1
|
Sulzer N, Polterauer D, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Preparation of Sulfonyl Chlorides by Oxidative Chlorination of Thiols and Disulfides using HNO 3/HCl/O 2 in a Flow Reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400292. [PMID: 38477977 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A continuous flow metal-free protocol for the synthesis of sulfonyl chlorides from thiols and disulfides in the presence of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and oxygen was developed. The influence of the reaction parameters was investigated under batch and flow conditions. Online 19F NMR was successfully implemented to investigate different reaction conditions within a single experiment. The sulfonyl chlorides were isolated (mostly in 70-81 % yield) after performing a simple aqueous washing procedure. In particular, the protocol was successfully operated for >6 hours to convert diphenyl disulfide to its corresponding sulfonyl chloride, achieving a throughput of 3.7 g h-1. The environmental impact of the protocol was assessed and compared to an existing continuous flow protocol using 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCH) as reagent. The process mass intensity (PMI) for the newly-developed flow protocol (15) compared favorably to the DCH flow process (20).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sulzer
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Polterauer
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veeramanoharan A, Kim SC. A comprehensive review on sustainable surfactants from CNSL: chemistry, key applications and research perspectives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25429-25471. [PMID: 39139242 PMCID: PMC11320967 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfactants, a group of amphiphilic molecules (i.e. with hydrophobic(water insoluble) as well as hydrophilic(water soluble) properties) can modulate interfacial tension. Currently, the majority of surfactants depend on petrochemical feedstocks (such as oil and gas). However, deployment of these petrochemical surfactants produces high toxicity and also has poor biodegradability which can cause more environmental issues. To address these concerns, the current research is moving toward natural resources to produce sustainable surfactants. Among the available natural resources, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is the preferred choice for industrial scenarios to meet their goals of sustainability. CNSL is an oil extracted from non-edible cashew nut shells, which doesn't affect the food supply chain. The unique structural properties and diverse range of use cases of CNSL are key to developing eco-friendly surfactants that replace petro-based surfactants. Against this backdrop, this article discusses various state-of-the-art developments in key cardanol-based surfactants such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and zwitterionic. In addition to this, the efficiency and characteristics of these surfactants are also analyzed and compared with those of the synthetic surfactants (petro-based). Furthermore, the present paper also focuses on various market aspects and different applications in various industries. Finally, this article describes various future research perspectives including Artificial Intelligence technology which, of late, is having a huge impact on society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Veeramanoharan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University 77 Jeongneung-ro, Sungbuk-Gu Seoul 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University 77 Jeongneung-ro, Sungbuk-Gu Seoul 02707 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JE, Son GE, Lim HJ, Jang YS, Song CH, Park CP. Cascade Sequence of Photooxygenation-Epoxidation for the Flow Synthesis of Epoxy Alcohols. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6960-6965. [PMID: 38700900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A photooxygenation-epoxidation cascade sequence converting alkenes to epoxy alcohols was developed and evaluated in batch and continuous-flow systems. In the batch system, the undesired interactions between the photooxygenation and epoxidation catalysts resulted in suboptimal yields, whereas the fine control of reaction parameters in the flow system allowed the allyl hydroperoxides produced through photooxygenation of alkenes to be rapidly converted to epoxy alcohols in yields of up to 93%. The developed procedure allows one to avoid an important synthetic bottleneck, works well where traditional batch synthesis fails, and can be scaled up to meet the needs of industrial production, thus presenting a valuable addition to the toolbox of practicing organic chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Go Eun Son
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Yea Seul Jang
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Chan Ho Song
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Chan Pil Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laporte AAH, Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Reactors for Handling Gaseous Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Chemical Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316108. [PMID: 38095968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of literature from 2016 onwards in the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annechien A H Laporte
