1
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Eroles M, Lopez-Alonso J, Ortega A, Boudier T, Gharzeddine K, Lafont F, Franz CM, Millet A, Valotteau C, Rico F. Coupled mechanical mapping and interference contrast microscopy reveal viscoelastic and adhesion hallmarks of monocyte differentiation into macrophages. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37378568 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00757j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes activated by pro-inflammatory signals adhere to the vascular endothelium and migrate from the bloodstream to the tissue ultimately differentiating into macrophages. Cell mechanics and adhesion play a crucial role in macrophage functions during this inflammatory process. However, how monocytes change their adhesion and mechanical properties upon differentiation into macrophages is still not well understood. In this work, we used various tools to quantify the morphology, adhesion, and viscoelasticity of monocytes and differentiatted macrophages. Combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) high resolution viscoelastic mapping with interference contrast microscopy (ICM) at the single-cell level revealed viscoelasticity and adhesion hallmarks during monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Quantitative holographic tomography imaging revealed a dramatic increase in cell volume and surface area during monocyte differentiation and the emergence of round and spread macrophage subpopulations. AFM viscoelastic mapping showed important stiffening (increase of the apparent Young's modulus, E0) and solidification (decrease of cell fluidity, β) on differentiated cells that correlated with increased adhesion area. These changes were enhanced in macrophages with a spread phenotype. Remarkably, when adhesion was perturbed, differentiated macrophages remained stiffer and more solid-like than monocytes, suggesting a permanent reorganization of the cytoskeleton. We speculate that the stiffer and more solid-like microvilli and lamellipodia might help macrophages to minimize energy dissipation during mechanosensitive activities. Thus, our results revealed viscoelastic and adhesion hallmarks of monocyte differentiation that may be important for biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Eroles
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Javier Lopez-Alonso
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Ortega
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Khaldoun Gharzeddine
- Univ.Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Mechanobiology, Immunity and Cancer, La Tronche, France
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Clemens M Franz
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Arnaud Millet
- Univ.Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Mechanobiology, Immunity and Cancer, La Tronche, France
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Felix Rico
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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2
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Küppers M, Albrecht D, Kashkanova AD, Lühr J, Sandoghdar V. Confocal interferometric scattering microscopy reveals 3D nanoscopic structure and dynamics in live cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1962. [PMID: 37029107 PMCID: PMC10081331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bright-field light microscopy and related phase-sensitive techniques play an important role in life sciences because they provide facile and label-free insights into biological specimens. However, lack of three-dimensional imaging and low sensitivity to nanoscopic features hamper their application in many high-end quantitative studies. Here, we demonstrate that interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy operated in the confocal mode provides unique label-free solutions for live-cell studies. We reveal the nanometric topography of the nuclear envelope, quantify the dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum, detect single microtubules, and map nanoscopic diffusion of clathrin-coated pits undergoing endocytosis. Furthermore, we introduce the combination of confocal and wide-field iSCAT modalities for simultaneous imaging of cellular structures and high-speed tracking of nanoscopic entities such as single SARS-CoV-2 virions. We benchmark our findings against simultaneously acquired fluorescence images. Confocal iSCAT can be readily implemented as an additional contrast mechanism in existing laser scanning microscopes. The method is ideally suited for live studies on primary cells that face labeling challenges and for very long measurements beyond photobleaching times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Küppers
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Albrecht
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna D Kashkanova
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lühr
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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3
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Abdelrahman A, Smith AS, Sengupta K. Observing Membrane and Cell Adhesion via Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:123-135. [PMID: 37106179 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM) is an optical microscopy technique ideally suited for imaging adhesion. While RICM (and the closely related interference reflection microscopy (IRM)) has been extensively used qualitatively or semiquantitatively to image cells, including immune cells, it can also be used quantitatively to measure membrane to surface distance, especially for model membranes. Here, we present a protocol for RICM and IRM imaging and the details of semiquantitative and quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelrahman
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Department of Physics, Centre for Computational Materials and Processes, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Erlangen, Germany.
