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Alfano AI, Smyth M, Wharry S, Moody TS, Nuño M, Butters C, Baumann M. Multiphase photochemistry in flow mode via an integrated continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7037-7040. [PMID: 38895750 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A new photochemical CSTR system capable of handling solids in scaled continuous processes is presented. High-power UV-LEDs are integrated in these CSTRs containing an insoluble base that aids in generating pyrazolines via cycloaddition between alkenes and in situ generated diazo species. Contrary to reported batch methods product degradation via ring contraction is suppressed whilst generating gram quantities of spirocyclic pyrazolines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Sciences, Technology Department, Craigavon BT63 5QD, UK
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Sciences, Technology Department, Craigavon BT63 5QD, UK
| | - Thomas S Moody
- Almac Sciences, Technology Department, Craigavon BT63 5QD, UK
- Arran Chemical Company, Monksland Industrial Estate, Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Manuel Nuño
- Vapourtec, Fornham St Genevieve, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP28 6TS, UK
| | - Chris Butters
- Vapourtec, Fornham St Genevieve, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP28 6TS, UK
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Gnädinger U, Poier D, Trombini C, Dabros M, Marti R. Development of Lab-Scale Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor as Flow Process Tool for Oxidation Reactions Using Molecular Oxygen. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1860-1868. [PMID: 38783850 PMCID: PMC11110044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The use of sustainable oxidants is of great interest to the chemical industry, considering the importance of oxidation reactions for the manufacturing of chemicals and society's growing awareness of its environmental impact. Molecular oxygen (O2), with an almost optimal atom efficiency in oxidation reactions, presents one of the most attractive alternatives to common reagents that are not only toxic in most cases but produce stoichiometric amounts of waste that must be treated. However, fire and explosion safety concerns, especially when used in combination with organic solvents, restrict its easy use. Here, we use state-of-the-art 3D printing and experimental feedback to develop a miniature continuous stirred-tank reactor (mini-CSTR) that enables efficient use of O2 as an oxidant in organic chemistry. Outstanding heat dissipation properties, achieved through integrated jacket cooling and a high surface-to-volume ratio, allow for a safe operation of the exothermic oxidation of 2-ethylhexanal, surpassing previously reported product selectivity. Moving well beyond the proof-of-concept stage, we characterize and illustrate the reactor's potential in the gas-liquid-solid triphasic synthesis of an endoperoxide precursor of antileishmanial agents. The custom-designed magnetic overhead stirring unit provides improved stirring efficiency, facilitating the handling of suspensions and, in combination with the borosilicate gas dispersion plate, leading to an optimized gas-liquid interface. These results underscore the immense potential that lies within the use of mini-CSTR in sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursina Gnädinger
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dario Poier
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michal Dabros
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Marti
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Gutiérrez-González A, Karlsson S, Leonori D, Plesniak MP. Mild Strategy for the Preparation of Alkyl Sulfonyl Fluorides from Alkyl Bromides and Alcohols Using Photoredox Catalysis and Flow Chemistry. Org Lett 2024; 26:3972-3976. [PMID: 38663015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Facile access to sp3-rich scaffolds containing a sulfonyl fluoride group is still limited. Herein, we describe a mild and scalable strategy for the preparation of alkyl sulfonyl fluorides from readily available alkyl bromides and alcohols using photoredox catalysis. This approach is based on halogen atom transfer (XAT), followed by SO2 capture and fluorination. The method features mild conditions enabling fast access to high-value derivatives and has been scaled up to 5 g using a continuous stirred tank reactor cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutiérrez-González
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Staffan Karlsson
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mateusz P Plesniak
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Laporte AAH, Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Reactors for Handling Gaseous Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Chemical Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316108. [PMID: 38095968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of literature from 2016 onwards in the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien A H Laporte
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chaudhuri A, Zondag SDA, Schuurmans JHA, van der Schaaf J, Noël T. Scale-Up of a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation Using a Photochemical Rotor-Stator Spinning Disk Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:1279-1288. [PMID: 35464822 PMCID: PMC9017180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Many chemical reactions
contain heterogeneous reagents, products,
byproducts, or catalysts, making their transposition from batch to
continuous-flow processing challenging. Herein, we report the use
of a photochemical rotor–stator spinning disk reactor (pRS-SDR)
that can handle and scale solid-containing photochemical reaction
conditions in flow. Its ability to handle slurries was showcased for
the TiO2-mediated aerobic photodegradation of aqueous methylene
blue. The use of a fast rotating disk imposes high shear forces on
the multiphase reaction mixture, ensuring its homogenization, increasing
the mass transfer, and improving the irradiation profile of the reaction
mixture. The pRS-SDR performance was also compared to other lab-scale
reactors in terms of water treated per reactor volume and light power
input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Sustainable Process Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper H A Schuurmans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Sustainable Process Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Schaaf
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Sustainable Process Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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