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Wang X, Yao C, Zhang B, Zhang D, Shi C, Tao Y, Sun D. Roentgenoscopy of laser-induced projectile impact testing. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:910-915. [PMID: 38843004 PMCID: PMC11226167 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524003898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Laser-induced projectile impact testing (LIPIT) based on synchrotron imaging is proposed and validated. This emerging high-velocity, high-strain microscale dynamic loading technique offers a unique perspective on the strain and energy dissipation behavior of materials subjected to high-speed microscale single-particle impacts. When combined with synchrotron radiation imaging techniques, LIPIT allows for in situ observation of particle infiltration. Two validation experiments were carried out, demonstrating the potential of LIPIT in the roentgenoscopy of the dynamic properties of various materials. With a spatial resolution of 10 µm and a temporal resolution of 33.4 µs, the system was successfully realized at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility 3W1 beamline. This innovative approach opens up new avenues for studying the dynamic properties of materials in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Multi-Disciplinary Research DivisionInstitute of High Energy Physics19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou DistrictBeijing101408People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Yao
- Multi-Disciplinary Research DivisionInstitute of High Energy Physics19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou DistrictBeijing101408People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Multi-Disciplinary Research DivisionInstitute of High Energy Physics19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou DistrictBeijing101408People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Multi-Disciplinary Research DivisionInstitute of High Energy Physics19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou DistrictBeijing101408People’s Republic of China
| | - Caijuan Shi
- Multi-Disciplinary Research DivisionInstitute of High Energy Physics19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou DistrictBeijing101408People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Tao
- Multi-Disciplinary Research DivisionInstitute of High Energy Physics19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou DistrictBeijing101408People’s Republic of China
| | - Darui Sun
- Multi-Disciplinary Research DivisionInstitute of High Energy Physics19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou DistrictBeijing101408People’s Republic of China
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2
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Zhang X, Lei X, Jia X, Sun T, Luo J, Xu S, Li L, Yan D, Shao Y, Yong Z, Zhang Y, Wu X, Gao E, Jian M, Zhang J. Carbon nanotube fibers with dynamic strength up to 14 GPa. Science 2024; 384:1318-1323. [PMID: 38900888 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
High dynamic strength is of fundamental importance for fibrous materials that are used in high-strain rate environments. Carbon nanotube fibers are one of the most promising candidates. Using a strategy to optimize hierarchical structures, we fabricated carbon nanotube fibers with a dynamic strength of 14 gigapascals (GPa) and excellent energy absorption. The dynamic performance of the fibers is attributed to the simultaneous breakage of individual nanotubes and delocalization of impact energy that occurs during the high-strain rate loading process; these behaviors are due to improvements in interfacial interactions, nanotube alignment, and densification therein. This work presents an effective strategy to utilize the strength of individual carbon nanotubes at the macroscale and provides fresh mechanism insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Xudong Lei
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangzheng Jia
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tongzhao Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shichen Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Yuanlong Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yong
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Insitute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Insitute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xianqian Wu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Enlai Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
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3
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Huang J, Guo Y, Lei X, Chen B, Hao H, Luo J, Sun T, Jian M, Gao E, Wu X, Ma W, Shao Y, Zhang J. Fabricating Ultrastrong Carbon Nanotube Fibers via a Microwave Welding Interface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14377-14387. [PMID: 38781118 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal wet-spun carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) offer notable advantages, such as precise alignment and scalability. However, these CNTFs usually suffer premature failure through intertube slippage due to the weak interfacial interactions between adjacent shells and bundles. Herein, we present a microwave (MW) welding strategy to enhance intertube interactions by partially carbonizing interstitial heterocyclic aramid polymers. The resulting CNTFs exhibit ultrahigh static tensile strength (6.74 ± 0.34 GPa) and dynamic tensile strength (9.52 ± 1.31 GPa), outperforming other traditional high-performance fibers. This work provides a straightforward yet effective approach to strengthening CNTFs for advanced engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Yongzhe Guo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xudong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Tongzhao Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Enlai Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xianqian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weigang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanlong Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
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4
