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Sun C, Lu G, Chen B, Li G, Wu Y, Brack Y, Yi D, Ao YF, Wu S, Wei R, Sun Y, Zhai G, Bornscheuer UT. Direct asymmetric synthesis of β-branched aromatic α-amino acids using engineered phenylalanine ammonia lyases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8264. [PMID: 39327443 PMCID: PMC11427684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
β-Branched aromatic α-amino acids are valuable building blocks in natural products and pharmaceutically active compounds. However, their chemical or enzymatic synthesis is challenging due to the presence of two stereocenters. We design phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PAL) variants for the direct asymmetric synthesis of β-branched aromatic α-amino acids. Based on extensive computational analyses, we unravel the enigma behind PAL's inability to accept β-methyl cinnamic acid (β-MeCA) as substrate and achieve the synthesis of the corresponding amino acids of β-MeCA and analogs using a double (PcPAL-L256V-I460V) and a triple mutant (PcPAL-F137V-L256V-I460V). The reactions are scaled-up using an optimized E. coli based whole-cell biotransformation system to produce ten β-branched phenylalanine analogs with high diastereoselectivity (dr > 20:1) and enantioselectivity (ee > 99.5%) in yields ranging from 41-71%. Moreover, we decipher the mechanism of PcPAL-L256V-I460V for the acceptance of β-MeCA and converting it with excellent stereoselectivity by computational simulations. Thus, this study offers an efficient method for synthesizing β-branched aromatic α-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghai Sun
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Gen Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan, China
| | - Yannik Brack
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dong Yi
- Research Center for Systems Biosynthesis, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shuke Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yuhui Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan, China
| | - Guifa Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan, China.
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Buslov I, Desmons S, Duhoo Y, Hu X. Engineered Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyases for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Aspartic Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406008. [PMID: 38713131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalytic hydroamination of alkenes is an efficient and selective method to synthesize natural and unnatural amino acids. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (PALs) have been previously engineered to access a range of substituted phenylalanines and heteroarylalanines, but their substrate scope remains limited, typically including only arylacrylic acids. Moreover, the enantioselectivity in the hydroamination of electron-deficient substrates is often poor. Here, we report the structure-based engineering of PAL from Planctomyces brasiliensis (PbPAL), enabling preparative-scale enantioselective hydroaminations of previously inaccessible yet synthetically useful substrates, such as amide- and ester-containing fumaric acid derivatives. Through the elucidation of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) PbPAL structure and screening of the structure-based mutagenesis library, we identified the key active site residue L205 as pivotal for dramatically enhancing the enantioselectivity of hydroamination reactions involving electron-deficient substrates. Our engineered PALs demonstrated exclusive α-regioselectivity, high enantioselectivity, and broad substrate scope. The potential utility of the developed biocatalysts was further demonstrated by a preparative-scale hydroamination yielding tert-butyl protected l-aspartic acid, widely used as intermediate in peptide solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Buslov
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Desmons
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yoan Duhoo
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility (PTPSP), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Tomoiaga RB, Ágoston G, Boros K, Nagy LC, Toşa MI, Paizs C, Bencze LC. The Biocatalytic Potential of Aromatic Ammonia-Lyase from Loktanella atrilutea. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400011. [PMID: 38415939 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Characterization of the aromatic ammonia-lyase from Loktanella atrilutea (LaAAL) revealed reduced activity towards canonical AAL substrates: l-Phe, l-Tyr, and l-His, contrasted by its pronounced efficiency towards 3,4-dimethoxy-l-phenylalanine. Assessing the optimal conditions, LaAAL exhibited maximal activity at pH 9.5 in the ammonia elimination reaction route, distinct from the typical pH ranges of most PALs and TALs. Within the exploration of the ammonia source for the opposite, synthetically valuable ammonia addition reaction, the stability of LaAAL exhibited a positive correlation with the ammonia concentration, with the highest stability in 4 M ammonium carbamate of unadjusted pH of ~9.5. While the enzyme activity increased with rising temperatures yet, the highest operational stability and highest stationary conversions of LaAAL were observed at 30 °C. The substrate scope analysis highlighted the catalytic adaptability of LaAAL in the hydroamination of diverse cinnamic acids, especially of meta-substituted and di-/multi-substituted analogues, with structural modelling exposing steric clashes between the substrates' ortho-substituents and catalytic site residues. LaAAL showed a predilection for ammonia elimination, while classifying as a tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) among the natural AAL classes. However, its distinctive attributes, such as genomic context, unique substrate specificity and catalytic fingerprint, suggest a potential natural role beyond those of known AAL classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Tomoiaga
