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Du B, Li Y, Jiang M, Zhang H, Wu L, Wen W, Liu Z, Fang Z, Yu T. Polarization-Dependent Purcell Enhancement on a Two-Dimensional h-BN/WS 2 Light Emitter with a Dielectric Plasmonic Nanocavity. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1649-1655. [PMID: 35107290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrating two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) into dielectric plasmonic nanostructures enables the miniaturization of on-chip nanophotonic devices. Here we report on a high-quality light emitter based on the newly designed 2D h-BN/WS2 heterostructure integrated with an array of TiO2 nanostripes. Different from a traditional strongly coupled system such as the TMDCs/metallic plasmonic nanostructure, we first employ dielectric nanocavities and achieve a Purcell enhancement on the nanoscale at room temperature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the light emission strength can be effectively controlled by tuning the polarization configuration. Such a polarization dependence meanwhile could be proof of the resonant energy transfer theory of dipole-dipole coupling between TMDCs and a dielectric nanostructure. This work gains experimental and simulated insights into modified spontaneous emission with dielectric nanoplasmonic platforms, presenting a promising route toward practical applications of 2D semiconducting photonic emitters on a silica-based chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu Li
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Jiang
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Lishu Wu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Wen Wen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Michel AKU. Subwavelength hybrid plasmonic structures for nonlinear nanophotonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 33612828 PMCID: PMC7897717 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic structures made of a semiconductor-insulator-metal hybrid provide efficient routes for second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation in sub-micrometer structures, which ultimately may boost on-chip integrated plasmonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin U Michel
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Li Z, Corbett B, Gocalinska A, Pelucchi E, Chen W, Ryan KM, Khan P, Silien C, Xu H, Liu N. Direct visualization of phase-matched efficient second harmonic and broadband sum frequency generation in hybrid plasmonic nanostructures. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:180. [PMID: 33110598 PMCID: PMC7582155 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation (SHG and SFG) provide effective means to realize coherent light at desired frequencies when lasing is not easily achievable. They have found applications from sensing to quantum optics and are of particular interest for integrated photonics at communication wavelengths. Decreasing the footprints of nonlinear components while maintaining their high up-conversion efficiency remains a challenge in the miniaturization of integrated photonics. Here we explore lithographically defined AlGaInP nano(micro)structures/Al2O3/Ag as a versatile platform to achieve efficient SHG/SFG in both waveguide and resonant cavity configurations in both narrow- and broadband infrared (IR) wavelength regimes (1300-1600 nm). The effective excitation of highly confined hybrid plasmonic modes at fundamental wavelengths allows efficient SHG/SFG to be achieved in a waveguide of a cross-section of 113 nm × 250 nm, with a mode area on the deep subwavelength scale (λ 2/135) at fundamental wavelengths. Remarkably, we demonstrate direct visualization of SHG/SFG phase-matching evolution in the waveguides. This together with mode analysis highlights the origin of the improved SHG/SFG efficiency. We also demonstrate strongly enhanced SFG with a broadband IR source by exploiting multiple coherent SFG processes on 1 µm diameter AlGaInP disks/Al2O3/Ag with a conversion efficiency of 14.8% MW-1 which is five times the SHG value using the narrowband IR source. In both configurations, the hybrid plasmonic structures exhibit >1000 enhancement in the nonlinear conversion efficiency compared to their photonic counterparts. Our results manifest the potential of developing such nanoscale hybrid plasmonic devices for state-of-the-art on-chip nonlinear optics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- The School of Physics and Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Brian Corbett
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Wen Chen
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin. M. Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pritam Khan
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christophe Silien
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hongxing Xu
- The School of Physics and Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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4
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Zheng K, Yuan Y, He J, Gu G, Zhang F, Chen Y, Song J, Qu J. Ultra-high light confinement and ultra-long propagation distance design for integratable optical chips based on plasmonic technology. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4601-4613. [PMID: 30810128 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07290f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for faster speed, broader bandwidth, and lower energy consumption of on-chip processing has motivated the use of light instead of electrons in functional communication components. However, considerable scattering loss severely affects the performance of nanoscale photonic devices when their physical sizes are smaller than the wavelength of light. Due to the tight localization of electromagnetic energy, plasmonic waveguides that work at visible and infrared wavebands have provided a solution for the optical diffraction limit problem and thus enable downscaling of optical circuits and chips at the nanoscale. However, due to the fundamental trade-off between propagation distance and light confinement, plasmonic waveguides, including conventional hybrid plasmonic waveguides (HPWGs), cannot be used as high performance integratable optical devices all the time. To solve this problem, a novel hybrid plasmonic waveguide is proposed where a hybrid metal-ridge-slot structure based on a two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide is embedded into two identical cylindrical dielectric waveguides. Benefiting from both the loss-less slot region and the high-index difference between the ultra-thin 2D material and the slot region, a 10 times longer propagation length and 100 times smaller mode area than the traditional HPWG are achieved at the telecommunication band. By removing the monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide, our designed waveguide shows a higher propagation length that is at least two orders of magnitude larger than its traditional HPWG counterpart. Therefore, the proposed hybridization waveguiding approach paves the way toward truly high-performance and deep-subwavelength integratable optical circuits and chips in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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Ma RM, Oulton RF. Applications of nanolasers. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:12-22. [PMID: 30559486 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanolasers generate coherent light at the nanoscale. In the past decade, they have attracted intense interest, because they are more compact, faster and more power-efficient than conventional lasers. Thanks to these capabilities, nanolasers are now an emergent tool for a variety of practical applications. In this Review, we explain the intrinsic merits of nanolasers and assess recent progress on their applications, particularly for optical interconnects, near-field spectroscopy and sensing, optical probing for biological systems and far-field beam synthesis through near-field eigenmode engineering. We highlight the scientific and engineering challenges that remain for forging nanolasers into powerful tools for nanoscience and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Min Ma
