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de Jesus R, Hiesinger K, van Gemmeren M. Preparative Scale Applications of C-H Activation in Medicinal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306659. [PMID: 37283078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation is an attractive methodology to increase molecular complexity without requiring substrate prefunctionalization. In contrast to well-established cross-coupling methods, C-H activation is less explored on large scales and its use in the production of pharmaceuticals faces substantial hurdles. However, the inherent advantages, such as shorter synthetic routes and simpler starting materials, motivate medicinal chemists and process chemists to overcome these challenges, and exploit C-H activation steps for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. In this review, we will cover examples of drugs/drug candidates where C-H activation has been implemented on a preparative synthetic scale (range between 355 mg and 130 kg). The optimization processes will be described, and each example will be examined in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, providing the reader with an in-depth understanding of the challenges and potential of C-H activation methodologies in the production of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Jesus
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hiesinger
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Rej RK, Thomas JE, Acharyya RK, Rae JM, Wang S. Targeting the Estrogen Receptor for the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Recent Advances and Challenges. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37377342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a well-established therapeutic target for the treatment of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancers. Despite the tremendous successes achieved with tamoxifen, a selective ER modulator, and aromatase inhibitors (AIs), resistance to these therapies is a major clinical problem. Therefore, induced protein degradation and covalent inhibition have been pursued as new therapeutic approaches to target ERα. This Perspective summarizes recent progress in the discovery and development of oral selective ER degraders (SERDs), complete estrogen receptor antagonists (CERANs), selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonists (SERCAs), and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) ER degraders. We focus on those compounds which have been advanced into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kalyan Rej
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Junius Eugene Thomas
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ranjan Kumar Acharyya
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James Michael Rae
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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3
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Lu Z, Cao Y, Zhang D, Meng X, Guo B, Kong D, Yang Y. Discovery of Thieno[2,3- e]indazole Derivatives as Novel Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders with Highly Improved Antitumor Effect and Favorable Druggability. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5724-5750. [PMID: 35357160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine therapies in the treatment of early and metastatic estrogen receptor α positive (ERα+) breast cancer (BC) are greatly limited by de novo and acquired resistance. Selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) like fulvestrant provide new strategies for endocrine therapy combinations due to unique mechanisms. Herein, we disclose our structure-based optimization of LSZ102 by replacing 6-hydroxybenzothiophene with 6H-thieno[2,3-e]indazole. Subsequent acrylic acid degron modifications led us to identify compound 40 as the preferred candidate. In general, compound 40 showed much better pharmacological profiles than the lead LSZ102, exhibiting growth inhibition of wild-type or tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells, potent ERα degradation, together with superior pharmacokinetic properties, directional target tissue distribution including the brain, and robust antitumor efficacy in the mice breast cancer xenograft model. Currently, 40 is being evaluated in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangzhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deyu Kong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Schäfer G, Fleischer T, Blumer N, Udry M, Reber S, Stansfield I, Liu Y, Li Y, Li P. Initial Route Scouting and Final Process Development for the Multi-Kg Production of 3-Fluoro-6-methoxyquinoline from p-Anisidine and 2-Fluoromalonic Acid. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Schäfer
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Tony Fleischer
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Blumer
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Megan Udry
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Reber
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ian Stansfield
- Chiral Quest (Suzhou) Co., Limited, 268 ChangAn Road, Wujiang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Chiral Quest (Suzhou) Co., Limited, 268 ChangAn Road, Wujiang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chiral Quest (Suzhou) Co., Limited, 268 ChangAn Road, Wujiang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China
| | - Pixu Li
- Chiral Quest (Suzhou) Co., Limited, 268 ChangAn Road, Wujiang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China
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5
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Recent Applications of Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig Couplings in Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions have changed the way complex molecules are synthesized. In particular, Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig amination reactions have given opportunities to elegantly make pharmaceutical ingredients. Indeed, these reactions are at the forefront of both the stages of drug development, medicinal chemistry, and process chemistry. On the one hand, these reactions have given medicinal chemists a resource to derivatize the core compound to arrive at scaffold rapidly. On the other hand, these cross couplings have offered the process chemists a smart tool to synthesize the development candidates safely, quickly, and efficiently. Generally, the application of cross-coupling reactions is broad. This review will specifically focus on their real (pharma) world applications in large-scale synthesis appearing in the last three years.
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Trofymchuk S, Bugera M, Klipkov AA, Ahunovych V, Razhyk B, Semenov S, Boretskyi A, Tarasenko K, Mykhailiuk PK. Scalable Approach to Fluorinated Heterocycles with Sulfur Tetrafluoride (SF 4). J Org Chem 2021; 86:12181-12198. [PMID: 34424702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general approach to fluorinated (hetero)aromatic derivatives is elaborated. The key reaction is a deoxofluorination of substituted acetophenones with sulfur tetrafluoride (SF4). In contrast to previous deoxofluorination methods, this transformation is fast, scalable (up to 70 g), and high-yielding. More than 100 novel or previously hardly accessible fluorinated heterocycles, interesting for medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry, were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Trofymchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Bugera
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton A Klipkov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Ahunovych
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan Razhyk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Karen Tarasenko
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Chemspace LLC, 85 Chervonotkatska Street, Suite 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
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7
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Parmentier M, Wagner M, Wickendick R, Baenziger M, Langlois A, Gallou F. A General Kilogram Scale Protocol for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling in Water with TPGS-750-M Surfactant. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Parmentier
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mona Wagner
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Regina Wickendick
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Baenziger
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Langlois
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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