1
|
Tom G, Schmid SP, Baird SG, Cao Y, Darvish K, Hao H, Lo S, Pablo-García S, Rajaonson EM, Skreta M, Yoshikawa N, Corapi S, Akkoc GD, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Seifrid M, Aspuru-Guzik A. Self-Driving Laboratories for Chemistry and Materials Science. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39137296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Self-driving laboratories (SDLs) promise an accelerated application of the scientific method. Through the automation of experimental workflows, along with autonomous experimental planning, SDLs hold the potential to greatly accelerate research in chemistry and materials discovery. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the state-of-the-art in SDL technology, its applications across various scientific disciplines, and the potential implications for research and industry. This review additionally provides an overview of the enabling technologies for SDLs, including their hardware, software, and integration with laboratory infrastructure. Most importantly, this review explores the diverse range of scientific domains where SDLs have made significant contributions, from drug discovery and materials science to genomics and chemistry. We provide a comprehensive review of existing real-world examples of SDLs, their different levels of automation, and the challenges and limitations associated with each domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Stefan P Schmid
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sterling G Baird
- Acceleration Consortium, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kourosh Darvish
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Stanley Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergio Pablo-García
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Ella M Rajaonson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Marta Skreta
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Naruki Yoshikawa
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Samantha Corapi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gun Deniz Akkoc
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute for Renewable Energy Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States of America
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 661 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taylor CJ, Felton KC, Wigh D, Jeraal MI, Grainger R, Chessari G, Johnson CN, Lapkin AA. Accelerated Chemical Reaction Optimization Using Multi-Task Learning. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:957-968. [PMID: 37252348 PMCID: PMC10214532 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of C-H bonds is a key challenge in medicinal chemistry, particularly for fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) where such transformations require execution in the presence of polar functionality necessary for protein binding. Recent work has shown the effectiveness of Bayesian optimization (BO) for the self-optimization of chemical reactions; however, in all previous cases these algorithmic procedures have started with no prior information about the reaction of interest. In this work, we explore the use of multitask Bayesian optimization (MTBO) in several in silico case studies by leveraging reaction data collected from historical optimization campaigns to accelerate the optimization of new reactions. This methodology was then translated to real-world, medicinal chemistry applications in the yield optimization of several pharmaceutical intermediates using an autonomous flow-based reactor platform. The use of the MTBO algorithm was shown to be successful in determining optimal conditions of unseen experimental C-H activation reactions with differing substrates, demonstrating an efficient optimization strategy with large potential cost reductions when compared to industry-standard process optimization techniques. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of the methodology as an enabling tool in medicinal chemistry workflows, representing a step-change in the utilization of data and machine learning with the goal of accelerated reaction optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Taylor
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Kobi C. Felton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Wigh
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed I. Jeraal
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd., 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602, Singapore
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Chessari
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Johnson
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei A. Lapkin
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd., 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Monbaliu JCM, Legros J. Will the next generation of chemical plants be in miniaturized flow reactors? LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1349-1357. [PMID: 36278262 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, a production paradigm based on centralized, stepwise, large scale processes has dominated the chemical industry horizon. While effective to meet an ever increasing demand for high value-added chemicals, the so-called macroscopic batch reactors are also associated with inherent weaknesses and threats; some of the most obvious ones were tragically illustrated over the past decades with major industrial disasters and impactful disruptions of advanced chemical supplies. The COVID pandemic has further emphasized that a change in paradigm was necessary to sustain chemical production with an increased safety, reliable supply chains and adaptable productivities. More than a decade of research and technology development has led to alternative and effective chemical processes relying on miniaturised flow reactors (a.k.a. micro and mesofluidic reactors). Such miniaturised reactors bear the potential to solve safety concerns and to improve the reliability of chemical supply chains. Will they initiate a new paradigm for a more localized, safe and reliable chemical production?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.
