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Ding Y, Xiong S, Sun L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Peng J, Fukuda K, Someya T, Liu R, Zhang X. Metal nanowire-based transparent electrode for flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7784-7827. [PMID: 38953906 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yiying Wang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yaowen Li
- College of Chemistry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
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2
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Wang K, Deng P, Lin H, Sun W, Shen J. DNA-Based Conductors: From Materials Design to Ultra-Scaled Electronics. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400694. [PMID: 39049716 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Photolithography has been the foundational fabrication paradigm in current high-performance electronics. However, due to the limitation in fabrication resolution, scaling beyond a 20-nm critical dimension for metal conductors presents a significant challenge for photolithography. Structural DNA nanotechnology emerges as a promising alternative to photolithography, allowing for the site-specific assembly of nano-materials at single-molecule resolution. Substantial progresses have been achieved in the ultra-scaled DNA-based conductors, exhibiting novel transport characteristics and small critical dimensions. This review highlights the structure-transport property relationship for various DNA-based conductors and their potential applications in quantum /semiconductor electronics, going beyond the conventional scope focusing mainly on the shape diversity of DNA-templated metals. Different material synthesis methods and their morphological impacts on the conductivities are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on the conducting mechanisms, such as insulating, metallic conducting, quantum tunneling, and superconducting. Furthermore, the ionic gating effect of self-assembled DNA structures in electrolyte solutions is examined. This review also suggests potential solutions to address current challenges in DNA-based conductors, encouraging multi-disciplinary collaborations for the future development of this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pu Deng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huili Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jie Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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3
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Sun M, Xie M, Jiang J, Qi Z, Wang L, Chao J. Customized Self-Assembled Gold Nanoparticle-DNA Origami Composite Templates for Shape-Directed Growth of Plasmonic Structures. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6480-6487. [PMID: 38771966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The metal plasmonic nanostructure has the optical property of plasmon resonance, which holds great potential for development in nanophotonics, bioelectronics, and molecular detection. However, developing a general and straightforward method to prepare metal plasmonic nanostructures with a controllable size and morphology still poses a challenge. Herein, we proposed a synthesis strategy that utilized a customizable self-assembly template for shape-directed growth of metal structures. We employed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as connectors and DNA nanotubes as branches, customizing gold nanoparticle-DNA origami composite nanostructures with different branches by adjusting the assembly ratio between the connectors and branches. Subsequently, various morphologies of plasmonic metal nanostructures were created using this template shape guided strategy, which exhibited enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals. This strategy provides a new approach for synthesizing metallic nanostructures with multiple morphologies and opens up another possibility for the development of customizable metallic plasmonic structures with broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Sun
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mo Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinke Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhonglin Qi
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Kemper U, Weizenmann N, Kielar C, Erbe A, Seidel R. Heavy Metal Stabilization of DNA Origami Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2429-2436. [PMID: 38363878 PMCID: PMC10905993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
DNA origami is a powerful tool to fold 3-dimensional DNA structures with nanometer precision. Its usage, however, is limited as high ionic strength, temperatures below ∼60 °C, and pH values between 5 and 10 are required to ensure the structural integrity of DNA origami nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate a simple and effective method to stabilize DNA origami nanostructures against harsh buffer conditions using [PdCl4]2-. It provided the stabilization of different DNA origami nanostructures against mechanical compression, temperatures up to 100 °C, double-distilled water, and pH values between 4 and 12. Additionally, DNA origami superstructures and bound cargos are stabilized with yields of up to 98%. To demonstrate the general applicability of our approach, we employed our protocol with a Pd metallization procedure at elevated temperatures. In the future, we think that our method opens up new possibilities for applications of DNA origami nanostructures beyond their usual reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kemper
- Molecular
Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Weizenmann
- Molecular
Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kielar
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research and Department of Nanoelectronics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Insitute
of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Artur Erbe
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research and Department of Nanoelectronics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Molecular
Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Liu Y, Zeng T, Liu C, Fang X, Li S, Cao X, Lu C, Yang H. DNA Origami-Based Letterpress Printing of Gold Nanostructures with Predesigned Morphologies. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11569-11577. [PMID: 38078629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Creating customizable metallic nanostructures in a simple and controllable manner has been a long-standing goal in nanoscience. In this study, we use DNA origami as a letterpress printing plate and gold nanoparticles as ink to produce predesigned gold nanostructures. The letterpress plate is reusable, enabling the repetitive production of predesigned gold nanostructures. Furthermore, by modifying the DNA origami letterpress plate on magnetic beads, we can simplify the printing processes. We have successfully printed gold nanoparticle dimers, trimers, straight and quadrilateral tetramers, and other nanostructures. Our approach improves the flexibility and stability of metallic nanostructures, simplifying both their design and their operation. It promises universal applicability in the fabrication of metamaterials, biosensors, and surface plasma nanooptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
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6
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Ye M, Song L, Ye Y, Deng Z. Assembly and Healing: Capacitive and Conductive Plasmonic Interfacing via a Unified and Clean Wet Chemistry Route. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25653-25663. [PMID: 37963330 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based nanoparticle assembly represents a highly promising way to build functional metastructures based on a wealth of synthetic nanomaterial building blocks with well-controlled morphology and crystallinity. In particular, the involvement of DNA molecular programming in these bottom-up processes gradually helps the ambitious goal of customizable chemical nanofabrication. However, a fundamental challenge is to realize strong interunit coupling in an assembly toward emerging functions and applications. Herein, we present a unified and clean strategy to address this critical issue based on a H2O2-redox-driven "assembly and healing" process. This facile solution route is able to realize both capacitively coupled and conductively bridged colloidal boundaries, simply switchable by the reaction temperature, toward bottom-up nanoplasmonic engineering. In particular, such a "green" process does not cause surface contamination of nanoparticles by exogenous active metal ions or strongly passivating ligands, which, if it occurs, could obscure the intrinsic properties of as-formed structures. Accordingly, previously raised questions regarding the activities of strongly coupled plasmonic structures are clarified. The reported process is adaptable to DNA nanotechnology, offering molecular programmability of interparticle charge conductance. This work represents a new generation of methods to make strongly coupled nanoassemblies, offering great opportunities for functional colloidal technology and even metal self-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Ye
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Song
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yichen Ye
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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7
