic site. As a result, many-body effects induced by charge accumulation play a fundamental role in these reactions, especially when photocatalysts are miniaturized to the nanoscale. Here, we study sequential two-electron transfer in a state-of-the-art nanophotocatalyst, CdSe@CdS dot-in-rod (DIR) decorated with Pt tips, using pump-pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. Following the first electron transfer (ET) from DIR to the Pt tip, the second ET needs to not only compete with Auger recombination of a positively charged exciton but also experience a large Coulomb barrier exerted by two holes. As a result, both the ET rate and efficiency decrease by an order of magnitude. Analysis using a dissociation-limited long-range charge transfer model reveals that the Coulomb barrier of the second ET is ∼60 meV higher than that of the first one. This study not only uncovers the mechanism and efficiency bottleneck of a real multielectron photocatalyst but also provides general guidelines for the design of multielectron photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Tao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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42
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Histidine Decorated Nanoparticles of CdS for Highly Efficient H2 Production via Water Splitting. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13143738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pure cadmium sulfide and histidine decorated cadmium sulfide nanocomposites are prepared by the hydrothermal or solvothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the particle sizes of pure cadmium sulfide (pu/CdS) and histidine decorated cadmium sulfide prepared by the hydrothermal method (hi/CdS) range from 0.75 to 3.0 μm. However, when a solvothermal method is used, the particle size of histidine decorated cadmium sulfide (so/CdS) ranges from 50 to 300 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that all samples (pu/CdS, hi/CdS and so/CdS) have a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure but so/CdS has a poor crystallinity compared to the others. The as-prepared samples are applied to photocatalytic hydrogen production via water splitting and the results show that the highest H2 evolution rate for pu/CdS and hi/CdS are 1250 and 1950 μmol·g−1·h−1, respectively. On the other hand, the so/CdS sample has a rate of 6020 μmol·g−1·h−1, which is about five times higher than that of the pu/CdS sample. The increased specific surface area of so/CdS nanoparticles and effective charge separation by histidine molecules are attributed to the improved H2 evolution.
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43
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Yang W, Yang Y, Kaledin AL, He S, Jin T, McBride JR, Lian T. Surface passivation extends single and biexciton lifetimes of InP quantum dots. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5779-5789. [PMID: 32832054 PMCID: PMC7416692 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) are nontoxic nanomaterials with potential applications in photocatalytic and optoelectronic fields. Post-synthetic treatments of InP QDs are known to be essential for improving their photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs) and device performances, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, by applying ultrafast transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies, we systematically investigate the dynamics of photogenerated carriers in InP QDs and how they are affected by two common passivation methods: HF treatment and the growth of a heterostructure shell (ZnS in this study). The HF treatment is found to improve the PLQE up to 16-20% by removing an intrinsic fast hole trapping channel (τ h,non = 3.4 ± 1 ns) in the untreated InP QDs while having little effect on the band-edge electron decay dynamics (τ e = 26-32 ns). The growth of the ZnS shell, on the other hand, is shown to improve the PLQE up to 35-40% by passivating both electron and hole traps in InP QDs, resulting in both a long-lived band-edge electron (τ e > 120 ns) and slower hole trapping lifetime (τ h,non > 45 ns). Furthermore, both the untreated and the HF-treated InP QDs have short biexciton lifetimes (τ xx ∼ 1.2 ± 0.2 ps). The growth of an ultra-thin ZnS shell (∼0.2 nm), on the other hand, can significantly extend the biexciton lifetime of InP QDs to 20 ± 2 ps, making it a passivation scheme that can improve both the single and multiple exciton lifetimes. Based on these results, we discuss the possible trap-assisted Auger processes in InP QDs, highlighting the particular importance of trap passivation for reducing the Auger recombination loss in InP QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , USA . ;
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory , Physical Chemistry , Uppsala University , SE-75120 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Yawei Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , USA . ;
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory , Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education , International Center for Dielectric Research , Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials and Devices , School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , Shaanxi , P. R. China
| | - Alexey L Kaledin
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA
| | - Sheng He
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , USA . ;
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , USA . ;
| | - James R McBride
- Department of Chemistry , The Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN 37235 , USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , USA . ;
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Miethe JF, Luebkemann F, Schlosser A, Dorfs D, Bigall NC. Revealing the Correlation of the Electrochemical Properties and the Hydration of Inkjet-Printed CdSe/CdS Semiconductor Gels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4757-4765. [PMID: 32122127 PMCID: PMC7203843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of charge carriers across a semiconductor-nanoparticle-based 3D network (i.e., a gel) and the interfacial transfer of the charge carriers across the nanoparticle network/electrolyte boundary are elementary processes for applications in the fields of sensing and energy harvesting. The automated manufacturing of electrodes coated with porous networks can be realized by inkjet printing. By simultaneous printing of CdSe/CdS dot-in-rod-shaped nanorods (NRs) and the destabilization reagent, CdSe/CdS gel-network-coated electrodes can be obtained. In this work, the charge carrier mobility of the electrons and the holes within the porous CdSe/CdS nanorod gel network is investigated via photoelectrochemistry. Using linear sweep voltammograms (LSVs) and intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), it is shown that the electron is moving within the tip-to-tip-connected CdSe/CdS NR gel structure, while the holes are trapped in the CdSe seed of the semiconductor heterostructures. Furthermore, the preparation process of gel structures is related to the elementary mechanism of hydration, which can be shown via photoelectrochemical long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F. Miethe