| | - Julien Legros
- COBRA Laboratory, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
An Integrated Method of Bayesian Optimization and D-Optimal Design for Chemical Experiment Optimization. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The smart chemical laboratory has recently emerged as a promising trend for future chemical research, where experiment optimization is of vital importance. The traditional Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm focuses on exploring the dependent variable space while overlooking the independent variable space. Consequently, the BO algorithm suffers from becoming stuck at local optima, which severely deteriorates the optimization performance, especially with bad-quality initial points. Herein, we propose a novel stochastic framework of Bayesian optimization with D-optimal design (BODO) by integrating BO with D-optimal design. BODO can balance the exploitation in the dependent variable space and the exploration in the independent variable space. We highlight the excellent performance of BODO even with poor initial points on the benchmark alpine2 function. Meanwhile, BODO demonstrates a better average objective function value than BO on the benchmark Summit SnAr chemical process, showing its advantage in chemical experiment optimization and potential application in future chemical experiments.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bibi R, Khan IU, Hassan A. Steric evaluation of Pyox ligands for asymmetric intermolecular Heck-Matsuda reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Foster SW, Xie X, Hellmig JM, Moura‐Letts G, West WR, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Online monitoring of small volume reactions using compact liquid chromatography instrumentation. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022; 5:213-219. [PMID: 37008988 PMCID: PMC10065474 DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of analytical techniques have been employed for monitoring chemical reactions, with online instrumentation providing additional benefits compared to offline analysis. A challenge in the past for online monitoring has been placement of the monitoring instrumentation as close as possible to the reaction vessel to maximize sampling temporal resolution and preserve sample composition integrity. Furthermore, the ability to sample very small volumes from bench-scale reactions allows the use of small reaction vessels and conservation of expensive reagents. In this study, a compact capillary LC instrument was used for online monitoring of as small as 1 mL total volume of a chemical reaction mixture, with automated sampling of nL-scale volumes directly from the reaction vessel used for analysis. Analyses to demonstrate short term (~2 h) and long term (~ 50 h) reactions were conducted using tandem on-capillary ultraviolet absorbance followed by in-line MS detection or ultraviolet absorbance detection alone, respectively. For both short term and long term reactions (10 and 250 injections, respectively), sampling approaches using syringe pumps minimized the overall sample loss to ~0.2% of the total reaction volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jacob M. Hellmig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Gustavo Moura‐Letts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | | | - Milton L. Lee
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konan KE, Abollé A, Barré E, Aka EC, Coeffard V, Felpin FX. Developing flow photo-thiol–ene functionalizations of cinchona alkaloids with an autonomous self-optimizing flow reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow photo-thiol–ene reactions on cinchona alkaloids with a variety of organic thiols have been developed using enabling technologies such as a self-optimizing flow photochemical reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouakou Eric Konan
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abollé Abollé
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Elvina Barré
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Ehu Camille Aka
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Vincent Coeffard
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen J, Xie X, Liu J, Yu Z, Su W. Revisiting aromatic diazotization and aryl diazonium salts in continuous flow: highlighted research during 2001–2021. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium salts play an important role in chemical transformations; however their explosive nature limits their applications in batch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Crandall Z, Basemann K, Qi L, Windus TL. Rxn Rover: automation of chemical reactions with user-friendly, modular software. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Automation of chemical reactions through tools such as Rxn Rover in research and development is an enabling technology to reduce cost and waste management in technology transformations towards renewable feedstocks and energy in the chemical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachery Crandall
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Kevin Basemann
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Long Qi
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nandiwale KY, Hart T, Zahrt AF, Nambiar AMK, Mahesh PT, Mo Y, Nieves-Remacha MJ, Johnson MD, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Rincón JA, Jensen KF. Continuous stirred-tank reactor cascade platform for self-optimization of reactions involving solids. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research-scale fully automated flow platform for reaction self-optimization with solids handling facilitates identification of optimal conditions for continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals while reducing amounts of raw materials consumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kakasaheb Y. Nandiwale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Travis Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew F. Zahrt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Anirudh M. K. Nambiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Prajwal T. Mahesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Martin D. Johnson
