1
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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Delost MD, Shimizu Y, Bandar JS. Direct Benzylic C-H Etherification Enabled by Base-Promoted Halogen Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408750. [PMID: 38937258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We disclose a benzylic C-H oxidative coupling reaction with alcohols that proceeds through a synergistic deprotonation, halogenation and substitution sequence. The combination of tert-butoxide bases with 2-halothiophene halogen oxidants enables the first general protocol for generating and using benzyl halides through a deprotonative pathway. In contrast to existing radical-based methods for C-H functionalization, this process is guided by C-H acidity trends. This gives rise to new synthetic capabilities, including the ability to functionalize diverse methyl(hetero)arenes, tolerance of oxidizable and nucleophilic functional groups, precision site-selectivity for polyalkylarenes and use of a double C-H etherification process to controllably oxidize methylarenes to benzaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Thomas R Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Michael D Delost
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Yuka Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
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2
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Zondag SDA, Mazzarella D, Noël T. Scale-Up of Photochemical Reactions: Transitioning from Lab Scale to Industrial Production. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:283-300. [PMID: 36913716 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-074313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, we have witnessed a rapid emergence of new and powerful photochemical and photocatalytic synthetic methods. Although these methods have been used mostly on a small scale, there is a growing need for efficient scale-up of photochemistry in the chemical industry. This review summarizes and contextualizes the advancements made in the past decade regarding the scale-up of photo-mediated synthetic transformations. Simple scale-up concepts and important fundamental photochemical laws have been provided along with a discussion concerning suitable reactor designs that should facilitate scale-up of this challenging class of organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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3
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Molnár M, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Merger of Visible Light-Driven Chiral Organocatalysis and Continuous Flow Chemistry: An Accelerated and Scalable Access into Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2023; 365:1660-1670. [PMID: 38515505 PMCID: PMC10952295 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The electron donor-acceptor complex-enabled asymmetric photochemical alkylation strategy holds potential to attain elusive chiral α-alkylated aldehydes without an external photoredox catalyst. The photosensitizer-free conditions are beneficial concerning process costs and sustainability. However, lengthy organocatalyst preparation steps as well as limited productivity and difficult scalability render the current approaches unsuitable for synthesis on enlarged scales. Inspired by these limitations, a protocol was developed for the enantioselective α-alkylation of aldehydes based on the synergistic combination of visible light-driven asymmetric organocatalysis and a controlled continuous flow reaction environment. With the aim to reduce process costs, a commercially available chiral catalyst has been exploited to achieve photosensitizer-free enantioselective α-alkylations using phenacyl bromide derivates as alkylating agents. As a result of elaborate optimization and process development, the present flow strategy furnishes an accelerated and inherently scalable entry into enantioenriched α-alkylated aldehydes including a chiral key intermediate of the antirheumatic esonarimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márk Molnár
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal ChemistryZáhony u. 71031BudapestHungary
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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4
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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5
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Flow photochemistry — from microreactors to large-scale processing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2023.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Thankappan H, Burke C, Glennon B. Indium chloride catalysed benzyl bromination using continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:508-513. [PMID: 36530034 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a water-tolerant green catalyst for benzyl bromination. The catalyst, indium chloride, exhibits high catalytic activity with a variety of toluene derivatives in continuous flow. Good yields (59-77%) were obtained in all the cases. Improved selectivity was observed under flow conditions, when compared to batch operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajeeth Thankappan
- APC Ltd, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Dublin, Ireland D18 DH50.
| | - Conor Burke
- APC Ltd, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Dublin, Ireland D18 DH50.
| | - Brian Glennon
- APC Ltd, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Dublin, Ireland D18 DH50.
