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Jujam M, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Elaborating NH-Bridged Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials via Base-Mediated Dimroth Rearrangement: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Study. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38781553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of heat-resistant energetic materials featuring high thermostability and energy has gained keen interest in recent years owing to their use in coal mining and aerospace domains. In this study, we synthesized 4-((4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carbonitrile (6) and its perchlorate and nitrate energetic salts (6a and 6b) by incorporating amino bridging (-NH-) using the Dimroth rearrangement (DR) from inexpensive starting materials as a heat-resistant energetic materials. All of the compounds were thoroughly characterized by infrared (IR), NMR, elemental analysis (EA), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) studies. Compounds 6a and 6b showed good densities (1.81 and 1.80 g cm-3), detonation performance (VOD = 7505 and 8257 m s-1, DP = 23.47 and 24.41 GPa), insensitivity to mechanical stimuli (IS = 40 J and FS = >360 N), and excellent thermal stability (Td = 307 and 334 °C), surpassing presently used heat-resistant explosive HNS (318 °C). The molecular electrostatic potentials and noncovalent interactions were pursued to understand possible interaction sites and structure-directing interactions in these salts. Their facile synthetic approach, good energetic performance, and outstanding thermal stability indicate that they are the ideal combination for replacing current benchmark heat-resistant explosive HNS. Additionally, this study highlights the use of classical DR for making new energetic materials with fine-tuned properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Jujam
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Doherty KE, Sandoval AL, Politano F, Witko ML, Schroeder CM, Brydon WP, Wadey GP, Ohlhorst KK, Leadbeater NE. Scale-up of Sodium Persulfate Mediated, Nitroxide Catalyzed Oxidative Functionalization Reactions. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:941-946. [PMID: 37653636 DOI: 10.2174/1570179421666230831105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation is a valuable tool in preparative organic chemistry. Oxoammonium salts and nitroxides have proven valuable as reagents and catalysts in this endeavor. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to scale up the oxidative amidation, ester formation, and nitrile formation using nitroxide as an organocatalyst. METHODS Oxidative functionalization reactions were scaled from the 1 mmol to the 1 mole level. Sodium persulfate was used as the primary oxidant, and a nitroxide was employed as a catalyst. The products of the reactions were isolated in analytically pure form by extraction with no need for column chromatography. RESULTS The oxidative amidation and esterification of aldehydes can be scaled up from 1 mmol to 1 mole effectively, with comparable product yields being obtained at each increment. This work shows that conditions developed on a small scale can be transferred to a larger scale without reoptimization. The oxidative functionalization of aldehydes to prepare nitriles is not amenable to direct scale-up due to the concomitant formation of significant quantities of the corresponding carboxylic acid, thereby compromising the product yield. CONCLUSION Two of the three oxidative transformations studied here can be scaled up successfully from the 1 mmol to the 1 mole level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Arturo L Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Fabrizio Politano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mason L Witko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Chelsea M Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - William P Brydon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Wadey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Kristiane K Ohlhorst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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Li H, Zhang L, Petrutik N, Wang K, Ma Q, Shem-Tov D, Zhao F, Gozin M. Molecular and Crystal Features of Thermostable Energetic Materials: Guidelines for Architecture of "Bridged" Compounds. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:54-75. [PMID: 31989026 PMCID: PMC6978839 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculation and data analysis on molecular and crystal level features of 60 reported energetic materials (EMs) allowed us to define key descriptors that are characteristics of these compounds' thermostability. We see these descriptors as reminiscent of "Lipinski's rule of 5", which revolutionized the design of new orally active pharmaceutical molecules. The proposed descriptors for thermostable EMs are of a type of molecular design, location and type of the weakest bond in the energetic molecule, as well as specific ranges of oxygen balance, crystal packing coefficient, Hirshfeld surface hydrogen bonding, and crystal lattice energy. On this basis, we designed three new thermostable EMs containing bridged, 3,5-dinitropyrazole moieties, HL3, HL7, and HL9, which were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in small-scale field detonation experiments. The best overall performing compound HL7 exhibited an onset decomposition temperature of 341 °C and has a density of 1.865 g cm-3, and the calculated velocity of detonation and maximum detonation pressure were 8517 m s-1 and 30.6 GPa, respectively. Considering HL7's impressive safety parameters [impact sensitivity (IS) = 22 J; friction sensitivity (FS) = 352; and electrostatic discharge sensitivity (ESD) = 1.05 J] and the results of small-scale field detonation experiments, the proposed guidelines should further promote the rational design of novel thermostable EMs, suitable for deep well drilling, space exploration, and other high-value defense and civil applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Science
and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAEP
Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Natan Petrutik
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Ma
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Daniel Shem-Tov
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Science
and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Michael Gozin
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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