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He MQ, Ai Y, Hu W, Guan L, Ding M, Liang Q. Recent Advances of Seed-Mediated Growth of Metal Nanoparticles: from Growth to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211915. [PMID: 36920232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented advances in metal nanoparticle synthesis have paved the way for broad applications in sensing, imaging, catalysis, diagnosis, and therapy by tuning the optical properties, enhancing catalytic performance, and improving chemical and biological properties of metal nanoparticles. The central guiding concept for regulating the size and morphology of metal nanoparticles is identified as the precise manipulation of nucleation and subsequent growth, often known as seed-mediated growth methods. However, since the growth process is sensitive not only to the metal seeds but also to capping agents, metal precursors, growth solution, growth/incubation time, reductants, and other influencing factors, the precise control of metal nanoparticle morphology is multifactorial. Further, multiple reaction parameters are entangled with each other, so it is necessary to clarify the mechanism by which each factor precisely regulates the morphology of metal nanoparticles. In this review, to exploit the generality and extendibility of metal nanoparticle synthesis, the mechanisms of growth influencing factors in seed-mediated growth methods are systematically summarized. Second, a variety of critical properties and applications enabled by grown metal nanoparticles are focused upon. Finally, the current progress and offer insights on the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for the growth and applications of grown metal nanoparticles are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Ai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wanting Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Liandi Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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8
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Ruiz Arce DD, Jazavandi Ghamsari S, Erbe A, Samano EC. Metallic Nanowires Self-Assembled in Quasi-Circular Nanomolds Templated by DNA Origami. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13549. [PMID: 37686352 PMCID: PMC10487803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of conducting nanostructures is currently being investigated intensively in order to evaluate the feasibility of creating novel nanoelectronic devices and circuits using such pathways. In particular, methods based on so-called DNA Origami nanostructures have shown great potential in the formation of metallic nanowires. The main challenge of this method is the reproducible generation of very well-connected metallic nanostructures, which may be used as interconnects in future devices. Here, we use a novel design of nanowires with a quasi-circular cross-section as opposed to rectangular or uncontrolled cross-sections in earlier studies. We find indications that the reliability of the fabrication scheme is enhanced and the overall resistance of the wires is comparable to metallic nanostructures generated by electrochemistry or top-down methods. In addition, we observe that some of the nanowires are annealed when passing a current through them, which leads to a clear enhancement for the conductance. We envision that these nanowires provide further steps towards the successful generation of nanoelectronics using self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artur Erbe
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), TU Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Enrique C. Samano
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM, Ensenada 22860, Mexico;
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9
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Huang D, Cai L, Li N, Zhao Y. Ultrasound-trigged micro/nanorobots for biomedical applications. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20230003. [PMID: 39188275 PMCID: PMC11235770 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Micro- and nanorobots (MNRs) propelled by external actuations have broad potential in biomedical applications. Among the numerous external excitations, ultrasound (US) features outstanding practical significance with merits of its noninvasiveness, tunability, penetrability, and biocompatibility. Attributing to various physiochemical effects of US, it can propel the MNRs with sophisticated structures through asymmetric acoustic streaming, bubble oscillation, and so on. In this review, we introduce several advanced and representative US-propelled MNRs with inhomogeneous density distribution, asymmetric shape, hollow cavity, etc. The potential biomedical applications of these cutting-edge MNRs are also presented, including intracellular delivery, harmful substances collection, and so on. Furthermore, we conclude the advantages and limitations of US-propelled MNRs and prospect their future developments in multidisciplinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Huang
- Institute of Translational MedicineNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lijun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Institute of Translational MedicineNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
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10
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Zhan P, Peil A, Jiang Q, Wang D, Mousavi S, Xiong Q, Shen Q, Shang Y, Ding B, Lin C, Ke Y, Liu N. Recent Advances in DNA Origami-Engineered Nanomaterials and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3976-4050. [PMID: 36990451 PMCID: PMC10103138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology is a unique field, where physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, engineering, and materials science can elegantly converge. Since the original proposal of Nadrian Seeman, significant advances have been achieved in the past four decades. During this glory time, the DNA origami technique developed by Paul Rothemund further pushed the field forward with a vigorous momentum, fostering a plethora of concepts, models, methodologies, and applications that were not thought of before. This review focuses on the recent progress in DNA origami-engineered nanomaterials in the past five years, outlining the exciting achievements as well as the unexplored research avenues. We believe that the spirit and assets that Seeman left for scientists will continue to bring interdisciplinary innovations and useful applications to this field in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhan
- 2nd Physics
Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- 2nd Physics
Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Qiao Jiang
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No 11, BeiYiTiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shikufa Mousavi
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Qiancheng Xiong
- Department
of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology
Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Qi Shen
- Department
of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology
Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266
Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yingxu Shang
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No 11, BeiYiTiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No 11, BeiYiTiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department
of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology
Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Na Liu
- 2nd Physics
Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Kemper U, Ye J, Poppitz D, Gläser R, Seidel R. DNA Mold-Based Fabrication of Palladium Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206438. [PMID: 36960479 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami molds allow a shape-controlled growth of metallic nanoparticles. So far, this approach is limited to gold and silver. Here, the fabrication of linear palladium nanostructures with controlled lengths and patterns is demonstrated. To obtain nucleation centers for a seeded growth, a synthesis procedure of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using Bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)phenylphosphine (BSPP) both as reductant and stabilizer is developed to establish an efficient functionalization protocol of the particles with single-stranded DNA. Attaching the functionalized particles to complementary DNA strands inside DNA mold cavities supports subsequently a highly specific seeded palladium deposition. This provides rod-like PdNPs with diameters of 20-35 nm of grainy morphology. Using an annealing procedure and a post-reduction step with hydrogen, homogeneous palladium nanostructures can be obtained. With the adaptation of the procedure to palladium the capabilities of the mold-based tool-box are expanded. In the future, this may allow a facile adaptation of the mold approach to less noble metals including magnetic materials such as Ni and Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kemper
- Molecular Biophysics group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Molecular Biophysics group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Poppitz
- Heterogeneous Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Heterogeneous Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Molecular Biophysics group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Chen X, Yan B, Yao G. Towards atom manufacturing with framework nucleic acids. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:172002. [PMID: 36669170 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb4f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atom manufacturing has become a blooming frontier direction in the field of material and chemical science in recent years, focusing on the fabrication of functional materials and devices with individual atoms or with atomic precision. Framework nucleic acids (FNAs) refer to nanoscale nucleic acid framework structures with novel properties distinct from those of conventional nucleic acids. Due to their ability to be precisely positioned and assembled at the nanometer or even atomic scale, FNAs are ideal materials for atom manufacturing. They hold great promise for the bottom-up construction of electronic devices by precisely arranging and integrating building blocks with atomic or near-atomic precision. In this review, we summarize the progress of atom manufacturing based on FNAs. We begin by introducing the atomic-precision construction of FNAs and the intrinsic electrical properties of DNA molecules. Then, we describe various approaches for the fabrication of FNAs templated materials and devices, which are classified as conducting, insulating, or semiconducting based on their electrical properties. We highlight the role of FNAs in the fabrication of functional electronic devices with atomic precision, as well as the challenges and opportunities for atom manufacturing with FNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbao Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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13