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Christensen M, Yunker LPE, Adedeji F, Häse F, Roch LM, Gensch T, dos Passos Gomes G, Zepel T, Sigman MS, Aspuru-Guzik A, Hein JE. Data-science driven autonomous process optimization. Commun Chem 2021; 4:112. [PMID: 36697524 PMCID: PMC9814253 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous process optimization involves the human intervention-free exploration of a range process parameters to improve responses such as product yield and selectivity. Utilizing off-the-shelf components, we develop a closed-loop system for carrying out parallel autonomous process optimization experiments in batch. Upon implementation of our system in the optimization of a stereoselective Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, we find that the definition of a set of meaningful, broad, and unbiased process parameters is the most critical aspect of successful optimization. Importantly, we discern that phosphine ligand, a categorical parameter, is vital to determination of the reaction outcome. To date, categorical parameter selection has relied on chemical intuition, potentially introducing bias into the experimental design. In seeking a systematic method for selecting a diverse set of phosphine ligands, we develop a strategy that leverages computed molecular feature clustering. The resulting optimization uncovers conditions to selectively access the desired product isomer in high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Christensen
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ USA
| | - Lars P. E. Yunker
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Folarin Adedeji
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ USA
| | - Florian Häse
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON Canada ,ChemOS Sàrl, Lausanne, Vaud Switzerland
| | - Loïc M. Roch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,ChemOS Sàrl, Lausanne, Vaud Switzerland
| | - Tobias Gensch
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tara Zepel
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.440050.50000 0004 0408 2525Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jason E. Hein
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mo F, Qiu D, Zhang L, Wang J. Recent Development of Aryl Diazonium Chemistry for the Derivatization of Aromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5741-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonfield HE, Valette D, Lindsay DM, Reid M. Stereoselective Remote Functionalization via Palladium-Catalyzed Redox-Relay Heck Methodologies. Chemistry 2021; 27:158-174. [PMID: 32744766 PMCID: PMC7821197 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of novel, three-dimensional chemical space is of growing interest in the drug discovery community and with this comes the challenge for synthetic chemists to devise new stereoselective methods to introduce chirality in a rapid and efficient manner. This Minireview provides a timely summary of the development of palladium-catalyzed asymmetric redox-relay Heck-type processes. These reactions represent an important class of transformation for the selective introduction of remote stereocenters, and have risen to prominence over the past decade. Within this Minireview, the vast scope of these transformations will be showcased, alongside applications to pharmaceutically relevant chiral building blocks and drug substances. To complement this overview, a mechanistic summary and discussion of the current limitations of the transformation are presented, followed by an outlook on future areas of investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly E. Bonfield
- Chemical DevelopmentGlaxoSmithKlineGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
| | - Damien Valette
- Chemical DevelopmentGlaxoSmithKlineGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vasudevan N, Aka EC, Barré E, Wimmer E, Cortés-Borda D, Giraudeau P, Farjon J, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Felpin FX. Development of a continuous flow synthesis of FGIN-1-27 enabled by in-line 19F NMR analyses and optimization algorithms. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A continuous flow synthesis of FGIN-1-27 has been developed using enabling technologies such as real-time in-line benchtop 19F NMR analysis and an optimization algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Vasudevan
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Ehu C. Aka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Daniel Cortés-Borda
- Universidad del Atlántico, Facultad de ciencias básicas, Carrera 30 # 8-49, Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Jonathan Farjon
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thakkar A, Johansson S, Jorner K, Buttar D, Reymond JL, Engkvist O. Artificial intelligence and automation in computer aided synthesis planning. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective we deal with questions pertaining to the development of synthesis planning technologies over the course of recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Thakkar
- Hit Discovery
- Discovery Sciences
- R&D
- AstraZeneca
- Gothenburg
| | | | - Kjell Jorner
- Early Chemical Development
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- R&D
- AstraZeneca
- Macclesfield
| | - David Buttar
- Early Chemical Development
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- R&D
- AstraZeneca
- Macclesfield
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Hit Discovery
- Discovery Sciences
- R&D
- AstraZeneca
- Gothenburg
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Koóš P, Markovič M, Lopatka P, Gracza T. Recent Applications of Continuous Flow in Homogeneous Palladium Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made using continuous flow chemistry as an enabling tool in organic synthesis. Consequently, the number of articles reporting continuous flow methods has increased significantly in recent years. This review covers the progress achieved in homogeneous palladium catalysis using continuous flow conditions over the last five years, including C–C/C–N cross-coupling reactions, carbonylations and reductive/oxidative transformations.1 Introduction2 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions3 C–N Coupling Reactions4 Carbonylation Reactions5 Miscellaneous Reactions6 Key to Schematic Symbols7 Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Koóš