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Xiao K, Zhang P, Hu D, Huang C, Wu X. Micron-Thick Interlocked Carbon Nanotube Films with Excellent Impact Resistance via Micro-Ballistic Impact. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302403. [PMID: 37211706 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The highest specific energy absorption (SEA) of interlocked micron-thickness carbon nanotube (IMCNT) films subjected to micro-ballistic impact is reported in this paper. The SEA of the IMCNT films ranges from 0.8 to 1.6 MJ kg-1 , the greatest value for micron-thickness films to date. The multiple deformation-induced dissipation channels at the nanoscale involving disorder-to-order transition, frictional sliding, and entanglement of CNT fibrils contribute to the ultra-high SEA of the IMCNT. Furthermore, an anomalous thickness dependency of the SEA is observed, that is, the SEA increases with increasing thickness, which should be ascribed to the exponential growth in nano-interface that further boosts the energy dissipation efficiency as the film thickness increases. The results indicate that the developed IMCNT overcomes the size-dependent impact resistance of traditional materials and demonstrates great potential as a bulletproof material for high-performance flexible armor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Xiao
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Dongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chenguang Huang
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xianqian Wu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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5
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Luo J, Wen Y, Jia X, Lei X, Gao Z, Jian M, Xiao Z, Li L, Zhang J, Li T, Dong H, Wu X, Gao E, Jiao K, Zhang J. Fabricating strong and tough aramid fibers by small addition of carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3019. [PMID: 37230970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic high-performance fibers present excellent mechanical properties and promising applications in the impact protection field. However, fabricating fibers with high strength and high toughness is challenging due to their intrinsic conflicts. Herein, we report a simultaneous improvement in strength, toughness, and modulus of heterocyclic aramid fibers by 26%, 66%, and 13%, respectively, via polymerizing a small amount (0.05 wt%) of short aminated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), achieving a tensile strength of 6.44 ± 0.11 GPa, a toughness of 184.0 ± 11.4 MJ m-3, and a Young's modulus of 141.7 ± 4.0 GPa. Mechanism analyses reveal that short aminated SWNTs improve the crystallinity and orientation degree by affecting the structures of heterocyclic aramid chains around SWNTs, and in situ polymerization increases the interfacial interaction therein to promote stress transfer and suppress strain localization. These two effects account for the simultaneous improvement in strength and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Yeye Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzheng Jia
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xudong Lei
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfei Gao
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Lanying Li
- China Bluestar Chengrand Chemical Co., Ltd, 611430, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Science Center of Energy Material and Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
| | - Tao Li
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqian Wu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Enlai Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
| | - Kun Jiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China.
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6
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Reiser A, Schuh CA. Microparticle Impact Testing at High Precision, Higher Temperatures, and with Lithographically Patterned Projectiles. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201028. [PMID: 36517113 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the first decade of high-velocity microparticle impact research, hardly any modification of the original experimental setup has been necessary. However, future avenues for the field require advancements of the experimental method to expand both the impact variables that can be quantitatively assessed and the materials and phenomena that can be studied. This work explores new design concepts for the launch pad (the assembly that launches microparticles upon laser ablation) that can address the root causes of many experimental challenges that may limit the technique in the future. Among the design changes contemplated, the substitution of a stiff glass launch layer for the standard elastomeric polymer layer offers a number of improvements. First, it facilitates a reduction of the gap between launch pad and target from hundreds to tens of micrometers and thus unlocks a reproducibility in targeting a specific impact location better than the diameter of the test particle itself (±1.75 µm for SiO2 particles 7.38 µm in diameter). Second, the inert glass surface enables experiments at higher temperatures than previously possible. Finally-as demonstrated by the launch of thin-film Au disks-a launch pad made of materials standard in microfabrication paves the way to facile microfabrication of advanced impactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Reiser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Schuh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Zhu Y, Yue H, Aslam MJ, Bai Y, Zhu Z, Wei F. Controllable Preparation and Strengthening Strategies towards High-Strength Carbon Nanotube Fibers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3478. [PMID: 36234606 PMCID: PMC9565896 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with superior mechanical properties are expected to play a role in the next generation of critical engineering mechanical materials. Crucial advances have been made in CNTs, as it has been reported that the tensile strength of defect-free CNTs and carbon nanotube bundles can approach the theoretical limit. However, the tensile strength of macro carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) is far lower than the theoretical level. Although some reviews have summarized the development of such fiber materials, few of them have focused on the controllable preparation and performance optimization of high-strength CNTFs at different scales. Therefore, in this review, we will analyze the characteristics and latest challenges of multiscale CNTFs in preparation and strength optimization. First, the structure and preparation of CNTs are introduced. Then, the preparation methods and tensile strength characteristics of CNTFs at different scales are discussed. Based on the analysis of tensile fracture, we summarize some typical strategies for optimizing tensile performance around defect and tube-tube interaction control. Finally, we introduce some emerging applications for CNTFs in mechanics. This review aims to provide insights and prospects for the controllable preparation of CNTFs with ultra-high tensile strength for emerging cutting-edge applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongjie Yue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Aslam