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Agarwal NP, Chandrasekhar S, Prakash PS, Joffroy K, Schmidt TL. Block Copolymer Micellization of DNA Origami Promotes Solubility in Organic Solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11650-11657. [PMID: 36103620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The DNA origami technique allows the precise synthesis of complex, biocompatible nanomaterials containing small molecules, biomolecules, and inorganic nanoparticles. The negatively charged phosphates in the backbone make DNA highly water-soluble and require salts to shield its electrostatic repulsion. DNA origamis are therefore not soluble in most organic solvents. While this is not problematic for applications in biochemistry, biophysics, or nanomedicine, other potential applications, processes, and substrates are incompatible with saline solutions, which include the synthesis of many nanomaterials, and reactions in templated synthesis, the operation of nanoelectronic devices, or semiconductor fabrication. To overcome this limitation, we coated DNA origami with amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol) polylysine block copolymers and transferred them into various organic solvents including chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, or 1-propanol. Our approach maintains the shape of the nanostructures and protects functional elements bound to the structure, such as fluorophores, gold nanoparticles, or proteins. The DNA origami polyplex micellization (DOPM) strategy hence enables solubilization or a phase transfer of complex structures into various organic solvents, which significantly expands the use of DNA origami for a range of potential applications and technical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan P Agarwal
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Kristin Joffroy
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten L Schmidt
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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14
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Joshi FM, Viar GA, Pigino G, Drechsler H, Diez S. Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Gold Nanowires within the Microtubule Lumen. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3659-3667. [PMID: 35446032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanowires have great potential use as interconnects in electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices. To date, there are various fabrication strategies for gold nanowires, each one associated with particular drawbacks as they utilize high temperatures, toxic chemicals, or expensive compounds to produce nanowires of suboptimal quality. Inspired by nanowire fabrication strategies that used higher-order biopolymer structures as molds for electroless deposition of gold, we here report a strategy for the growth of gold nanowires from seed nanoparticles within the lumen of microtubules. Luminal targeting of seed particles occurs through covalently linked Fab fragments of an antibody recognizing the acetylated lysine 40 on the luminal side of α-tubulin. Gold nanowires grown by electroless deposition within the microtubule lumen exhibit a homogeneous morphology and high aspect ratios with a mean diameter of 20 nm. Our approach is fast, simple, and inexpensive and does not require toxic chemicals or other harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram M Joshi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez Viar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gaia Pigino
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Human Technopole, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Hauke Drechsler
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Fan X, Walther A. 1D Colloidal chains: recent progress from formation to emergent properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4023-4074. [PMID: 35502721 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00112h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrating nanoscale building blocks of low dimensionality (0D; i.e., spheres) into higher dimensional structures endows them and their corresponding materials with emergent properties non-existent or only weakly existent in the individual building blocks. Constructing 1D chains, 2D arrays and 3D superlattices using nanoparticles and colloids therefore continues to be one of the grand goals in colloid and nanomaterial science. Amongst these higher order structures, 1D colloidal chains are of particular interest, as they possess unique anisotropic properties. In recent years, the most relevant advances in 1D colloidal chain research have been made in novel synthetic methodologies and applications. In this review, we first address a comprehensive description of the research progress concerning various synthetic strategies developed to construct 1D colloidal chains. Following this, we highlight the amplified and emergent properties of the resulting materials, originating from the assembly of the individual building blocks and their collective behavior, and discuss relevant applications in advanced materials. In the discussion of synthetic strategies, properties, and applications, particular attention will be paid to overarching concepts, fresh trends, and potential areas of future research. We believe that this comprehensive review will be a driver to guide the interdisciplinary field of 1D colloidal chains, where nanomaterial synthesis, self-assembly, physical property studies, and material applications meet, to a higher level, and open up new research opportunities at the interface of classical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Hanke M, Hansen N, Chen R, Grundmeier G, Fahmy K, Keller A. Salting-Out of DNA Origami Nanostructures by Ammonium Sulfate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052817. [PMID: 35269959 PMCID: PMC8911265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA origami technology enables the folding of DNA strands into complex nanoscale shapes whose properties and interactions with molecular species often deviate significantly from that of genomic DNA. Here, we investigate the salting-out of different DNA origami shapes by the kosmotropic salt ammonium sulfate that is routinely employed in protein precipitation. We find that centrifugation in the presence of 3 M ammonium sulfate results in notable precipitation of DNA origami nanostructures but not of double-stranded genomic DNA. The precipitated DNA origami nanostructures can be resuspended in ammonium sulfate-free buffer without apparent formation of aggregates or loss of structural integrity. Even though quasi-1D six-helix bundle DNA origami are slightly less susceptible toward salting-out than more compact DNA origami triangles and 24-helix bundles, precipitation and recovery yields appear to be mostly independent of DNA origami shape and superstructure. Exploiting the specificity of ammonium sulfate salting-out for DNA origami nanostructures, we further apply this method to separate DNA origami triangles from genomic DNA fragments in a complex mixture. Our results thus demonstrate the possibility of concentrating and purifying DNA origami nanostructures by ammonium sulfate-induced salting-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hanke
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.H.); (N.H.); (R.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Niklas Hansen
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.H.); (N.H.); (R.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Ruiping Chen
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.H.); (N.H.); (R.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.H.); (N.H.); (R.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Karim Fahmy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.H.); (N.H.); (R.C.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-5251-605722
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17
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Vittala SK, Zhao Y, Han D. Programmed Assembly of DNA Templates by Silver Nanowires. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100478. [PMID: 35014201 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA origami templates are known to exhibit many advantages to integrate functional components at desirable locations for nanoelectronic applications. In order to immobilize conducting or semiconducting species in a bottom-up approach, the programmed assembly of DNA templates is of utmost necessity. This report demonstrates the silver nanowires enabled bridging of two linear DNA origami (DO) nanostructures by utilizing the host-guest interaction of biotin-STV and sequence-specific silver metallization of poly(dG-dC) DNA nanowires (in 10 % yield) using (dA)10 coated AgNPs (15 nm). The enzymatic synthesis of 750 bp, 1500 bp and 3000 bp bis-biotinylated poly(dG-dC), facile synthesis of 1 : 1 biotin-STV and silver-nanowire bridged DNA templates were characterized by gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscope imaging techniques. The strategy utilized here provides a method that can precisely connect heterogeneous templates towards bottom-up fabrication of practical nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepa K Vittala
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Da Han
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
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18