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
- Georganics Ltd
| | - Martin Markovič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
- Georganics Ltd
| | | | - Tibor Gracza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Self-optimising reactive extractions: towards the efficient development of multi-step continuous flow processes. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDownstream purification of products and intermediates is essential for the development of continuous flow processes. Described herein, is a study on the use of a modular and reconfigurable continuous flow platform for the self-optimisation of reactive extractions and multi-step reaction-extraction processes. The selective extraction of one amine from a mixture of two similar amines was achieved with an optimum separation of 90%, and in this case, the black-box optimisation approach was superior to global polynomial modelling. Furthermore, this methodology was utilised to simultaneously optimise the continuous flow synthesis and work-up of N-benzyl-α-methylbenzylamine with respect to four variables, resulting in a significantly improved purity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fath V, Kockmann N, Otto J, Röder T. Self-optimising processes and real-time-optimisation of organic syntheses in a microreactor system using Nelder–Mead and design of experiments. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparing an enhanced simplex algorithm with model-free design of experiments, this work presents a flexible platform for multi-objective, real-time optimisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Equipment Design
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Equipment Design
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Otto
- Institute for Applied Thermo- and Fluid Dynamics
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Polo EC, Wang MF, Angnes RA, Braga AAC, Correia CRD. Enantioselective Heck Arylation of Acyclic Alkenol Aryl Ethers: Synthetic Applications and DFT Investigation of the Stereoselectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Christine Polo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Rua Josué de Castro, s/n 13083-970, Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Martí Fernández Wang
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Rua Josué de Castro, s/n 13083-970, Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo Almir Angnes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São Paulo Avenida Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000, São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ataualpa A. C. Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São Paulo Avenida Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000, São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos Roque Duarte Correia
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Rua Josué de Castro, s/n 13083-970, Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cova TFGG, Pais AACC. Deep Learning for Deep Chemistry: Optimizing the Prediction of Chemical Patterns. Front Chem 2019; 7:809. [PMID: 32039134 PMCID: PMC6988795 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational Chemistry is currently a synergistic assembly between ab initio calculations, simulation, machine learning (ML) and optimization strategies for describing, solving and predicting chemical data and related phenomena. These include accelerated literature searches, analysis and prediction of physical and quantum chemical properties, transition states, chemical structures, chemical reactions, and also new catalysts and drug candidates. The generalization of scalability to larger chemical problems, rather than specialization, is now the main principle for transforming chemical tasks in multiple fronts, for which systematic and cost-effective solutions have benefited from ML approaches, including those based on deep learning (e.g. quantum chemistry, molecular screening, synthetic route design, catalysis, drug discovery). The latter class of ML algorithms is capable of combining raw input into layers of intermediate features, enabling bench-to-bytes designs with the potential to transform several chemical domains. In this review, the most exciting developments concerning the use of ML in a range of different chemical scenarios are described. A range of different chemical problems and respective rationalization, that have hitherto been inaccessible due to the lack of suitable analysis tools, is thus detailed, evidencing the breadth of potential applications of these emerging multidimensional approaches. Focus is given to the models, algorithms and methods proposed to facilitate research on compound design and synthesis, materials design, prediction of binding, molecular activity, and soft matter behavior. The information produced by pairing Chemistry and ML, through data-driven analyses, neural network predictions and monitoring of chemical systems, allows (i) prompting the ability to understand the complexity of chemical data, (ii) streamlining and designing experiments, (ii) discovering new molecular targets and materials, and also (iv) planning or rethinking forthcoming chemical challenges. In fact, optimization engulfs all these tasks directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia F. G. G. Cova
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto A. C. C. Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Waldron C, Pankajakshan A, Quaglio M, Cao E, Galvanin F, Gavriilidis A. Closed-Loop Model-Based Design of Experiments for Kinetic Model Discrimination and Parameter Estimation: Benzoic Acid Esterification on a Heterogeneous Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Waldron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Arun Pankajakshan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Marco Quaglio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Enhong Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Federico Galvanin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Santi M, Seitz J, Cicala R, Hardwick T, Ahmed N, Wirth T. Memory of Chirality in Flow Electrochemistry: Fast Optimisation with DoE and Online 2D‐HPLC. Chemistry 2019; 25:16230-16235. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Santi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Jakob Seitz
