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Card M, Alejandro R, Roxbury D. Decoupling Individual Optical Nanosensor Responses Using a Spin-Coated Hydrogel Platform. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1772-1783. [PMID: 36548478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in fields such as nanotechnology and biomedicine using the unique properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Specifically, SWCNTs are used as near-infrared fluorescence sensors in the solution phase to detect a wide array of biologically relevant analytes. However, solution-based sensing has several limitations, including limited sensitivity and poor spatial resolution. We have therefore devised a new spin-coated poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel platform to examine individual DNA-functionalized SWCNTs (DNA-SWCNTs) in their native aqueous state and have subsequently used this platform to investigate the temporal modulations of each SWCNT in response to a model analyte. A strong surfactant, sodium deoxycholate (SDC), was chosen as the model analyte as it rapidly exchanges with DNA oligonucleotides on the SWCNT surface, modulating several optical properties of the SWCNTs and demonstrating multiparameter analyte detection. Upon addition of SDC, we observed time-dependent spectral modulations in the emission center wavelengths and peak intensities of the individual SWCNTs, indicative of a DNA-to-surfactant exchange process. Interestingly, we found that the modulations in the peak intensities, as determined by kinetic data, were significantly delayed when compared to their center wavelength counterparts, suggesting a potential decoupling of the response of these two spectral features. We used a 1-D diffusion model to relate the local SDC concentration to the spectral response of each SWCNT and created dose-response curves. The peak intensity shifts at a higher SDC concentration than the center wavelength, indicating a potential change in the conformation of the surfactant molecules adsorbed to the SWCNT sidewall after the initial exchange process. This platform allows for a unique single-molecule analysis technique that is significantly more sensitive and modifiable than utilizing SWCNTs in the solution phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Card
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island02886, United States
| | - Raisa Alejandro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island02886, United States
| | - Daniel Roxbury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island02886, United States
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Yahya I, Hassan MA, Maidin NNM, Mohamed MA. SWCNT Network-FET Device for Human Serum Albumin Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8212. [PMID: 36365910 PMCID: PMC9653970 DOI: 10.3390/s22218212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A thin film of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) network field-effect transistor (FET) was fabricated by a simple, fast, and reliable deposition method for electronic applications. This study aims to develop a method for fabricating a thin film of random SWCNTs to be used as a transducer to detect human serum albumin (HSA) in biosensor applications. The random SWCNT network was deposited using the airbrush technique. The morphology of the CNT network was examined by utilising atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while electrical characteristics were analysed using three-terminal IV measurements. The thin film (SWCNT network) was applied as a transducer to detect human serum albumin (HSA) based on its covalent interaction with antibodies. HSA plays a significant part in the physiological functions of the human body. The surface alteration of the SWCNTs was verified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Electrical current-voltage measurements validated the surface binding and HSA detection. The biosensor linearly recorded a 0.47 fg/mL limit of detection (LOD) and a high sensitivity of 3.44 μA (g/mL)-1 between 1 fg/mL and 10 pg/mL. This device can also be used to identify a genuine HSA despite interference from other biomolecules (i.e., bovine serum albumin (BSA)), thus demonstrating the random SWCNT-FET immunosensor ability to quantify HSA in a complex biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskandar Yahya
- Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Azuddin Hassan
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nasyifa Mohd Maidin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Guo SY, Hou PX, Zhang F, Liu C, Cheng HM. Gas Sensors Based on Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175381. [PMID: 36080149 PMCID: PMC9458085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have a high aspect ratio, large surface area, good stability and unique metallic or semiconducting electrical conductivity, they are therefore considered a promising candidate for the fabrication of flexible gas sensors that are expected to be used in the Internet of Things and various portable and wearable electronics. In this review, we first introduce the sensing mechanism of SWCNTs and the typical structure and key parameters of SWCNT-based gas sensors. We then summarize research progress on the design, fabrication, and performance of SWCNT-based gas sensors. Finally, the principles and possible approaches to further improving the performance of SWCNT-based gas sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Correspondence: (P.-X.H.); (C.L.); (H.-M.C.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Correspondence: (P.-X.H.); (C.L.); (H.-M.C.)
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence: (P.-X.H.); (C.L.); (H.-M.C.)