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Bindu Ramesan A, Vittala SK, Joseph J. DNA condensation and formation of ultrathin nanosheets via DNA assisted self-assembly of an amphiphilic fullerene derivative. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112352. [PMID: 34798504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology propose various assembly strategies to develop novel functional nanostructures utilizing unique interactions of DNA with small molecules, nanoparticles, polymers, and other biomolecules. Although, well defined nanostructures of DNA and amphiphilic small molecules were achieved through hybridization of covalently modified DNA, attaining precise organization of functional moieties through non-covalent interactions remain as a challenging task. Herein, we report mutually assisted assembly of an amphiphilic fullerene derivative and various DNA structures through non-covalent interactions, which leads to initial DNA condensation and subsequent assembly yielding ordered fullerene-DNA nanosheets. The molecular design of the cationic, amphiphilic fullerene derivative (FPy) ensures molecular solubility in the 10% DMSO-PBS buffer system and facile interactions with DNA through groove binding and electrostatic interactions of fullerene moiety and positively charged pyridinium moiety, respectively. The formation of FPy/DNA nanostructures were thoroughly investigated in the presence of λ-DNA, pBR322 plasmid DNA, and single and double stranded 20-mer oligonucleotides using UV-visible spectroscopy, AFM and TEM analysis. λ-DNA and pBR322 plasmid DNA readily condense in presence of FPy leading to micrometer sized few layer nanosheets with significant crystallinity due to ordered arrangement of fullerenes. Similarly, single and double stranded 20-mer oligonucleotides also interact efficiently with FPy and form highly crystalline nanosheets, signifying the role of electrostatic interaction and subsequent charge neutralization in the condensation triggered assembly. However, there is significant differences in the crystallinity and ordered arrangements of fullerenes between these two cases, where longer DNA form condensed structures and less ordered nanosheets while short oligonucleotides lead to more ordered and highly crystalline nanosheets, which could be attributed to the differential DNA condensation. Finally, we have demonstrated the addressability of the assembly using a cyanine modified single strand DNA, which also forms highly crystalline nanosheets and exhibit efficient quenching of the cyanine fluorescence upon self-assembly. These results open up new prospects in the development of functional DNA nanostructures through non-covalent interactions and hence have potential applications in the context of DNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bindu Ramesan
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandeepa Kulala Vittala
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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19
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Xie M, Hu Y, Yin J, Zhao Z, Chen J, Chao J. DNA Nanotechnology-Enabled Fabrication of Metal Nanomorphology. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9840131. [PMID: 35935136 PMCID: PMC9275100 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9840131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, DNA nanotechnology has grown into a highly innovative and widely established field. DNA nanostructures have extraordinary structural programmability and can accurately organize nanoscale materials, especially in guiding the synthesis of metal nanomaterials, which have unique advantages in controlling the growth morphology of metal nanomaterials. This review started with the evolution in DNA nanotechnology and the types of DNA nanostructures. Next, a DNA-based nanofabrication technology, DNA metallization, was introduced. In this section, we systematically summarized the DNA-oriented synthesis of metal nanostructures with different morphologies and structures. Furthermore, the applications of metal nanostructures constructed from DNA templates in various fields including electronics, catalysis, sensing, and bioimaging were figured out. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of metal nanostructures formed under the morphology control by DNA nanotechnology were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Chen
- The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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20
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Heuer-Jungemann A, Linko V. Engineering Inorganic Materials with DNA Nanostructures. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1969-1979. [PMID: 34963890 PMCID: PMC8704036 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid nanotechnology lays a foundation for the user-friendly design and synthesis of DNA frameworks of any desirable shape with extreme accuracy and addressability. Undoubtedly, such features make these structures ideal modules for positioning and organizing molecules and molecular components into complex assemblies. One of the emerging concepts in the field is to create inorganic and hybrid materials through programmable DNA templates. Here, we discuss the challenges and perspectives of such DNA nanostructure-driven materials science engineering and provide insights into the subject by introducing various DNA-based fabrication techniques including metallization, mineralization, lithography, casting, and hierarchical self-assembly of metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Heuer-Jungemann
- Max
Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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21
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Albarqouni Y, Ali GA, Lee SP, Mohd-Hairul AR, Algarni H, Chong KF. Dual-functional single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid for graphene oxide reduction and charge storage enhancement. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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De Fazio AF, Misatziou D, Baker YR, Muskens OL, Brown T, Kanaras AG. Chemically modified nucleic acids and DNA intercalators as tools for nanoparticle assembly. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13410-13440. [PMID: 34792047 PMCID: PMC8628606 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00632k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles to larger structures is of great research interest as it allows the fabrication of novel materials with collective properties correlated to the nanoparticles' individual characteristics. Recently developed methods for controlling nanoparticle organisation have enabled the fabrication of a range of new materials. Amongst these, the assembly of nanoparticles using DNA has attracted significant attention due to the highly selective recognition between complementary DNA strands, DNA nanostructure versatility, and ease of DNA chemical modification. In this review we discuss the application of various chemical DNA modifications and molecular intercalators as tools for the manipulation of DNA-nanoparticle structures. In detail, we discuss how DNA modifications and small molecule intercalators have been employed in the chemical and photochemical DNA ligation in nanostructures; DNA rotaxanes and catenanes associated with reconfigurable nanoparticle assemblies; and DNA backbone modifications including locked nucleic acids, peptide nucleic acids and borane nucleic acids, which affect the stability of nanostructures in complex environments. We conclude by highlighting the importance of maximising the synergy between the communities of DNA chemistry and nanoparticle self-assembly with the aim to enrich the library of tools available for the manipulation of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F De Fazio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Doxi Misatziou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Ysobel R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Otto L Muskens
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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23
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Fardian-Melamed N, Katrivas L, Rotem D, Kotlyar A, Porath D. Electronic Level Structure of Novel Guanine Octuplex DNA Single Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8987-8992. [PMID: 34694812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past few decades, guanine quadruplex DNA structures have attracted much interest both from a fundamental material science perspective and from a technologically oriented perspective. Novel guanine octuplex DNA, formed from coiled quadruplex DNA, was recently discovered as a stable and rigid DNA-based nanostructure. A detailed electronic structure study of this new nanomaterial, performed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy on a subsingle-molecule level at cryogenic temperature, is presented herein. The electronic levels and lower energy gap of guanine octuplex DNA compared to quadruplex DNA dictate higher transverse conductivity through guanine octads than through guanine tetrads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fardian-Melamed
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Liat Katrivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and The Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dvir Rotem
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexander Kotlyar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and The Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Danny Porath
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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24
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Weizenmann N, Scheidgen-Kleyboldt G, Ye J, Krause CB, Kauert D, Helmi S, Rouillon C, Seidel R. Chemical ligation of an entire DNA origami nanostructure. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17556-17565. [PMID: 34657945 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Within the field of DNA nanotechnology, numerous methods were developed to produce complex two- and three-dimensional DNA nanostructures for many different emerging applications. These structures typically suffer from a low tolerance against non-optimal environmental conditions including elevated temperatures. Here, we apply a chemical ligation method to covalently seal the nicks between adjacent 5' phosphorylated and 3' amine-modified strands within the DNA nanostructures. Using a cost-effective enzymatic strand modification procedure, we are able to batch-modify all DNA strands even of large DNA objects, such as origami nanostructures. The covalent strand linkage increases the temperature stability of the structures by ∼10 K. Generally, our method also allows a 'surgical' introduction of covalent strand linkages at preselected positions. It can also be used to map the strand ligation into chains throughout the whole nanostructure and identify assembly defects. We expect that our method can be applied to a large variety of DNA nanostructures, in particular when full control over the introduced covalent linkages and the absence of side adducts and DNA damages are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Weizenmann