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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4
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Hwang W, Kim D, Kim D. Axial Scanning Metal-Induced Energy Transfer Microscopy for Extended Range Nanometer-Sectioning Cell Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105497. [PMID: 35174635 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-sectioning optical microscopy has become an indispensable tool in membrane-related biomedical studies. Finally, many nanometer-sectioning imaging schemes, such as variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, metal-induced energy transfer (MIET) imaging, and supercritical-angle fluorescence microscopy have been introduced. However, these methods can measure a single layer of molecules, and the measurement ranges are below 100 nm, which is not large enough to cover the thickness of lamellipodium. This paper proposes an optical imaging scheme that can identify the axial locations of two layers of molecules with an extended measurement range and a nanometer-scale precision by using MIET, axial focal plane scanning, and biexponential analysis in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring an artificial sample of a known structure and the lamellipodium of a human aortic endothelial cell whose thickness ranges from 100 to 450 nm with 18.3 nm precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsang Hwang
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Dongeun Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Dugyoung Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
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5
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El Arawi D, Vézy C, Déturche R, Lehmann M, Kessler H, Dontenwill M, Jaffiol R. Advanced quantification for single-cell adhesion by variable-angle TIRF nanoscopy. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2021; 1:100021. [PMID: 36425460 PMCID: PMC9680782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2021.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, several techniques have been developed to study cell adhesion; however, they present significant shortcomings. Such techniques mostly focus on strong adhesion related to specific protein-protein associations, such as ligand-receptor binding in focal adhesions. Therefore, weak adhesion, related to less specific or nonspecific cell-substrate interactions, are rarely addressed. Hence, we propose in this work a complete investigation of cell adhesion, from highly specific to nonspecific adhesiveness, using variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence (vaTIRF) nanoscopy. This technique allows us to map in real time cell topography with a nanometric axial resolution, along with cell cortex refractive index. These two key parameters allow us to distinguish high and low adhesive cell-substrate contacts. Furthermore, vaTIRF provides cell-substrate binding energy, thus revealing a correlation between cell contractility and cell-substrate binding energy. Here, we highlight the quantitative measurements achieved by vaTIRF on U87MG glioma cells expressing different amounts of α 5 integrins and distinct motility on fibronectin. Regarding integrin expression level, data extracted from vaTIRF measurements, such as the number and size of high adhesive contacts per cell, corroborate the adhesiveness of U87MG cells as intended. Interestingly enough, we found that cells overexpressing α 5 integrins present a higher contractility and lower adhesion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia El Arawi
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, ERL CNRS 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
| | - Cyrille Vézy
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, ERL CNRS 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
| | - Régis Déturche
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, ERL CNRS 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
| | - Maxime Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR CNRS 7021, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Horst Kessler
- Department Chemie, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR CNRS 7021, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Rodolphe Jaffiol
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, ERL CNRS 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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6
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Li L, Stumpf BH, Smith AS. Molecular Biomechanics Controls Protein Mixing and Segregation in Adherent Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3699. [PMID: 33918167 PMCID: PMC8037219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells interact with their environment by forming complex structures involving a multitude of proteins within assemblies in the plasma membrane. Despite the omnipresence of these assemblies, a number of questions about the correlations between the organisation of domains and the biomechanical properties of the involved proteins, namely their length, flexibility and affinity, as well as about the coupling to the elastic, fluctuating membrane, remain open. Here we address these issues by developing an effective Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to model membrane adhesion. We apply this model to a typical experiment in which a cell binds to a functionalized solid supported bilayer and use two ligand-receptor pairs to study these couplings. We find that differences in affinity and length of proteins forming adhesive contacts result in several characteristic features in the calculated phase diagrams. One such feature is mixed states occurring even with proteins with length differences of 10 nm. Another feature are stable nanodomains with segregated proteins appearing on time scales of cell experiments, and for biologically relevant parameters. Furthermore, we show that macroscopic ring-like patterns can spontaneously form as a consequence of emergent protein fluxes. The capacity to form domains is captured by an order parameter that is founded on the virial coefficients for the membrane mediated interactions between bonds, which allow us to collapse all the data. These findings show that taking into account the role of the membrane allows us to recover a number of experimentally observed patterns. This is an important perspective in the context of explicit biological systems, which can now be studied in significant detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (B.H.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bernd Henning Stumpf
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (B.H.S.)