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Shi JX, Lei XW, Natsuki T. Review on Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Nano-Mass and Nano-Force Sensors by Theoretical Analysis of Vibration Behavior. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051907. [PMID: 33803252 PMCID: PMC7967185 DOI: 10.3390/s21051907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene sheets (GSs), and carbyne, are an important new class of technological materials, and have been proposed as nano-mechanical sensors because of their extremely superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance. The present work reviews the recent studies of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-force and nano-mass sensors using mechanical analysis of vibration behavior. The mechanism of the two kinds of frequency-based nano sensors is firstly introduced with mathematical models and expressions. Afterward, the modeling perspective of carbon nanomaterials using continuum mechanical approaches as well as the determination of their material properties matching with their continuum models are concluded. Moreover, we summarize the representative works of CNTs/GSs/carbyne-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors and overview the technology for future challenges. It is hoped that the present review can provide an insight into the application of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mechanical sensors. Showing remarkable results, carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors perform with a much higher sensitivity than using other traditional materials as resonators, such as silicon and ZnO. Thus, more intensive investigations of carbon nanomaterials-based nano sensors are preferred and expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xing Shi
- Department of Production Systems Engineering and Sciences, Komatsu University, Nu 1-3 Shicyomachi, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-8511, Japan;
| | - Xiao-Wen Lei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Toshiaki Natsuki
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi 386-8567, Japan
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Zhang X, Walmsley TS, Xu YQ. In situ monitoring of electrical and optoelectronic properties of suspended graphene ribbons during laser-induced morphological changes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4034-4040. [PMID: 36132770 PMCID: PMC9418935 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exploring ways to tune and improve the performance of graphene is of paramount importance in creating functional graphene-based electronic and optoelectronic devices. Recent advancements have shown that altering the morphology of graphene can have a pronounced effect on its properties. Here, we present a practical and facile method to manipulate the morphology of a suspended graphene ribbon using a laser to locally induce heating while monitoring its electrical and optoelectronic properties in situ. Electrical measurements reveal that the conductance of suspended graphene transistors can be tuned by modifying its morphology. Additionally, scanning photocurrent measurements show that laser-induced folded graphene ribbons display significantly enhanced localized photocurrent responses in comparison with their flat counterparts. Moreover, the localization of the laser-induced heating allows for a series of folds to be induced along the entire graphene ribbon, creating targeted photocurrent enhancement. Through further investigations, it is revealed that the photo-thermoelectric effect is the primary mechanism for the increased photocurrent response of the device. Our experimental results explore the mechanisms and consequences of the folding process as well as provide a strategy to manipulate morphology and physical properties of graphene for future engineering of electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Thayer S Walmsley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Ya-Qiong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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Zhou HP, Ye X, Huang W, Wu MQ, Mao LN, Yu B, Xu S, Levchenko I, Bazaka K. Wearable, Flexible, Disposable Plasma-Reduced Graphene Oxide Stress Sensors for Monitoring Activities in Austere Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15122-15132. [PMID: 30869857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In austere environments, for example, in outer space, on surfaces of extra-terrestrial bodies (Moon, Mars, etc.), or under water, technologies that can enable continuous, reliable, and authentic monitoring of movement of human operators and devices can be critical. We report here the production and human body test of wearable, flexible graphene oxide stress sensors suitable for real-time monitoring of body parameters, state and position of humans, and automatic equipment. These sensors have excellent sensitivity and signal strength across a wide strain range, alleviating the need for additional instrumentation for signal processing and amplification. Their low cost makes them virtually disposable, which may benefit such applications as smart clothing. The sensors were fabricated by a concomitant reduction and N-doping of graphene oxide on polydimethylsiloxane in N2-H2 plasma. The direct bias and other plasma parameters have a significant effect on the reduction and properties of graphene oxide sensors, as shown by optical emission, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, and X-ray diffraction. Optical emission showed different excitation and ionization processes involving atomic and molecular species in the N2-H2 discharge. The photoelectron spectroscopy has confirmed the graphene reduction and introduction of nitrogen doping into the reduced graphene oxide. The bias efficiently controls plasma-induced electric fields, and plasma-related effects determine the N-doping levels. The reduced graphene oxides demonstrate excellent tensile properties, which make them suitable for efficient but cheap stress sensors. This eco-friendly, fast, room-temperature method shows a great potential for fabrication of efficient, flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - B Yu
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) , State University of New York , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - S Xu
- Plasma Sources and Application Center/Space Propulsion Centre Singapore, NIE, and Institute of Advanced Studies , Nanyang Technological University , 637616 , Singapore
| | - I Levchenko
- Plasma Sources and Application Center/Space Propulsion Centre Singapore, NIE, and Institute of Advanced Studies , Nanyang Technological University , 637616 , Singapore
| | - K Bazaka
- Plasma Sources and Application Center/Space Propulsion Centre Singapore, NIE, and Institute of Advanced Studies , Nanyang Technological University , 637616 , Singapore
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