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Gerda Scheidgen-Kleyboldt
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Cordula B Krause
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dominik Kauert
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Seham Helmi
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Christophe Rouillon
- Institute of Structural Biology, Biomedical Center (BMZ), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Yang S, Liu W, Zhang Y, Wang R. Bottom-Up Fabrication of Large-Scale Gold Nanorod Arrays by Surface Diffusion-Mediated DNA Origami Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50516-50523. [PMID: 34637259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of anisotropic metal nanoparticles serves as an effective bottom-up route for the nanofabrication of novel artifacts. However, there still are many challenges to rationally manipulate anisotropic particles due to the size and geometric restrictions. To avoid the aggregation and mishybridization from DNA sticky-end-guided assembly in buffer solution, in this work, we utilized a cation-controlled surface diffusion strategy to the spatial arrangement of gold nanorods (AuNRs) into 1D and 2D arrays by using DNA origami tiles as binding frames on the solid-liquid interface through π-π stacking interactions. To facilitate the further manipulation of those patterns, a novel pattern transfer method was introduced to transfer the arrays of AuNRs from a liquid to a dry ambient environment with high yield and minor structural damage. The results demonstrated a successful strategy of DNA origami-assisted, large-scale assembly of AuNRs for constructing complex superstructures with potential applications in the nanofabrication of plasmonic and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Wenyan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
- Center for Research in Energy and Environment, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Risheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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26
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Zhang M, Wang S, Li L, Li M, Cheng X, Shi Y, Wu Y. Digital Numbers Constructed by Fine Patterned Polydopamine on DNA Templates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100441. [PMID: 34431573 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using DNA nanostructures as templates to synthesize shape-controlled polydopamine (PDA) is a promising strategy to realize the fabrication of exquisite PDA nanomaterials. However, previous studies using small DNA tiles as templates could only afford very simple structures such as lines and crosses due to the limited space on the template and the relatively low resolution of the PDA nanopatterns. Therefore, the best resolution of the PDA nanostructures that can be achieved by this technique is carefully investigated. And by connecting several DNA tiles together, larger DNA templates are built up and achieve the synthesis of complicated digital nanopatterned PDA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhou Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Longjie Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Evergreen Garden, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Mengran Li
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Dadao 1277, Wuhan, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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27
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Mohammad H, Demir B, Akin C, Luan B, Hihath J, Oren EE, Anantram MP. Role of intercalation in the electrical properties of nucleic acids for use in molecular electronics. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:651-660. [PMID: 34190284 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Intercalating ds-DNA/RNA with small molecules can play an essential role in controlling the electron transmission probability for molecular electronics applications such as biosensors, single-molecule transistors, and data storage. However, its applications are limited due to a lack of understanding of the nature of intercalation and electron transport mechanisms. We addressed this long-standing problem by studying the effect of intercalation on both the molecular structure and charge transport along the nucleic acids using molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations coupled with the Green's function method, respectively. The study on anthraquinone and anthraquinone-neomycin conjugate intercalation into short nucleic acids reveals some universal features: (1) the intercalation affects the transmission by two mechanisms: (a) inducing energy levels within the bandgap and (b) shifting the location of the Fermi energy with respect to the molecular orbitals of the nucleic acid, (2) the effect of intercalation was found to be dependent on the redox state of the intercalator: while oxidized anthraquinone decreases, reduced anthraquinone increases the conductance, and (3) the sequence of the intercalated nucleic acid further affects the transmission: lowering the AT-region length was found to enhance the electronic coupling of the intercalator with GC bases, hence yielding an increase of more than four times in conductance. We anticipate our study to inspire designing intercalator-nucleic acid complexes for potential use in molecular electronics via creating a multi-level gating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Mohammad
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Busra Demir
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. and Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caglanaz Akin
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. and Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Binquan Luan
- Computational Biological Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ersin Emre Oren
- Bionanodesign Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. and Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M P Anantram
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Ye J, Aftenieva O, Bayrak T, Jain A, König TAF, Erbe A, Seidel R. Complex Metal Nanostructures with Programmable Shapes from Simple DNA Building Blocks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100381. [PMID: 34085729 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in DNA nanotechnology allow the design and fabrication of highly complex DNA structures, uisng specific programmable interactions between smaller nucleic acid building blocks. To convey this concept to the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles, an assembly platform is developed based on a few basic DNA structures that can serve as molds. Programming specific interactions between these elements allows the assembly of mold superstructures with a range of different geometries. Subsequent seeded growth of gold within the mold cavities enables the synthesis of complex metal structures including tightly DNA-caged particles, rolling-pin- and dumbbell-shaped particles, as well as T-shaped and loop particles with high continuity. The method further supports the formation of higher-order assemblies of the obtained metal geometries. Based on electrical and optical characterizations, it is expected that the developed platform is a valuable tool for a self-assembly-based fabrication of nanoelectronic and nanooptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ye
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olha Aftenieva
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Türkan Bayrak
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Archa Jain
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chair of Nanoelectronics Technologies, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tobias A F König
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Artur Erbe
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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29
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Pang C, Aryal BR, Ranasinghe DR, Westover TR, Ehlert AEF, Harb JN, Davis RC, Woolley AT. Bottom-Up Fabrication of DNA-Templated Electronic Nanomaterials and Their Characterization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1655. [PMID: 34201888 PMCID: PMC8306176 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bottom-up fabrication using DNA is a promising approach for the creation of nanoarchitectures. Accordingly, nanomaterials with specific electronic, photonic, or other functions are precisely and programmably positioned on DNA nanostructures from a disordered collection of smaller parts. These self-assembled structures offer significant potential in many domains such as sensing, drug delivery, and electronic device manufacturing. This review describes recent progress in organizing nanoscale morphologies of metals, semiconductors, and carbon nanotubes using DNA templates. We describe common substrates, DNA templates, seeding, plating, nanomaterial placement, and methods for structural and electrical characterization. Finally, our outlook for DNA-enabled bottom-up nanofabrication of materials is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - Basu R. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - Dulashani R. Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - Tyler R. Westover
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (T.R.W.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Asami E. F. Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
| | - John N. Harb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Robert C. Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (T.R.W.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (C.P.); (B.R.A.); (D.R.R.); (A.E.F.E.)