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Blackwell R, Hemmerle A, Baer A, Späth M, Peukert W, Parsons D, Sengupta K, Smith AS. On the control of dispersion interactions between biological membranes and protein coated biointerfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 598:464-473. [PMID: 33951546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Interaction of cellular membranes with biointerfaces is of vital importance for a number of medical devices and implants. Adhesiveness of these surfaces and cells is often regulated by depositing a layer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or other protein coatings. However, anomalously large separations between phospholipid membranes and the biointerfaces in various conditions and buffers have been observed, which could not be understood using available theoretical arguments. METHODS Using the Lifshitz theory, we here evaluate the distance-dependent Hamaker coefficient describing the dispersion interaction between a biointerface and a membrane to understand the relative positioning of two surfaces. Our theoretical modeling is supported by experiments where the biointerface is represented by a glass substrate with deposited BSA and protein layers. These biointerfaces are allowed to interact with giant unilamellar vesicles decorated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) using PEG lipids to mimic cellular membranes and their pericellular coat. RESULTS We demonstrate that careful treatment of the van der Waals interactions is critical for explaining the lack of adhesiveness of the membranes with protein-decorated biointerfaces. We show that BSA alone indeed passivates the glass, but depositing an additional protein layer on the surface BSA, or producing multiple layers of proteins and BSA results in repulsive dispersion forces responsible for 100 nm large equilibrium separations between the two surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blackwell
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Arnaud Hemmerle
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille, CNRS, UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Andreas Baer
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Späth
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstrasse 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Drew Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; Discipline of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, College of Science Health Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia.
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille, CNRS, UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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8
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Goggin DM, Zhang H, Miller EM, Samaniuk JR. Interference Provides Clarity: Direct Observation of 2D Materials at Fluid-Fluid Interfaces. ACS NANO 2020; 14:777-790. [PMID: 31820924 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer particles of two-dimensional (2D) materials represent a scientifically and technologically interesting class of anisotropic particles with colloidal-scale lateral sizes but sub-nanometer thicknesses. This atomic-scale thickness leads to interesting phenomena that can be exploited in next-generation thin-film technologies, and fluid-fluid interfaces provide a potentially scalable platform to confine, assemble, and deposit functional thin films of 2D materials. However, directly observing how these materials interact and assemble into a given film morphology is experimentally challenging because of their sub-nanometer thicknesses. Here, we demonstrate the ability to directly observe graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) particles at fluid-fluid interfaces using interference reflection microscopy (IRM). Monolayer MoS2 and graphene particles demonstrated >10% optical contrast at an air-water interface, which allowed us to quantitatively analyze in situ images of self-assembled MoS2 particles and to map trajectories of interacting graphene particles. Additionally, the Brownian motion of a graphene particle was tracked and analyzed in the context of passive microrheology theory for 2D particle probes. Our results demonstrate how IRM can be used to obtain quantitative spatiotemporal information regarding the self-assembly and dynamics of 2D materials at fluid-fluid interfaces. It will have a significant impact on our ability to investigate systems of atomically thin particles at fluid-fluid interfaces, an area that has fundamental scientific importance and materials science applications but has suffered from a lack of direct, in situ observation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Goggin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Joseph R Samaniuk
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
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9
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Wiegand T, Fratini M, Frey F, Yserentant K, Liu Y, Weber E, Galior K, Ohmes J, Braun F, Herten DP, Boulant S, Schwarz US, Salaita K, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Spatz JP. Forces during cellular uptake of viruses and nanoparticles at the ventral side. Nat Commun 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 31896744 PMCID: PMC6940367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens, such as mammalian reovirus, mimic extracellular matrix motifs to specifically interact with the host membrane. Whether and how cell-matrix interactions influence virus particle uptake is unknown, as it is usually studied from the dorsal side. Here we show that the forces exerted at the ventral side of adherent cells during reovirus uptake exceed the binding strength of biotin-neutravidin anchoring viruses to a biofunctionalized substrate. Analysis of virus dissociation kinetics using the Bell model revealed mean forces higher than 30 pN per virus, preferentially applied in the cell periphery where close matrix contacts form. Utilizing 100 nm-sized nanoparticles decorated with integrin adhesion motifs, we demonstrate that the uptake forces scale with the adhesion energy, while actin/myosin inhibitions strongly reduce the uptake frequency, but not uptake kinetics. We hypothesize that particle adhesion and the push by the substrate provide the main driving forces for uptake. Many intracellular pathogens mimic extracellular matrix motifs to specifically interact with the host membrane which may influences virus particle uptake. Here authors use single molecule tension sensors to reveal the minimal forces exerted on single virus particles and demonstrate that the uptake forces scale with the adhesion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marta Fratini
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital, INF 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Felix Frey
- BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Yserentant
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Eva Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Galior
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Julia Ohmes
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Experimental Trauma Surgery, Universty Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Braun
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk-Peter Herten
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & School of Chemistry, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital, INF 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - E Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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PLOEM JOHAN. Applications of reflection‐contrast microscopy, including the sensitive detection of the results of in situhybridisation a review. J Microsc 2019; 274:79-86. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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