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - G Ágoston
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - K Boros
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L C Nagy
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - M I Toşa
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C Paizs
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L C Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş Bolyai University, Arany János Str. 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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4
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Tomoiagă RB, Ursu M, Boros K, Nagy LC, Bencze LC. Ancestral l-amino acid oxidase: From substrate scope exploration to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase assay. J Biotechnol 2023; 377:43-52. [PMID: 37890533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the applicability of the recently reported ancestral l-amino acid oxidase (AncLAAO), for the development of an enzyme-coupled phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity assay. Firstly, the expression and isolation of the AncLAAO-N1 was optimized, followed by activity tests of the obtained octameric N-terminal His-tagged enzyme towards various phenylalanine analogues to assess the compatibility of its substrate scope with that of the well-characterized PALs. AncLAAO-N1 showed high catalytic efficiency towards phenylalanines mono-, di-, or multiple-substituted in the meta- or para-positions, with ortho- substituted substrates being poorly transformed, these results highlighting the significant overlap between its substrate scope and those of PALs. After successful set-up of the AncLAAO-PAL coupled solid phase assay, in a 'proof of concept' approach we demonstrated its applicability for the high-throughput activity screens of PAL-libraries, by screening the saturation mutagenesis-derived I460NNK variant library of PAL from Petroselinum crispum, using p-MeO-phenylalanine as model substrate. Notably, the hits revealed by the coupled assay comprised all the active PAL variants: I460V, I460T, I460S, I460L, previously identified from the tested PAL-library by other assays. Our results validate the applicability of AncLAAO for coupled enzyme systems with phenylalanine ammonia-lyases, including cell-based assays suitable for the high-throughput screening of directed evolution-derived PAL-libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Bianca Tomoiagă
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania
| | - Marcel Ursu
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania
| | - Krisztina Boros
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania
| | - Levente Csaba Nagy
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania
| | - László Csaba Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania.
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5
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Yang H, Yu H, Stolarzewicz IA, Tang W. Enantioselective Transformations in the Synthesis of Therapeutic Agents. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9397-9446. [PMID: 37417731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of approved chiral drugs and drug candidates under medical studies has surged dramatically over the past two decades. As a consequence, the efficient synthesis of enantiopure pharmaceuticals or their synthetic intermediates poses a profound challenge to medicinal and process chemists. The significant advancement in asymmetric catalysis has provided an effective and reliable solution to this challenge. The successful application of transition metal catalysis, organocatalysis, and biocatalysis to the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries has promoted drug discovery by efficient and precise preparation of enantio-enriched therapeutic agents, and facilitated the industrial production of active pharmaceutical ingredient in an economic and environmentally friendly fashion. The present review summarizes the most recent applications (2008-2022) of asymmetric catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry ranging from process scales to pilot and industrial levels. It also showcases the latest achievements and trends in the asymmetric synthesis of therapeutic agents with state of the art technologies of asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Izabela A Stolarzewicz
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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6
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France SP, Lewis RD, Martinez CA. The Evolving Nature of Biocatalysis in Pharmaceutical Research and Development. JACS AU 2023; 3:715-735. [PMID: 37006753 PMCID: PMC10052283 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is a highly valued enabling technology for pharmaceutical research and development as it can unlock synthetic routes to complex chiral motifs with unparalleled selectivity and efficiency. This perspective aims to review recent advances in the pharmaceutical implementation of biocatalysis across early and late-stage development with a focus on the implementation of processes for preparative-scale syntheses.