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30
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Xin Y, Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Grundmeier G, Castro M, Linko V, Keller A. Scaling Up DNA Origami Lattice Assembly. Chemistry 2021; 27:8564-8571. [PMID: 33780583 PMCID: PMC8252642 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The surface-assisted hierarchical assembly of DNA origami nanostructures is a promising route to fabricate regular nanoscale lattices. In this work, the scalability of this approach is explored and the formation of a homogeneous polycrystalline DNA origami lattice at the mica-electrolyte interface over a total surface area of 18.75 cm2 is demonstrated. The topological analysis of more than 50 individual AFM images recorded at random locations over the sample surface showed only minuscule and random variations in the quality and order of the assembled lattice. The analysis of more than 450 fluorescence microscopy images of a quantum dot-decorated DNA origami lattice further revealed a very homogeneous surface coverage over cm2 areas with only minor boundary effects at the substrate edges. At total DNA costs of € 0.12 per cm2 , this large-scale nanopatterning technique holds great promise for the fabrication of functional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xin
- Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryPaderborn UniversityWarburger Str. 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid MaterialsDepartment of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP. O. Box 1610000076AaltoFinland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid MaterialsDepartment of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP. O. Box 1610000076AaltoFinland
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryPaderborn UniversityWarburger Str. 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Mario Castro
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos and Instituto de Investigación TecnológicaUniversidad Pontificia Comillas de MadridMadrid28015Spain
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid MaterialsDepartment of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP. O. Box 1610000076AaltoFinland
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryPaderborn UniversityWarburger Str. 10033098PaderbornGermany
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31
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Zhang Y, Qu ZB, Jiang C, Liu Y, Pradeep Narayanan R, Williams D, Zuo X, Wang L, Yan H, Liu H, Fan C. Prescribing Silver Chirality with DNA Origami. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8639-8646. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Zhi-bei Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chu Jiang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Raghu Pradeep Narayanan
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Dewight Williams
- Eyring Materials Center, Office of Knowledge Enterprise Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Huajie Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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32
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Ye J, Teske J, Kemper U, Seidel R. Sequential Pull-Down Purification of DNA Origami Superstructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007218. [PMID: 33728738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order superstructures of individual DNA origami building blocks are frequently used in DNA nanotechnology in order to increase the structure dimensions and complexity. Here, a purification method is presented to specifically enrich a fully assembled superstructure out of an excess of substructures. The approach is based on pull-down reactions with magnetic beads, where superstructures are captured via an anchor strand on a specific terminus and then become separated from terminus-free structures. By carrying out several pull-down reactions sequentially on different termini, the full superstructures that possess all termini become finally enriched. The approach is demonstrated by purifying linear origami superstructures with up to nine monomers by two-sided pull-down reactions and a T-shaped superstructure in a three-sided pull-down reaction. In all cases, high recovery yields and purities are obtained. A crucial prerequisite for the sequential pull-down scheme is the establishment of highly specific, orthogonal sequence sets for capture, and anchor strands. It is expected that the introduced approach provides a useful and universal method to purify complex DNA origami superstructures with high specificity and yield and this way allows the massive parallel fabrication of nanostructures at high homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ye
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Josephine Teske
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kemper
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology is a pioneering biotechnology that presents the opportunity to engineer DNA-based hardware that will mediate a profound interface to the nanoscale. To date, an enormous library of shaped 3D DNA nanostructures have been designed and assembled. Moreover, recent research has demonstrated DNA nanostructures that are not only static but can exhibit specific dynamic motion. DNA nanostructures have thus garnered significant research interest as a template for pursuing shape and motion-dependent nanoscale phenomena. Potential applications have been explored in many interdisciplinary areas spanning medicine, biosensing, nanofabrication, plasmonics, single-molecule chemistry, and facilitating biophysical studies. In this review, we begin with a brief overview of general and versatile design techniques for 3D DNA nanostructures as well as some techniques and studies that have focused on improving the stability of DNA nanostructures in diverse environments, which is pivotal for its reliable utilization in downstream applications. Our main focus will be to compile a wide body of existing research on applications of 3D DNA nanostructures that demonstrably rely on the versatility of their mechanical design. Furthermore, we frame reviewed applications into three primary categories, namely encapsulation, surface templating, and nanomechanics, that we propose to be archetypal shape- or motion-related functions of DNA nanostructures found in nanoscience applications. Our intent is to identify core concepts that may define and motivate specific directions of progress in this field as we conclude the review with some perspectives on the future.
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34
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Platnich CM, Rizzuto FJ, Cosa G, Sleiman HF. Single-molecule methods in structural DNA nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 49:4220-4233. [PMID: 32538403 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Single molecules can now be visualised with unprecedented precision. As the resolution of single-molecule experiments improves, so too does the breadth, quantity and quality of information that can be extracted using these methodologies. In the field of DNA nanotechnology, we use programmable interactions between nucleic acids to generate complex, multidimensional structures. We can use single-molecule techniques - ranging from electron and fluorescence microscopies to electrical and force spectroscopies - to report on the structure, morphology, robustness, sample heterogeneity and other properties of these DNA nanoconstructs. In this Tutorial Review, we will detail how complementarity between static and dynamic single-molecule techniques can provide a unified image of DNA nanoarchitectures. The single-molecule methods that we discuss provide unprecedented insight into chemical and structural behaviour, yielding not just an average outcome but reporting on the distribution of values, ultimately showing how bulk properties arise from the collective behaviour of individual structures. As the fields of both DNA nanotechnology and single-molecule characterisation intertwine, a feedback loop is generated between disciplines, providing new opportunities for the development and operation of DNA-based materials as sensors, delivery vehicles, machinery and structural scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Platnich
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Felix J Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Hanadi F Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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35
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36
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Fabrication and temperature-dependent electrical characterization of a C-shape nanowire patterned by a DNA origami. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1922. [PMID: 33479352 PMCID: PMC7820232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a method based on directed molecular self-assembly to manufacture and electrically characterise C-shape gold nanowires which clearly deviate from typical linear shape due to the design of the template guiding the assembly. To this end, gold nanoparticles are arranged in the desired shape on a DNA-origami template and enhanced to form a continuous wire through electroless deposition. C-shape nanowires with a size below 150nm on a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\hbox {SiO}_2}/\hbox {Si}$$\end{document}SiO2/Si substrate are contacted with gold electrodes by means of electron beam lithography. Charge transport measurements of the nanowires show hopping, thermionic and tunneling transports at different temperatures in the 4.2K to 293K range. The different transport mechanisms indicate that the C-shape nanowires consist of metallic segments which are weakly coupled along the wires.