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory
of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Luebkemann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory
of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Schlosser
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory
of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Dorfs
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory
of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence PhoenixD, (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering—Innovation
Across Disciplines), 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadja C. Bigall
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory
of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence PhoenixD, (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering—Innovation
Across Disciplines), 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Dumele O, Chen J, Passarelli JV, Stupp SI. Supramolecular Energy Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907247. [PMID: 32162428 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is a bioinspired strategy to craft materials for renewable and clean energy technologies. In plants, the alignment and assembly of the light-harvesting protein machinery in the green leaf optimize the ability to efficiently convert light from the sun to form chemical bonds. In artificial systems, strategies based on self-assembly using noncovalent interactions offer the possibility to mimic this functional correlation among molecules to optimize photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and energy storage. One of the long-term objectives of the field described here as supramolecular energy materials is to learn how to design soft materials containing light-harvesting assemblies and catalysts to generate fuels and useful chemicals. Supramolecular energy materials also hold great potential in the design of systems for photovoltaics in which intermolecular interactions in self-assembled structures, for example, in electron donor and acceptor phases, maximize charge transport and avoid exciton recombination. Possible pathways to integrate organic and inorganic structures by templating strategies and electrodeposition to create materials relevant to energy challenges including photoconductors and supercapacitors are also described. The final topic discussed is the synthesis of hybrid perovskites in which organic molecules are used to modify both structure and functions, which may include chemical stability, photovoltaics, and light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - James V Passarelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Wang P, Li C, Wang M, Jin Y. Controlled Decoration of Divalent Nickel onto CdS/CdSe Core/Shell Quantum Dots to Boost Visible-Light-Induced Hydrogen Generation in Water. Chempluschem 2020; 83:1088-1096. [PMID: 31950710 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The search for a low-cost, noble-metal-free cocatalyst to replace expensive Pt for hydrogen (H2 ) photogeneration in water has become a hot research topic, and among these, Ni-based cocatalysts are promising and highly desired. Developing new strategies and protocols to obtain Ni-based cocatalysts with high activity is therefore vitally important. Herein, we develop a new method to efficiently decorate divalent Ni onto pre-synthesized CdS/CdSe core/shell quantum dots (QDs). The concentration of Ni on the QDs can be easily tuned by varying the amount of the Ni precursor introduced during the synthesis. Further analyses reveal that Ni2+ can be strongly decorated onto QDs. Impressively, the Ni-decorated QDs displayed a significantly enhanced H2 photogeneration performance as compared to the two components prepared separately. Through the optimization of the Ni concentration on the QDs, the turnover frequency (TOF) with respect to Ni and quantum yield ( Φ H 2 ) at 520 nm for H2 evolution from water could reach 322 h-1 and 12.3 %, respectively. A possible mechanism has also been proposed and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chuanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yongdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
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47
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Idriss H. The elusive photocatalytic water splitting reaction using sunlight on suspended nanoparticles: is there a way forward? Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01818b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For many decades hydrogen production from water by photocatalytic methods has been pursued over a variety of semiconductor powder catalysts featuring many structures and compositions. The stoichiometric formation of molecular hydrogen and oxygen has stayed largely elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Idriss
- Catalysis Department
- SABIC-Corporate Research, and Development (CRD) Center at KAUST
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry
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48
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Saha M, Ghosh S, De SK. Nanoscale Kirkendall Effect Driven Au Decorated CdS/CdO Colloidal Nanocomposites for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution, Photocatalytic Dye Degradation and Cr (VI) Reduction. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gupta SS, van Huis MA. Strained epitaxial interfaces of metal (Pd, Pt, Au) overlayers on nonpolar CdS ([Formula: see text]) surfaces from first-principles. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:505001. [PMID: 31389344 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The depositions of (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) overlayers of Pd, Pt and Au on the CdS (1 0 [Formula: see text] 0) surface are studied within epitaxial mismatches of 6%-7%, using spin-polarized density functional theory. For both compressively strained and tensile-strained interfaces, the (1 0 0) overlayers were found to be thermodynamically more stable owing to better interfacial matching, and higher surface uncoordination resulting in higher reactivity. Pt(1 1 1) exhibits slip dislocations even for five-atomic-layer thick Pt slabs. Along with the leading metal-S interaction, the interfacial charge transfers indicate a weak metal-Cd interaction which decreases in strength in the order Pd > Pt ∼ Au. For the same substrate area, the accumulation of electronic charge for Pt overlayers is ∼1.5-2 times larger than that of Pd and Au. The n-type Schottky barriers of Au overlayers with the minimum mismatch are within 0.1 eV of the predictions of Schottky-Mott rule, indicating a relatively ideal, scantily reactive interface structure. This is in clear contrast to the Pt epitaxial overlayers which deviate by 0.6-0.8 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gupta
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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