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Rossana Cicala
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aka EC, Wimmer E, Barré E, Vasudevan N, Cortés-Borda D, Ekou T, Ekou L, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Felpin FX. Reconfigurable Flow Platform for Automated Reagent Screening and Autonomous Optimization for Bioinspired Lignans Synthesis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14101-14112. [PMID: 31568728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring benzoxanthenones, which belong to the vast family of lignans, are promising biologically relevant targets. They are biosynthetically produced by the oxidative dimerization of 2-propenyl phenols. In this manuscript, we disclose a powerful automated flow-based strategy for identifying and optimizing a cobalt-catalyzed oxidizing system for the bioinspired dimerization of 2-propenyl phenols. We designed a reconfigurable flow reactor associating online monitoring and process control instrumentation. Our machine was first configured as an automated screening platform to evaluate a matrix of 4 catalysts (plus the blank) and 5 oxidants (plus the blank) at two different temperatures, resulting in an array of 50 reactions. The automated screening was conducted on micromole scale at a rate of one fully characterized reaction every 26 min. After having identified the most promising cobalt-catalyzed oxidizing system, the automated screening platform was straightforwardly reconfigured to an autonomous self-optimizing flow reactor by implementation of an optimization algorithm in the closed-loop system. The optimization campaign allowed the determination of very effective experimental conditions in a limited number of experiments, which allowed us to prepare the natural products carpanone and polemannone B as well as synthetic analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehu Camille Aka
- Université de Nantes , CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230 , 2 rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes , France
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Université de Nantes , CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230 , 2 rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes , France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes , CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230 , 2 rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes , France
| | - Natarajan Vasudevan
- Université de Nantes , CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230 , 2 rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes , France
| | - Daniel Cortés-Borda
- Université de Nantes , CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230 , 2 rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes , France
| | - Tchirioua Ekou
- Université Nangui Abrogoua , Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu , 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02 , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Lynda Ekou
- Université Nangui Abrogoua , Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu , 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02 , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mireia Rodriguez-Zubiri
- Université de Nantes , CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230 , 2 rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes , France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes , CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230 , 2 rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes , France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang Q, Sane N, Klosowski D, Lee M, Rosenthal T, Wang NX, Wiensch E. Mizoroki–Heck Cross-Coupling of Bromobenzenes with Styrenes: Another Example of Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Potential Safety Hazards. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Neeraj Sane
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Daniel Klosowski
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Melissa Lee
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Tay Rosenthal
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Nick X. Wang
- Discovery Chemistry, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Eric Wiensch
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Soldatova NS, Postnikov PS, Yusubov MS, Wirth T. Flow Synthesis of Iodonium Trifluoroacetates through Direct Oxidation of Iodoarenes by Oxone®. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Soldatova
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
- Department of Solid State Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Waldron C, Pankajakshan A, Quaglio M, Cao E, Galvanin F, Gavriilidis A. An autonomous microreactor platform for the rapid identification of kinetic models. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00345a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid estimation of kinetic parameters with high precision is facilitated by automation combined with online Model-Based Design of Experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Waldron
- Dept of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | | | - Marco Quaglio
- Dept of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Enhong Cao
- Dept of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Clayton AD, Manson JA, Taylor CJ, Chamberlain TW, Taylor BA, Clemens G, Bourne RA. Algorithms for the self-optimisation of chemical reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00209j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-optimising chemical systems have experienced a growing momentum in recent years. Herein, we review algorithms used for the self-optimisation of chemical reactions in an accessible way for the general chemist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Clayton
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- UK
| | - Jamie A. Manson
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- UK
| | - Connor J. Taylor
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- UK
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- UK
| | | | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Application of Organometallic Catalysts in API Synthesis. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
31
|
Mateos C, Nieves-Remacha MJ, Rincón JA. Automated platforms for reaction self-optimization in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00116f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights recent progress in continuous flow self-optimizing platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A
- Alcobendas-Madrid 28108
- Spain
| | | | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A
- Alcobendas-Madrid 28108
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Egami H, Hamashima Y. Practical and Scalable Organic Reactions with Flow Microwave Apparatus. CHEM REC 2018; 19:157-171. [PMID: 30511806 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microwave irradiation has been used for accelerating organic reactions as a heating method and has been proven to be useful in laboratory scale organic synthesis. The major drawback of microwave chemistry is the difficulty in scaling up, mainly because of the low penetration depth of microwaves. The combination of microwave chemistry and flow chemistry is considered to overcome the problem in scaling up of microwave-assisted organic reactions, and some flow microwave systems have been developed in both academic and industrial communities. In this context, we have demonstrated the scale-up of fundamental organic reactions using a novel flow microwave system developed by the academic-industrial alliance between the University of Shizuoka, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, and SAIDA FDS. In this Personal Account, we summarize the recent progress of our scalable microwave-assisted continuous synthesis using the SAIDA flow microwave apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bédard AC, Adamo A, Aroh KC, Russell MG, Bedermann AA, Torosian J, Yue B, Jensen KF, Jamison TF. Reconfigurable system for automated optimization of diverse chemical reactions. Science 2018; 361:1220-1225. [PMID: 30237351 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis generally requires labor-intensive, sometimes tedious trial-and-error optimization of reaction conditions. Here, we describe a plug-and-play, continuous-flow chemical synthesis system that mitigates this challenge with an integrated combination of hardware, software, and analytics. The system software controls the user-selected reagents and unit operations (reactors and separators), processes reaction analytics (high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, vibrational spectroscopy), and conducts automated optimizations. The capabilities of this system are demonstrated in high-yielding implementations of C-C and C-N cross-coupling, olefination, reductive amination, nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr), photoredox catalysis, and a multistep sequence. The graphical user interface enables users to initiate optimizations, monitor progress remotely, and analyze results. Subsequent users of an optimized procedure need only download an electronic file, comparable to a smartphone application, to implement the protocol on their own apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Bédard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kosi C Aroh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Grace Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron A Bedermann
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy Torosian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cortés-Borda D, Wimmer E, Gouilleux B, Barré E, Oger N, Goulamaly L, Peault L, Charrier B, Truchet C, Giraudeau P, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Le Grognec E, Felpin FX. An Autonomous Self-Optimizing Flow Reactor for the Synthesis of Natural Product Carpanone. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14286-14299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cortés-Borda
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Boris Gouilleux
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Oger
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lubna Goulamaly
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Louis Peault
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Benoît Charrier
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Truchet
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6241, LINA, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mireia Rodriguez-Zubiri
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Erwan Le Grognec
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Egami H, Tamaoki S, Abe M, Ohneda N, Yoshimura T, Okamoto T, Odajima H, Mase N, Takeda K, Hamashima Y. Scalable Microwave-Assisted Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement with a Continuous Flow Microwave System. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Souma Tamaoki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masato Abe
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohneda
- SAIDA FDS Inc., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshimura
- SAIDA FDS Inc., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamoto
- SAIDA FDS Inc., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | | | - Nobuyuki Mase
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takeda
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Enantioselective, Noncovalent, Substrate‐Directable Heck–Matsuda and Oxidative Heck Arylations of Unactivated Five‐Membered Carbocyclic Olefins. Chemistry 2018; 24:11738-11747. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
38
|
Rapid Optimization of Reaction Conditions Based on Comprehensive Reaction Analysis Using a Continuous Flow Microwave Reactor. CHEM REC 2018; 19:77-84. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
39
|
Hsieh HW, Coley CW, Baumgartner LM, Jensen KF, Robinson RI. Photoredox Iridium–Nickel Dual-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Arylation Cross-Coupling: From Batch to Continuous Flow via Self-Optimizing Segmented Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wu Hsieh
- Global Discovery Chemistry − Chemical Technology Group, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lorenz M. Baumgartner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard I. Robinson