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Khanal BP, Zubarev ER. Gold Nanowires from Nanorods. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:15030-15038. [PMID: 33259716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanowires (AuNWs) possess strong potential application in micro- and nanoelectronics as well as in plasmonic waveguides because of their low electrical resistance. However, the synthesis of pure solvent-dispersible AuNWs with full control over their length still remains a challenge. All the previously reported methods produce AuNWs with other impurities such as smaller nanorods, platelets, and spherical particles and are limited to a certain length (typically below 10 μm). This article describes a one-step synthesis of extremely long AuNWs (up to 25 μm) with great control over their dimensions by using pentahedrally twinned gold nanorods (AuNRs) as seed particles. To induce the AuNW growth, the reduction of Au(I) to Au(0) was carried out on the surface of AuNRs at a very low pH by introducing HCl into the growth solution. The slow conversion of Au(I) to Au(0) due to the increase in reduction potential at lower pH promoted the preferential deposition of metallic gold on the more reactive tips of AuNRs compared to their sides, resulting in the formation of AuNWs. In analogy to the "living" polymerization reaction, the length of the AuNWs was proportional to the amount of Au(I) added to the growth solution; thus, the desired length of AuNWs was achieved by controlling the supply of Au(I) ions in the reaction mixture. The AuNWs longer than 6 μm were found to be responsive to microwave radiation. When an aqueous solution of AuNWs was exposed to microwaves, the formation of sharp kinks was observed in several locations of AuNWs without their disintegration into smaller pieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Khanal
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eugene R Zubarev
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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38
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Synthesis and applications of anisotropic nanoparticles with precisely defined dimensions. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 5:21-45. [PMID: 37118104 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Shape and size play powerful roles in determining the properties of a material; controlling these aspects with precision is therefore an important, fundamental goal of the chemical sciences. In particular, the introduction of shape anisotropy at the nanoscale has emerged as a potent way to access new properties and functionality, enabling the exploration of complex nanomaterials across a range of applications. Recent advances in DNA and protein nanotechnology, inorganic crystallization techniques, and precision polymer self-assembly are now enabling unprecedented control over the synthesis of anisotropic nanoparticles with a variety of shapes, encompassing one-dimensional rods, dumbbells and wires, two-dimensional and three-dimensional platelets, rings, polyhedra, stars, and more. This has, in turn, enabled much progress to be made in our understanding of how anisotropy and particle dimensions can be tuned to produce materials with unique and optimized properties. In this Review, we bring these recent developments together to critically appraise the different methods for the bottom-up synthesis of anisotropic nanoparticles enabling exquisite control over morphology and dimensions. We highlight the unique properties of these materials in arenas as diverse as electron transport and biological processing, illustrating how they can be leveraged to produce devices and materials with otherwise inaccessible functionality. By making size and shape our focus, we aim to identify potential synergies between different disciplines and produce a road map for future research in this crucial area.
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Ranasinghe DR, Aryal BR, Westover TR, Jia S, Davis RC, Harb JN, Schulman R, Woolley AT. Seeding, Plating and Electrical Characterization of Gold Nanowires Formed on Self-Assembled DNA Nanotubes. Molecules 2020; 25:E4817. [PMID: 33092123 PMCID: PMC7587963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly nanofabrication is increasingly appealing in complex nanostructures, as it requires fewer materials and has potential to reduce feature sizes. The use of DNA to control nanoscale and microscale features is promising but not fully developed. In this work, we study self-assembled DNA nanotubes to fabricate gold nanowires for use as interconnects in future nanoelectronic devices. We evaluate two approaches for seeding, gold and palladium, both using gold electroless plating to connect the seeds. These gold nanowires are characterized electrically utilizing electron beam induced deposition of tungsten and four-point probe techniques. Measured resistivity values for 15 successfully studied wires are between 9.3 × 10-6 and 1.2 × 10-3 Ωm. Our work yields new insights into reproducible formation and characterization of metal nanowires on DNA nanotubes, making them promising templates for future nanowires in complex electronic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulashani R. Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (D.R.R.); (B.R.A.)
| | - Basu R. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (D.R.R.); (B.R.A.)
| | - Tyler R. Westover
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (T.R.W.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Sisi Jia
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.J.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert C. Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (T.R.W.); (R.C.D.)
| | - John N. Harb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Rebecca Schulman
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.J.); (R.S.)
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (D.R.R.); (B.R.A.)
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40
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Ye J, Weichelt R, Kemper U, Gupta V, König TAF, Eychmüller A, Seidel R. Casting of Gold Nanoparticles with High Aspect Ratios inside DNA Molds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003662. [PMID: 32875721 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures provide a powerful platform for the programmable assembly of nanomaterials. Here this approach is extended to synthesize rod-like gold nanoparticles in a full DNA controlled manner. The approach is based on DNA molds containing elongated cavities. Gold is deposited inside the molds using a seeded-growth procedure. By carefully exploring the growth parameters it is shown that gold nanostructures with aspect ratios of up to 7 can be grown from single seeds. The highly anisotropic growth is in this case controlled only by the rather soft and porous DNA walls. The optimized seeded growth procedure provides a robust and simple routine to achieve continuous gold nanostructures using DNA templating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ye
- Molecular Biophysics group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Richard Weichelt
- Molecular Biophysics group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kemper
- Molecular Biophysics group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Gupta
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, e.V., Hohe Str. 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Tobias A F König
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, e.V., Hohe Str. 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Alexander Eychmüller
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Ralf Seidel
- Molecular Biophysics group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
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41
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Lin Z, Emamy H, Minevich B, Xiong Y, Xiang S, Kumar S, Ke Y, Gang O. Engineering Organization of DNA Nano-Chambers through Dimensionally Controlled and Multi-Sequence Encoded Differentiated Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17531-17542. [PMID: 32902966 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Engineering the assembly of nanoscale objects into complex and prescribed structures requires control over their binding properties. Such control might benefit from a well-defined bond directionality, the ability to designate their engagements through specific encodings, and the capability to coordinate local orientations. Although much progress has been achieved in our ability to design complex nano-objects, the challenges in creating such nano-objects with fully controlled binding modes and understanding their fundamental properties are still outstanding. Here, we report a facile strategy for creating a DNA nanochamber (DNC), a hollow cuboid nano-object, whose bonds can be fully prescribed and complexly encoded along its three orthogonal axes, giving rise to addressable and differentiated bonds. The DNC can host nanoscale cargoes, which allows for the integration with functional nano-objects and their organization in larger-scale systems. We explore the relationship between the design of differentiated bonds and a formation of one-(1D), two-(2D), and three-(3D) dimensional organized arrays. Through the realization of different binding modes, we demonstrate sequence encoded nanoscale heteropolymers, helical polymers, 2D lattices, and mesoscale 3D nanostructures with internal order, and show that this assembly strategy can be applied for the organization of nanoparticles. We combine experimental investigations with computational simulation to understand the mechanism of structural formation for different types of ordered arrays, and to correlate the bonds design with assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hamed Emamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Brian Minevich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shuting Xiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sanat Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Oleg Gang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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42
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Dai X, Li Q, Aldalbahi A, Wang L, Fan C, Liu X. DNA-Based Fabrication for Nanoelectronics. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5604-5615. [PMID: 32787185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up DNA-templated nanoelectronics exploits the unparalleled self-assembly properties of DNA molecules and their amenability with various types of nanomaterials. In principle, nanoelectronic devices can be bottom-up assembled with near-atomic precision, which compares favorably with well-established top-down fabrication process with nanometer precision. Over the past decade, intensive effort has been made to develop DNA-based nanoassemblies including DNA-metal, DNA-polymer, and DNA-carbon nanotube complexes. This review introduces the history of DNA-based fabrication for nanoelectronics briefly and summarizes the state-of-art advances of DNA-based nanoelectronics. In particular, the most widely applied characterization techniques to explore their unique electronic properties at the nanoscale are described and discussed, including scanning tunneling microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. We also provide a perspective on potential applications of DNA-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lihua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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43