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7
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Tomoiagă RB, Tork SD, Filip A, Nagy LC, Bencze LC. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyases: combining protein engineering and natural diversity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1243-1256. [PMID: 36662259 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, rational design and saturation mutagenesis efforts for engineering phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL) provided tailored PALs active towards challenging, highly valuable di-substituted substrates, such as the L-DOPA precursor 3,4-dimethoxy-L-phenylalanine or the 3-bromo-4-methoxy-phenylalanine. The rational design approach and saturation mutagenesis strategy unveiled identical PcPAL variants of improved activity, highlighting the limited mutational variety of the substrate specificity-modulator residues, L134, F137, I460 of PcPAL. Due to the restricted catalytic efficiency of the best performing L134A/I460V and F137V/I460V PcPAL variants, we imprinted these beneficial mutations to PALs of different origins. The variants of PALs from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL) and Anabaena variabilis (AvPAL) showed higher catalytic efficiency than their PcPAL homologues. Further, the engineered PALs were also compared in terms of catalytic efficiency with a novel aromatic ammonia-lyase from Loktanella atrilutea (LaAAL), close relative of the metagenome-derived aromatic ammonia-lyase AL-11, reported recently to possess atypically high activity towards substrates with electron-donor aromatic substituents. Indeed, LaAAL outperformed the engineered Pc/At/AvPALs in the production of 3,4-dimethoxy-L-phenylalanine; however, in case of 3-bromo-4-methoxy derivatives it showed no activity, with computational results supporting the occurrence of steric hindrance. Transferring the unique array of selectivity modulator residues from LaAAL to the well-characterized PALs did not enhance their activity towards the targeted substrates. Moreover, applying the rational design strategy valid for these well-characterized PALs to LaAAL decreased its activity. These results suggest that distinct tailoring rationale is required for LaAAL/AL-11-like aromatic ammonia-lyases, which might represent a distinct PAL subclass, with natural reaction and substrate scope modified through evolutionary processes. KEY POINTS: • PAL-activity for challenging substrates generated by protein engineering • Rational/semi-rational protein engineering reveals constrained mutational variability • Engineered PALs are outperformed by novel ALs of distinct catalytic site signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Bianca Tomoiagă
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Souad Diana Tork
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Filip
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Levente Csaba Nagy
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - László Csaba Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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8
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Tork SD, Nagy EZA, Tomoiagă RB, Bencze LC. Engineered, Scalable Production of Optically Pure l-Phenylalanines Using Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Org Chem 2023; 88:852-862. [PMID: 36583610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient preparative-scale synthetic procedure of l-phenylalanine derivatives has been developed using mutant variants of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL). After rigorous reaction engineering, the AtPAL-catalyzed hydroamination reaction of cinnamic acids provided several unnatural amino acids of high synthetic value, such as (S)-m- and (S)-p-methoxyphenylalanine; (S)-o- and (S)-m-methylphenylalanine; and (S)-o- and (S)-p-bromophenylalanine at preparative scale, significantly surpassing the catalytic efficiency in terms of conversions and yields of the previously reported PcPAL-based biotransformations. The AtPAL variants tolerated high substrate and product concentrations, representing an important extension of the PAL-toolbox, while the engineered biocatalytic procedures of improved E-factor and space-time yields fulfill the requirements of sustainable and green chemistry, providing facile access to valuable amino acid building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Diana Tork
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emma Zsófia Aletta Nagy
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Bianca Tomoiagă
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - László Csaba Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Phelan RM, Abrahamson MJ, Brown JTC, Zhang RK, Zwick CR. Development of Scalable Processes with Underutilized Biocatalyst Classes. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Phelan
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael J. Abrahamson
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jesse T. C. Brown
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ruijie K. Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Christian R. Zwick
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Boros K, Moisă ME, Nagy CL, Paizs C, Toşa MI, Bencze LC. Robust, site-specifically immobilized phenylalanine ammonia-lyases for the enantioselective ammonia addition of cinnamic acids. Catal Sci Technol 2021; 11:5553-5563. [PMID: 34745555 PMCID: PMC8504149 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (PALs) catalyse the non-oxidative deamination of l-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, while in the presence of high ammonia concentration, the synthetically attractive reverse reaction occurs. Although they have been intensively studied, the wider application of PALs for the large scale synthesis of non-natural amino acids is still rather limited, mainly due to the decreased operational stability of PALs under the high ammonia concentration conditions of ammonia addition. Herein, we describe the development of a highly stable and active immobilized PAL-biocatalyst obtained through site-specific covalent immobilization onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), employing maleimide/thiol coupling of engineered enzymes containing surficial Cys residues. The immobilization method afforded robust biocatalysts (by strong covalent attachment to the support) and allowed modulation of enzymatic