- Global Discovery Chemistry − Chemical Technology Group, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Baumgartner LM, Coley CW, Reizman BJ, Gao KW, Jensen KF. Optimum catalyst selection over continuous and discrete process variables with a single droplet microfluidic reaction platform. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) algorithm to optimize catalyst turnover number (TON) and product yield by simultaneously modulating discrete variables—catalyst types—and continuous variables—temperature, residence time, and catalyst loading—was implemented and validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Brandon J. Reizman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kevin W. Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Renom-Carrasco M, Lefort L. Ligand libraries for high throughput screening of homogeneous catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5038-5060. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review describes different approaches to construct ligand libraries towards high throughput screening of homogeneous metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Renom-Carrasco
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon
- Laboratory C2P2 UMR 5265-CNRS-Université de Lyon 1-CPE Lyon
- 69616 Villeurbanne
- France
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhou Z, Li X, Zare RN. Optimizing Chemical Reactions with Deep Reinforcement Learning. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1337-1344. [PMID: 29296675 PMCID: PMC5746857 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Deep reinforcement learning was employed to optimize chemical reactions. Our model iteratively records the results of a chemical reaction and chooses new experimental conditions to improve the reaction outcome. This model outperformed a state-of-the-art blackbox optimization algorithm by using 71% fewer steps on both simulations and real reactions. Furthermore, we introduced an efficient exploration strategy by drawing the reaction conditions from certain probability distributions, which resulted in an improvement on regret from 0.062 to 0.039 compared with a deterministic policy. Combining the efficient exploration policy with accelerated microdroplet reactions, optimal reaction conditions were determined in 30 min for the four reactions considered, and a better understanding of the factors that control microdroplet reactions was reached. Moreover, our model showed a better performance after training on reactions with similar or even dissimilar underlying mechanisms, which demonstrates its learning ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Small-molecule drug discovery can be viewed as a challenging multidimensional problem in which various characteristics of compounds - including efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety - need to be optimized in parallel to provide drug candidates. Recent advances in areas such as microfluidics-assisted chemical synthesis and biological testing, as well as artificial intelligence systems that improve a design hypothesis through feedback analysis, are now providing a basis for the introduction of greater automation into aspects of this process. This could potentially accelerate time frames for compound discovery and optimization and enable more effective searches of chemical space. However, such approaches also raise considerable conceptual, technical and organizational challenges, as well as scepticism about the current hype around them. This article aims to identify the approaches and technologies that could be implemented robustly by medicinal chemists in the near future and to critically analyse the opportunities and challenges for their more widespread application.
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu Y, Jiang X. Why microfluidics? Merits and trends in chemical synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3960-3978. [PMID: 28913530 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00627f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic limitations of conventional batch synthesis have hindered its applications in both solving classical problems and exploiting new frontiers. Microfluidic technology offers a new platform for chemical synthesis toward either molecules or materials, which has promoted the progress of diverse fields such as organic chemistry, materials science, and biomedicine. In this review, we focus on the improved performance of microreactors in handling various situations, and outline the trend of microfluidic synthesis (microsynthesis, μSyn) from simple microreactors to integrated microsystems. Examples of synthesizing both chemical compounds and micro/nanomaterials show the flexible applications of this approach. We aim to provide strategic guidance for the rational design, fabrication, and integration of microdevices for synthetic use. We critically evaluate the existing challenges and future opportunities associated with this burgeoning field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lucks S, Brunner H. In Situ Generated Palladium on Aluminum Phosphate as Catalytic System for the Preparation of β,β-Diarylated Olefins by Matsuda–Heck Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lucks
- Atotech Deutschland GmbH, Erasmusstrasse 20, D-10553 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Brunner
- Atotech Deutschland GmbH, Erasmusstrasse 20, D-10553 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schmidt B, Wolf F. Synthesis of Phenylpropanoids via Matsuda-Heck Coupling of Arene Diazonium Salts. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4386-4395. [PMID: 28394127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed Heck-type coupling (Matsuda-Heck reaction) of electron rich arene diazonium salts with electron deficient olefins has been exploited for the synthesis of phenylpropanoid natural products. Examples described herein are the naturally occurring benzofurans methyl wutaifuranate, wutaifuranol, wutaifuranal, their 7-methoxy derivatives, and the O-prenylated natural products boropinols A and C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schmidt
- Universitaet Potsdam, Institut fuer Chemie , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Felix Wolf
- Universitaet Potsdam, Institut fuer Chemie , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|