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tibbetts JD, Hutchby M, Cunningham WB, Chapman RSL, Kociok-Köhn G, Davidson MG, Bull SD. Sustainable Syntheses of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen from Biorenewable β-pinene. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300670. [PMID: 37332029 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Scalable processes have been developed to convert β-pinene into 4-isopropenylcyclohexanone, which is then used as a feedstock for the divergent synthesis of sustainable versions of the common painkillers, paracetamol and ibuprofen. Both synthetic routes use Pd0 catalysed reactions to aromatize the cyclohexenyl rings of key intermediates to produce the benzenoid ring systems of both drugs. The potential of using bioderived 4-hydroxyacetophenone as a drop-in feedstock replacement to produce sustainable aromatic products is also discussed within a terpene biorefinery context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Tibbetts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Hutchby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - William B Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S L Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Materials and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Bull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arriaga DK, Kang S, Thomas AA. Effect of Solvent on the Rate of Ozonolysis: Development of a Homogeneous Flow Ozonolysis Protocol. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13720-13726. [PMID: 37747787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the effect of organic solvents on ozone solubility and the rate of ozonolysis reactions using rapid injection NMR spectroscopy. The tabulated solubility and kinetic data allowed for the design of a homogeneous ozonolysis flow reactor capable of delivering precise quantities of dissolved ozone to various olefin substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danniel K Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-0001, United States
| | - Seokmin Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-0001, United States
| | - Andy A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-0001, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arriaga DK, Thomas AA. Capturing primary ozonides for a syn-dihydroxylation of olefins. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1262-1266. [PMID: 37349376 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Ozonolysis is a widely used and practical synthetic technique for the deconstructive oxidation of olefins using ozone. While there are numerous ozonolysis reactions that give a myriad of products and functionalities, almost all of them involve scission at the olefin double bond. Using ozone as a constructive reagent rather than a deconstructive one would open new domains of chemical reactivity and amplify molecular complexity in synthetic methodology. Here we report the use of primary ozonides as preparative synthetic intermediates for a safe and green olefin syn-dihydroxylation reaction. Furthermore, we have demonstrated this method using a continuous flow reactor that virtually eliminates peroxide accumulation and extended these applications towards the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant small molecules such as guaifenesin, the active ingredient in Mucinex, and a precursor to ponesimod, a drug to treat multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danniel K Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andy A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo W, Gharbaoui T, Lizza JR, Meng F, Wang Y, Xin M, Chen Y, Li J, Chen CY. Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of a Bicyclic Pyrrolidinol. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Guo
- Pharmablock USA, 777 Schwab Road, Unit D, Hatfield, Pennsylvania 19440, United States
| | - Tawfik Gharbaoui
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Joseph R. Lizza
- Pharmablock USA, 777 Schwab Road, Unit D, Hatfield, Pennsylvania 19440, United States
| | - Fanfan Meng
- Pharmablock Nanjing, 10 Xuefu Rd., Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, P. R. China
| | - Yuanxian Wang
- Pharmablock Nanjing, 10 Xuefu Rd., Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, P. R. China
| | - Maoshu Xin
- Pharmablock Nanjing, 10 Xuefu Rd., Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, P. R. China
| | - Yuanpeng Chen
- Pharmablock Nanjing, 10 Xuefu Rd., Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Pharmablock USA, 777 Schwab Road, Unit D, Hatfield, Pennsylvania 19440, United States
| | - Cheng-yi Chen
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neyt NC, van der Westhuizen CJ, Panayides JL, Riley DL. Design and testing of an ozonolysis reactor module with on-the-fly ozone degassing under flow conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonolysis is an attractive, efficient, and green means of introducing oxygen containing functionalities using only oxygen and electricity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria, South Africa, 0184
| | - C. Johan van der Westhuizen
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria, South Africa, 0184
| | - Jenny-Lee Panayides
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria, South Africa, 0184
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Polterauer D, Roberge DM, Hanselmann P, Elsner P, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Process intensification of ozonolysis reactions using dedicated microstructured reactors. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00264c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dedicated microreactor system ensures exquisite control over mass and heat transfer for performing very fast ozonolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Polterauer
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Paul Hanselmann
- Chemical Manufacturing Technologies, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Petteri Elsner
- Chemical Manufacturing Technologies, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|