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7
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Hsu WH, Reischauer S, Seeberger PH, Pieber B, Cambié D. Heterogeneous metallaphotoredox catalysis in a continuous-flow packed-bed reactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1123-1130. [PMID: 36105732 PMCID: PMC9443413 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalysis is a powerful and versatile synthetic platform that enables cross-couplings under mild conditions without the need for noble metals. Its growing adoption in drug discovery has translated into an increased interest in sustainable and scalable reaction conditions. Here, we report a continuous-flow approach to metallaphotoredox catalysis using a heterogeneous catalyst that combines the function of a photo- and a nickel catalyst in a single material. The catalyst is embedded in a packed-bed reactor to combine reaction and (catalyst) separation in one step. The use of a packed bed simplifies the translation of optimized batch reaction conditions to continuous flow, as the only components present in the reaction mixture are the substrate and a base. The metallaphotoredox cross-coupling of sulfinates with aryl halides was used as a model system. The catalyst was shown to be stable, with a very low decrease of the yield (≈1% per day) during a continuous experiment over seven days, and to be effective for C–O arylations when carboxylic acids are used as nucleophile instead of sulfinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Hsu
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Reischauer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dario Cambié
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Steiner A, Nelson RC, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Synthesis of Thiomorpholine via a Telescoped Photochemical Thiol–Ene/Cyclization Sequence in Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2532-2539. [PMID: 36032361 PMCID: PMC9396661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steiner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ryan C. Nelson
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 737 North Fifth Street, P.O. Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Residence time distribution and heat/mass transfer performance of a millimeter scale butterfly-shaped reactor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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11
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Zong J, Yue J. Continuous Solid Particle Flow in Microreactors for Efficient Chemical Conversion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Van Kerrebroeck R, Horsten T, Stevens CV. BROMIDE OXIDATION: A SAFE STRATEGY FOR ELECTROPHILIC BROMINATIONS. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Horsten
- Ghent University: Universiteit Gent Green Chemistry and Technology BELGIUM
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13
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Radjagobalou R, Imbratta M, Bergraser J, Gaudeau M, Lyvinec G, Delbrayelle D, Jentzer O, Roudin J, Laroche B, Ognier S, Tatoulian M, Cossy J, Echeverria PG. Selective Photochemical Continuous Flow Benzylic Monochlorination. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Radjagobalou
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Miguel Imbratta
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Julie Bergraser
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Marion Gaudeau
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Gildas Lyvinec
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | | | - Olivier Jentzer
- Minakem Recherche, 145 Chemin des Lilas, Beuvry-La-Forêt 59310, France
| | - Jérémy Roudin
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stéphanie Ognier
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Michael Tatoulian
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Paris FLOW Tech − PSL, ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
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14
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Primer DN, Yong K, Ramirez A, Kreilein M, Ferretti AC, Ruda AM, Fleary-Roberts N, Moseley JD, Forsyth SM, Evans GR, Traverse JF. Development of a Process to a 4-Arylated 2-Methylisoquinolin-1(2 H)-one for the Treatment of Solid Tumors: Lessons in Ortho-Bromination, Selective Solubility, Pd Deactivation, and Form Control. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Primer
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Kelvin Yong
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Matthew Kreilein
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Antonio C. Ferretti
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Antonio M. Ruda
- CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, U.K
| | | | - Jonathan D. Moseley
- CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, U.K
- Scientific Update Ltd, Maycroft Place, Stone Cross, Mayfield TN20 6EW, U.K
| | - Siân M. Forsyth
- CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, U.K
| | - Graham R. Evans
- CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, U.K
| | - John F. Traverse
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
- Kymera Therapeutics, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd, Suite 230, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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15
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Quasdorf K, Murray JI, Nguyen H, Silva Elipe MV, Ericson A, Kircher E, Guan L, Caille S. Development of a Continuous Photochemical Bromination/Alkylation Sequence En Route to AMG 423. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Quasdorf
- Pivotal and Commercial Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - James I. Murray
- Pivotal and Commercial Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Pivotal and Commercial Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Maria V. Silva Elipe
- Attribute Sciences Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ari Ericson
- Pivotal and Commercial Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Eric Kircher
- Attribute Sciences Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lianxiu Guan
- Attribute Sciences Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Seb Caille
- Pivotal and Commercial Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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16
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Konan KE, Abollé A, Barré E, Aka EC, Coeffard V, Felpin FX. Developing flow photo-thiol–ene functionalizations of cinchona alkaloids with an autonomous self-optimizing flow reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow photo-thiol–ene reactions on cinchona alkaloids with a variety of organic thiols have been developed using enabling technologies such as a self-optimizing flow photochemical reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouakou Eric Konan
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abollé Abollé
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Elvina Barré
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Ehu Camille Aka
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Vincent Coeffard
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
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18
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Francis D, Blacker AJ, Kapur N, Marsden SP. Readily Reconfigurable Continuous-Stirred Tank Photochemical Reactor Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Francis
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stephen P. Marsden
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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19
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Bottecchia C, Lévesque F, McMullen JP, Ji Y, Reibarkh M, Peng F, Tan L, Spencer G, Nappi J, Lehnherr D, Narsimhan K, Wismer MK, Chen L, Lin Y, Dalby SM. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 2: A Continuous Flow Visible-Light-Induced Benzylic Bromination. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Glenn Spencer
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jarod Nappi
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering & Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Like Chen
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Yipeng Lin
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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20
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Yang Z, Yang Y, Zhang X, Du W, Zhang J, Qian G, Duan X, Zhou X. High‐yield production of
p
‐diethynylbenzene through consecutive bromination/dehydrobromination in a microreactor system. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Gang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xuezhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xinggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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21