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunxiang Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Cai J, Griesbach C, Thevamaran R. Extreme Dynamic Performance of Nanofiber Mats under Supersonic Impacts Mediated by Interfacial Hydrogen Bonds. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19945-19955. [PMID: 34870968 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Achieving extreme dynamic performance in nanofibrous materials requires synergistic exploitation of intrinsic nanofiber properties and inter-fiber interactions. Regardless of the superior intrinsic stiffness and strength of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the weak nature of van der Waals interactions limits the CNT mats from achieving greater performance. We present an efficient approach to augment the inter-fiber interactions by introducing aramid nanofiber (ANF) links between CNTs, which forms stronger and reconfigurable interfacial hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions, leading to synergistic performance improvement with failure retardation. Under supersonic impacts, strengthened interactions in CNT mats enhance their specific energy absorption up to 3.6 MJ/kg, which outperforms widely used bulk Kevlar-fiber-based protective materials. The distinct response time scales of hydrogen bond breaking and reformation at ultrahigh-strain-rate (∼107-108 s-1) deformations additionally manifest a strain-rate-dependent dynamic performance enhancement. Our findings show the potential of nanofiber mats augmented with interfacial dynamic bonds─such as the hydrogen bonds─as low-density structural materials with superior specific properties and high-temperature stability for extreme engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Cai
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Claire Griesbach
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ramathasan Thevamaran
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Taylor LW, Williams SM, Yan JS, Dewey OS, Vitale F, Pasquali M. Washable, Sewable, All-Carbon Electrodes and Signal Wires for Electronic Clothing. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7093-7099. [PMID: 34459618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Smart wearable electronic accessories (e.g., watches) have found wide adoption; conversely, progress in electronic textiles has been slow due to the difficulty of embedding rigid electronic materials into flexible fabrics. Electronic clothing requires fibers that are conductive, robust, biocompatible, and can be produced on a large scale. Here, we create sewable electrodes and signal transmission wires from neat carbon nanotube threads (CNTT). These threads are soft like standard sewing thread, but they have metal-level conductivity and low interfacial impedance with skin. Electrocardiograms (EKGs) obtained by CNTT electrodes were comparable (P > 0.05) to signals obtained with commercial electrodes. CNTT can also be used as transmission wires to carry signals to other parts of a garment. Finally, the textiles can be machine-washed and stretched repeatedly without signal degradation. These results demonstrate promise for textile sensors and electronic fabric with the feel of standard clothing that can be incorporated with traditional clothing manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Flavia Vitale
- Departments of Neurology, Bioengineering, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Nanomaterials meet microfluidics: Improved analytical methods and high-throughput synthetic approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Hyon J, Lawal O, Thevamaran R, Song YE, Thomas EL. Extreme Energy Dissipation via Material Evolution in Carbon Nanotube Mats. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003142. [PMID: 33747728 PMCID: PMC7967058 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thin layered mats comprised of an interconnected meandering network of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are subjected to a hypersonic micro-projectile impact test. The mat morphology is highly compliant and while this leads to rather modest quasi-static mechanical properties, at the extreme strain rates and large strains resulting from ballistic impact, the MWCNT structure has the ability to reconfigure resulting in extraordinary kinetic energy (KE) absorption. The KE of the projectile is dissipated via frictional interactions, adiabatic heating, tube stretching, and ultimately fracture of taut tubes and the newly formed fibrils. The energy absorbed per unit mass of the film can range from 7-12 MJ kg-1, much greater than any other material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Hyon
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Olawale Lawal
- Department of ChemistryUnited States Air Force AcademyEl PasoCO80840‐5002USA
| | | | - Ye Eun Song
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
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12
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Cai J, Thevamaran R. Superior Energy Dissipation by Ultrathin Semicrystalline Polymer Films Under Supersonic Microprojectile Impacts. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5632-5638. [PMID: 32324414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Distinct deformation mechanisms that emerge in nanoscale enable the nanostructured materials to exhibit outstanding specific mechanical properties. Here, we present superior microstructure- and strain-rate-dependent specific penetration energy (up to ∼3.8 MJ kg-1) in semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) thin films subjected to high-velocity (100 m s-1 to 1 km s-1) microprojectile (diameter: 9.2 μm) impacts. The geometric-confinement-induced nanostructural evolutions enable the sub-100 nm thick P(VDF-TrFE) films to achieve high specific penetration energy with high strain delocalization across the broad impact velocity range, superior to both bulk protective materials and previously reported nanomaterials. This high specific penetration energy arises from the substantial stretching of the two-dimensionally oriented highly mobile polymer chains that engage abundant viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformation mechanisms that are further enhanced by the intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. These key findings provide insights for using nanostructured semicrystalline polymers in the development of lightweight, high-performance soft armors for extreme engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Cai
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ramathasan Thevamaran
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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