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44
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Westover TR, Aryal BR, Ranasinghe DR, Uprety B, Harb JN, Woolley AT, Davis RC. Impact of Polymer-Constrained Annealing on the Properties of DNA Origami-Templated Gold Nanowires. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6661-6667. [PMID: 32456432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami-templated fabrication enables bottom-up fabrication of nanoscale structures from a variety of functional materials, including metal nanowires. We studied the impact of low-temperature annealing on the morphology and conductance of DNA-templated nanowires. Nanowires were formed by selective seeding of gold nanorods on DNA origami and gold electroless plating of the seeded structures. At low annealing temperatures (160 °C for seeded-only and 180 °C for plated), the wires broke up and separated into multiple, isolated islands. Through the use of polymer-constrained annealing, the island formation in plated wires was suppressed up to annealing temperatures of 210 °C. Four-point electrical measurements showed that the wires remained conductive after a polymer-constrained annealing at 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Westover
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Basu R Aryal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dulashani R Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Bibek Uprety
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - John N Harb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Robert C Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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45
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Shang Y, Li N, Liu S, Wang L, Wang ZG, Zhang Z, Ding B. Site-Specific Synthesis of Silica Nanostructures on DNA Origami Templates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000294. [PMID: 32301202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami has been widely investigated as a template for the organization of various functional elements, leading to potential applications in many fields such as biosensing, nanoelectronics, and nanophotonics. However, the synthesis of inorganic nonmetallic nanomaterials with predesigned patterns using DNA origami templates has seldom been explored. Here, a novel method is reported to site-specifically synthesize silica nanostructures with designed patterns on DNA origami templates. The molecular dynamic simulation confirms that the positively charged silica precursors have a stronger electrostatic affinity to protruding double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) than DNA origami surfaces. The work describes a novel strategy to fabricate silica nanostructures with nanoscale precision. Moreover, the site-specific silicification of DNA nanoarchitectures expands the scope of customized synthesis of inorganic nonmetallic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxu Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shengbo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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46
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Luo X, Lachance-Brais C, Bantle A, Sleiman HF. The assemble, grow and lift-off (AGLO) strategy to construct complex gold nanostructures with pre-designed morphologies. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4911-4921. [PMID: 34122947 PMCID: PMC8159246 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00553c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of metallic nanostructures with customizable morphologies and complex shapes has been an essential pursuit in nanoscience. DNA nanotechnology has enabled the fabrication of increasingly complex DNA nanostructures with unprecedented specificity, programmability and sub-nanometer precision, which makes it an ideal approach to rationally organize metallic nanostructures. Here we report an Assemble, Grow and Lift-Off (AGLO) strategy to construct robust standalone gold nanostructures with pre-designed customizable shapes in solution, using only a simple 2D DNA origami sheet as a versatile transient template. Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) seeds were firstly assembled onto the pre-designed binding sites of the DNA origami template and then additional gold was slowly deposited onto the AuNP seeds. The growing seed surfaces eventually merge with adjacent seeds to generate one continuous gold nanostructure in a pre-designed shape, which can then be lifted off the origami template. Diverse customized patterns of templated AuNP seeds were successfully transformed into corresponding gold nanostructures with the target structure transformation percentage over 80%. Moreover, the AGLO strategy can be incorporated with a magnetic bead separation platform to enable the easy recycling of the excess AuNP seeds and DNA components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Christophe Lachance-Brais
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Amy Bantle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Hanadi F Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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47
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Xin Y, Kielar C, Zhu S, Sikeler C, Xu X, Möser C, Grundmeier G, Liedl T, Heuer-Jungemann A, Smith DM, Keller A. Cryopreservation of DNA Origami Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905959. [PMID: 32130783 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although DNA origami nanostructures have found their way into numerous fields of fundamental and applied research, they often suffer from rather limited stability when subjected to environments that differ from the employed assembly conditions, that is, suspended in Mg2+ -containing buffer at moderate temperatures. Here, means for efficient cryopreservation of 2D and 3D DNA origami nanostructures and, in particular, the effect of repeated freezing and thawing cycles are investigated. It is found that, while the 2D DNA origami nanostructures maintain their structural integrity over at least 32 freeze-thaw cycles, ice crystal formation makes the DNA origami gradually more sensitive toward harsh sample treatment conditions. Whereas no freeze damage could be detected in 3D DNA origami nanostructures subjected to 32 freeze-thaw cycles, 1000 freeze-thaw cycles result in significant fragmentation. The cryoprotectants glycerol and trehalose are found to efficiently protect the DNA origami nanostructures against freeze damage at concentrations between 0.2 × 10-3 and 200 × 10-3 m and without any negative effects on DNA origami shape. This work thus provides a basis for the long-term storage of DNA origami nanostructures, which is an important prerequisite for various technological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xin
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kielar
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christoph Sikeler
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christin Möser
- DNA Nanodevices Unit, Department Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Tim Liedl
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Amelie Heuer-Jungemann
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - David M Smith
- DNA Nanodevices Unit, Department Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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48
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Loescher S, Walther A. Suprakolloidale Selbstorganisation von bivalenten Janus‐3D‐DNA‐Origami über programmierbare, multivalente Wirt/Gast‐Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Loescher
- A3BMS Lab Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
- Freiburg Materials Research Center University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Georges-Kçhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Deutschland
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) University of Freiburg Albertstrasse 19 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
- Freiburg Materials Research Center University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Georges-Kçhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Deutschland
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) University of Freiburg Albertstrasse 19 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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49
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Loescher S, Walther A. Supracolloidal Self-Assembly of Divalent Janus 3D DNA Origami via Programmable Multivalent Host/Guest Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5515-5520. [PMID: 31814217 PMCID: PMC7154728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We introduce divalent 3D DNA origami cuboids as truly monodisperse colloids and harness their ability for precision functionalization with defined patches and defined numbers of supramolecular binding motifs. We demonstrate that even adamantane/β-cyclodextrin host/guest inclusion complexes of moderate association strength can induce efficient supracolloidal fibrillization at high dilution of the 3D DNA Origami as a result of cooperative multivalency. We show details on the assembly of Janus and non-Janus 3D DNA origami into supracolloidal homo- and heterofibrils with respect to multivalency effects, electrostatic screening, and stoichiometry. We believe that the merger of 3D DNA origami with colloidal self-assembly and supramolecular motifs provides new synergies at the interface of these disciplines to better understand multivalency effects, to promote structural complexity, and add non-DNA assembling and switching mechanisms to DNA nanoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Loescher
- ABMS LabInstitute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Strasse 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Strasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Kçhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS)University of FreiburgAlbertstrasse 1979104FreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Walther
- ABMS LabInstitute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Strasse 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Strasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Kçhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS)University of FreiburgAlbertstrasse 1979104FreiburgGermany
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