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Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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22
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Simon LL, Dieckmann M, Robinson A, Vent-Schmidt T, Marantelli D, Kohlbrenner R, Saint-Dizier A, Gribkov D, Krieger JP. Monte Carlo Analysis-Based CapEx Uncertainty Estimation of New Technologies: The Case of Photochemical Lamps. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente L. Simon
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dieckmann
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Alan Robinson
- Process Research Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4334 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vent-Schmidt
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Marantelli
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kohlbrenner
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Saint-Dizier
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Denis Gribkov
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
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23
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Di Filippo M, Trujillo C, Sánchez-Sanz G, Batsanov AS, Baumann M. Discovery of a photochemical cascade process by flow-based interception of isomerising alkenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9895-9901. [PMID: 34349962 PMCID: PMC8317621 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery of a new photochemical cascade process through a flow-based strategy for intercepting diradicals generated from simple alkenes. This continuous process delivers a series of unprecedented polycyclic reaction products. Exploring the scope of this novel process revealed that this approach is general and affords a variety of structurally complex reaction products in high yields (up to 81%), short reaction times (7 min) and high throughputs (up to 5.5 mmol h-1). A mechanistic rationale is presented that is supported by computations as well as isolation of key intermediates whose identity is confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The presented photochemical cascade process demonstrates the discovery of new chemical reactivity and complex chemical scaffolds by continuously generating and intercepting high-energy intermediates in a highly practical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Di Filippo
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South D04 N2E2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Cristina Trujillo
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Goar Sánchez-Sanz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South D04 N2E2 Dublin Ireland .,Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) Grand Canal Quay Dublin 2 D02 HP83 Ireland
| | - Andrei S Batsanov
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University DH1 3LE South Road Durham UK
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South D04 N2E2 Dublin Ireland
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24
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Abstract
AbstractContinuous flow photochemistry as a field has witnessed an increasing popularity over the last decade in both academia and industry. Key drivers for this development are safety, practicality as well as the ability to rapidly access complex chemical structures. Continuous flow reactors, whether home-built or from commercial suppliers, additionally allow for creating valuable target compounds in a reproducible and automatable manner. Recent years have furthermore seen the advent of new energy efficient LED lamps that in combination with innovative reactor designs provide a powerful means to increasing both the practicality and productivity of modern photochemical flow reactors. In this review article we wish to highlight key achievements pertaining to the scalability of such continuous photochemical processes.
Graphical abstract
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25
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Scale-up of micro- and milli-reactors: An overview of strategies, design principles and applications. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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26
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Breen CP, Nambiar AM, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. Ready, Set, Flow! Automated Continuous Synthesis and Optimization. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Abstract
A new methodology for digital production of fractal reactors was developed and implemented. Reactors manufactured with 3D fractals offer enhanced vorticity and compactness that can lead to reduction of material used for production.
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28
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Steiner A, de Frutos O, Rincón JA, Mateos C, Williams JD, Kappe CO. N-Chloroamines as substrates for metal-free photochemical atom-transfer radical addition reactions in continuous flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical ATRA reactions of N-chloroamines represent an efficient and green method of alkene functionalization. N-Chloroamine generation, purification and reaction in flow enables an efficient process, with a variety of irradiation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steiner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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29
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Graham MA, Noonan G, Cherryman JH, Douglas JJ, Gonzalez M, Jackson LV, Leslie K, Liu ZQ, McKinney D, Munday RH, Parsons CD, Whittaker DTE, Zhang EX, Zhang JW. Development and Proof of Concept for a Large-Scale Photoredox Additive-Free Minisci Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Graham
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Gary Noonan
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Janette H. Cherryman
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - James J. Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Miguel Gonzalez
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Lucinda V. Jackson
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Kevin Leslie
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Zhi-qing Liu
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - David McKinney
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rachel H. Munday
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Chris D. Parsons
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - David T. E. Whittaker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - En-xuan Zhang
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jun-wang Zhang
- Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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30
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Lévesque F, Di Maso MJ, Narsimhan K, Wismer MK, Naber JR. Design of a Kilogram Scale, Plug Flow Photoreactor Enabled by High Power LEDs. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Lévesque
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael J. Di Maso
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John R. Naber
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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31
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Mata A, Tran DN, Weigl U, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous flow synthesis of arylhydrazines via nickel/photoredox coupling of tert-butyl carbazate with aryl halides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14621-14624. [PMID: 33151210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06787c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel/photoredox catalyzed C-N couplings of hydrazine-derived nucleophiles provide a powerful alternative to Pd-catalyzed methods. This continuous-flow photochemical protocol, optimized using design of experiments, achieves these couplings in short residence times, with high selectivity. A range of (hetero)aryl bromides and chlorides are compatible and understanding of process stability/reactor fouling has been discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Duc N Tran
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Weigl
- Cilag AG, Hochstrasse 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Jason D Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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32
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Zhou J, Chen Z, He Y, Lin Z, Wang C, Li Z, Li J. Efficient scale up of photochemical bromination of conjugated allylic compounds in continuous-flow. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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