activity (by proper selection of binding site, controlling the orientation of the enzyme attached to the support). The novel biocatalysts were investigated in PAL-catalyzed reactions, focusing on the synthetically challenging ammonia addition reaction. The optimization of the immobilization (enzyme load) and reaction conditions (substrate : biocatalyst ratio, ammonia source, reaction temperature) involving the best performing biocatalyst SWCNTNH2 -SS-PcPAL was performed. The biocatalyst, under the optimal reaction conditions, showed high catalytic efficiency, providing excellent conversion (c ∼90% in 10 h) of cinnamic acid into l-Phe, and more importantly, possesses high operational stability, maintaining its high efficiency over >7 reaction cycles. Moreover, the site-specifically immobilized PcPAL L134A/S614C and PcPAL I460V/S614C variants were successfully applied in the synthesis of several l-phenylalanine analogues of high synthetic value, providing perspectives for the efficient replacement of classical synthetic methods for l-phenylalanines with a mild, selective and eco-friendly enzymatic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Boros
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University Arany János Str. 11 RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Mădălina Elena Moisă
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University Arany János Str. 11 RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Csaba Levente Nagy
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University Arany János Str. 11 RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Csaba Paizs
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University Arany János Str. 11 RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Monica Ioana Toşa
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University Arany János Str. 11 RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - László Csaba Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University Arany János Str. 11 RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
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11
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12
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Development of a versatile and efficient C–N lyase platform for asymmetric hydroamination via computational enzyme redesign. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Zhang F, Ren J, Zhan J. Identification and Characterization of an Efficient Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase from Photorhabdus luminescens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:1099-1115. [PMID: 33411135 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A putative aromatic amino acid ammonia-lyase gene (named Pl-pal) was discovered in Photorhabdus luminescens DSM 3368. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses predicted that this enzyme is a histidine ammonia-lyase, whereas sequence alignment suggested that it is more likely a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). This gene was amplified from P. luminescens and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The function of Pl-PAL (58 kDa) was characterized by in vitro enzymatic reactions with L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), L-tyrosine (L-Tyr), L-histidine (L-His), and L-tryptophan (L-Trp). Pl-PAL can convert L-Phe and L-Tyr to trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively, but had no function on L-His and L-Trp. The optimum temperature and pH were determined to be 40 °C and 11.0, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, Pl-PAL had a kcat/Km value of 0.52 s-1 mM-1 with L-Phe as the substrate, while only 0.013 s-1 mM-1 for L-Tyr. Therefore, the primary function of Pl-PAL was determined to be PAL. The Pl-pal-harboring E. coli strain was used as a whole-cell biocatalyst to produce trans-cinnamic acid from L-Phe. The overall molar conversion rate and productivity were 65.98% and 228.10 mg L-1 h-1, respectively, after the cells were repeatedly utilized 7 times. This work thus provides a promising strain for industrial production of trans-cinnamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.,College of Life Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
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14
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Sidler E, Humair R, Hardegger LA. Toward a Scalable Synthesis and Process for EMA401, Part II: Development and Scale-Up of a Pyridine- and Piperidine-Free Knoevenagel–Doebner Condensation. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sidler
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger Humair
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo A. Hardegger
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Hardegger LA, Mallet F, Bianchi B, Cai C, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Humair R, Kaehny R, Lanz S, Li C, Li J, Rampf F, Shi L, Spoendlin C, Stäuble J, Teng S, Tian X, Wietfeld B, Yang Y, Yu B, Zepperitz C, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Toward a Scalable Synthesis and Process for EMA401, Part I: Late Stage Process Development, Route Scouting, and ICH M7 Assessment. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo A. Hardegger
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franck Mallet
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bianchi
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chunlong Cai
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | | | - Roger Humair
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Kaehny
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Cheng Li
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Jialiang Li
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Florian Rampf
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lei Shi
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Christoph Spoendlin
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Stäuble
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shangjun Teng
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Xiangguang Tian
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Bernhard Wietfeld
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yao Yang
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Christine Zepperitz
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd., Changshu City 215537, China
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