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
| | - Rupert F Oulton
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ho YL, Clark JK, Kamal ASA, Delaunay JJ. On-Chip Monolithically Fabricated Plasmonic-Waveguide Nanolaser. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7769-7776. [PMID: 30423249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic-waveguide lasers, which exhibit subdiffraction limit lasing and light propagation, are promising for the next-generation of nanophotonic devices in computation, communication, and biosensing. Plasmonic lasers supporting waveguide modes are often based on nanowires grown with bottom-up techniques that need to be transferred and aligned for use in optical circuits. Here, we demonstrate a monolithically fabricated ZnO/Al plasmonic-waveguide nanolaser compatible with the fabrication requirements of on-chip circuits. The nanolaser is designed with a plasmonic metal layer on the top of the laser cavity only, providing highly efficient energy transfer between photons, excitons, and plasmons, and achieving lasing in the ultraviolet region up to 330 K with a low threshold intensity (0.20 mJ/cm2 at room temperature). This work demonstrates the realization of a plasmonic-waveguide nanolaser without the need for transfer and positioning steps, which is the key for on-chip integration of nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lun Ho
- School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - J Kenji Clark
- School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - A Syazwan A Kamal
- School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Jean-Jacques Delaunay
- School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
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Low loss photonic nanocavity via dark magnetic dipole resonant mode near metal. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17054. [PMID: 30451911 PMCID: PMC6242897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dielectric-semiconductor-dielectric-metal 4 layered structure is a well-established configuration to support TM hybrid plasmonic modes, which have demonstrated significant advantages over pure photonic modes in structures without metal to achieve low loss resonant cavities at sub-diffraction limited volumes. The photonic modes with TE characteristics supported by the same 4 layered structure, on the other hand, are less studied. Here we show that a low loss photonic mode with TE01 characteristics exists in the dielectric-semiconductor-dielectric-metal 4 layered structure if a truncated cylindrical disk is chosen as the semiconductor core. This mode exhibits the lowest cavity loss among all resonant modes, including both pure photonic and hybrid plasmonic modes, at cavity radius <150 nm and within the wavelength range 620 nm to 685 nm, with a footprint ~0.83 (λ/2neff)2, physical size ~0.47 (λ/2neff)3 and a mode volume down to 0.3 (λ/2neff)3. The low cavity loss of this TE01 mode is attributed to its substantially reduced radiation loss to the far field by the creation of image charges through the metal response. Because of the low mode penetration in the metal, this photonic mode show equally low cavity loss near industry relevant metals such as Cu. Our study demonstrates an alternative to hybrid plamonic modes and metallo-dielectric modes to achieve low loss cavities with extremely small footprints.
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Deng Q, Kang M, Zheng D, Zhang S, Xu H. Mimicking plasmonic nanolaser emission by selective extraction of electromagnetic near-field from photonic microcavity. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7431-7439. [PMID: 29637981 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00102b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanolasers have attracted significant attention owing to their ability to generate a coherent optical field in the deep subwavelength region, and they exhibit promising applications in integrated photonics, bioimaging and sensing. However, the demonstration of lasing in individual metallic nanoparticles with 3D subwavelength confinement represents a significant challenge and is yet to be realized. Herein, we propose to mimic a plasmonic nanolaser via selective scattering off the evanescent tail of a lasing photonic nanobelt using a single silver nanorod (24 nm × 223 nm). The nanorod acts as an optical antenna that selectively extracts the near-field component along the rod axis. The light output from the silver nanorod mimics the emission of a plasmonic nanolaser in its localized near-field and polarization dependence, except for the lasing wavelength and linewidth, which are inherited from the photonic laser. The realization of localized coherent light sources provides promising nanoscale lighting that shows potential in background-suppressed illumination, biosensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Deng
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Wei H, Pan D, Zhang S, Li Z, Li Q, Liu N, Wang W, Xu H. Plasmon Waveguiding in Nanowires. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2882-2926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Deng Pan
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Nano-Structure (NPNS), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Wenhui Wang
- School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Dawson P, Frey D, Kalathingal V, Mehfuz R, Mitra J. Novel routes to electromagnetic enhancement and its characterisation in surface- and tip-enhanced Raman scattering. Faraday Discuss 2017; 205:121-148. [PMID: 28884781 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00128b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative understanding of the electromagnetic component in enhanced Raman spectroscopy is often difficult to achieve on account of the complex substrate structures utilised. We therefore turn to two structurally simple systems amenable to detailed modelling. The first is tip-enhanced Raman scattering under electron scanning tunnelling microscopy control (STM-TERS) where, appealing to understanding developed in the context of photon emission from STM, it is argued that the localised surface plasmon modes driving the Raman enhancement exist in the visible and near-infrared regime only by virtue of significant modification to the optical properties of the tip and sample metals (gold here). This is due to the strong dc field-induced (∼109 V m-1) non-linear corrections to the dielectric function of gold via the third order susceptibility term in the polarisation. Also, sub-5 nm spatial resolution is shown in the modelling. Secondly, we suggest a novel deployment of hybrid plasmonic waveguide modes in surface enhanced Raman scattering (HPWG-SERS). This delivers strong confinement of electromagnetic energy in a ∼10 nm oxide 'gap' between a high-index dielectric material of nanoscale width (a GaAs nanorod and a 100 nm Si slab are considered here) and a metal, yielding a monotonic variation in the Raman enhancement factor as a function of wavelength with no long-wavelength cut-off, both features that contrast with STM-TERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dawson
- Centre for Nanostructured Media, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
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