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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen B, Chen Y, Xu Y. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women: Influenced by multiple risk factors and increase the risks of spontaneous abortion and small-for-gestational age. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27505. [PMID: 34731133 PMCID: PMC8519205 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the level of vitamin D and its influencing factors in pregnant women, and to explore the influence of vitamin D deficiency on common adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women, providing evidence for prevention and intervention of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women. METHODS The basic data and blood samples of pregnant women in our hospital from January 2019 to June 2020 were collected, and the 25-(OH) D levels of the serum samples were detected. Then the vitamin D levels and its influencing factors were analyzed, and the relationships between vitamin D levels and common adverse pregnancy outcomes in the pregnant women as well as the incidence of small-for-gestational-age newborns were analyzed. RESULTS The vitamin D deficiency rate, insufficiency rate and sufficiency rate of pregnant women were 83.28%, 15.36%, and 1.36% respectively, with vast majority of the pregnant women in a state of vitamin D deficiency. Analysis of the influencing factors on the vitamin D level of pregnant women showed "28 weeks ≤ gestational age ≤32 weeks, summer and autumn, high school education and above, weekly time outdoors ≥10 hours, supplement of vitamin D and trace elements during pregnancy" were protective factors for vitamin D sufficiency in pregnant women. Linear correlation analysis showed the vitamin D level of pregnant women was highly positively correlated with temperature, the higher the temperature, the higher the vitamin D level (r = 0.907, t = 6.818, P < .001). The level of vitamin D in pregnant women was related to the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and small-for-gestational age (SGA), with the incidence of spontaneous abortion and SGA in the "vitamin D deficiency group" higher than those of other groups (P = .018, P = .016). CONCLUSIONS The vitamin D level of pregnant women in this area is relatively low, which is affected by multiple factors such as gestational age, season, education level of pregnant women, weekly time outdoors, vitamin D and trace element supplement during pregnancy. Low vitamin D levels can increase the risk of spontaneous abortion and SGA in pregnant women, so relevant measures should be adopted to improve the vitamin D status of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Biomarker Translational Medicine, Medical Laboratory of Xiamen Humanity Hospital Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Escribà-Gelonch M, Tran NN, Hessel V. Automated High-Pressure Atline Analysis of Photo-High-P,T Vitamin D3 Microfluidic Synthesis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.724036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Process analytical technology has become a relevant topic in both industry and academia as a mechanism to control process quality by measuring critical parameters; being mainly applied in pharmaceutical industry. An emerging topic is process monitoring with subsequent process automation in flow chemistry using inline, online and atline analyzers. Flow chemistry often deliberately and favorably uses harsh conditions (termed Novel Process Windows) to achieve process intensification which raises the need for sampling under these conditions. This demands for setting in place a stabilization of the sample before exposing it to the processing. Ignoring this may result in being unable to use inline/online analytics and posing the need for a separation step before quantitative analysis, leaving atline analysis as the only feasible option. That means that sampling and connected operations need also to be automated. This is where this study sets in, and this is enabled by a modified high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) autosampler coupled to the photo-high-p,T flow synthesis of vitamin D3. It shows that sampling variables, such as decompression speed, can be even more critical in terms of variability of results than process variables such as concentration, pressure, and temperature. The modification enabled the autosampler fully automated and unattended sampling from the reactor and enabled pressure independent measurements with 89% accuracy, >95% reproducibility, and >96% repeatability, stating decompression speed as the primary responsibility for measurements’ uncertainty.
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Niu W, Zheng Y, Li Y, Du L, Liu W. Photochemical microfluidic synthesis of vitamin D3 by improved light sources with photoluminescent substrates. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fan J, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Du L, Wang Y. Enhancement of Ultraviolet B Irradiation with a Photoluminescent Composite Film and Its Application in Photochemical Microfluidic Synthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingtian Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Le Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Di Filippo M, Bracken C, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020356. [PMID: 31952244 PMCID: PMC7024297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a remarkable development towards improved and new photochemical transformations in response to greener and more sustainable chemical synthesis needs. Additionally, the availability of modern continuous flow reactors has enabled widespread applications in view of more streamlined and custom designed flow processes. In this focused review article, we wish to evaluate the standing of the field of continuous flow photochemistry with a specific emphasis on the generation of bioactive entities, including natural products, drugs and their precursors. To this end we highlight key developments in this field that have contributed to the progress achieved to date. Dedicated sections present the variety of suitable reactor designs and set-ups available; a short discussion on the relevance of greener and more sustainable approaches; and selected key applications in the area of bioactive structures. A final section outlines remaining challenges and areas that will benefit from further developments in this fast-moving area. It is hoped that this report provides a valuable update on this important field of synthetic chemistry which may fuel developments in the future.
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Bennett JA, Campbell ZS, Abolhasani M. Role of continuous flow processes in green manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Grützner T, Ziegenbalg D, Güttel R. Process Intensification - An Unbroken Trend in Chemical Engineering. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grützner
- Universität Ulm; Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Universität Ulm; Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Robert Güttel
- Universität Ulm; Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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Escribà‐Gelonch M, Halpin A, Noël T, Hessel V. Laser‐Mediated Photo‐High‐p,T Intensification of Vitamin D
3
Synthesis in Continuous Flow. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Escribà‐Gelonch
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Alexei Halpin
- Photonics for Energy DIFFER – Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research De Zaale 20 5600 HH Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands
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Abstract
Abstract
The pre-Socratic philosophers made the first honest attempt, at least in the western world, to describe natural phenomena in a rudimentary scientific manner and to exploit those for technological application [1]. Pythagoras of Samos (570–495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the first to actually call himself a “philosopher”. He was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the theory of proportions, and the sphericity of the Earth. The Pythagorean triple is also well-known. Heraclitus of Ephesus (535–475 BC) was famous for his insistence on ever-present change as the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying
“panta rhei”
—everything flows.
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Escribà-Gelonch M, Hessel V, Maier MC, Noël T, Neira d'Angelo MF, Gruber-Woelfler H. Continuous-Flow In-Line Solvent-Swap Crystallization of Vitamin D 3. Org Process Res Dev 2017; 22:178-189. [PMID: 29910596 PMCID: PMC5997464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A continuous
tandem in-line evaporation–crystallization
is presented. The process includes an in-line solvent-swap step, suitable
to be coupled to a capillary based cooler. As a proof of concept,
this setup is tested in a direct in-line acetonitrile mediated crystallization
of Vitamin D3. This configuration is suitable to be coupled
to a new end-to-end continuous microflow synthesis of Vitamin D3. By this procedure, vitamin particles can be crystallized
in continuous flow and isolated using an in-line continuous filtration
step. In one run in just 1 min of cooling time, ∼50% (w/w)
crystals of Vitamin D3 are directly obtained. Furthermore,
the polymorphic form as well as crystals shape and size properties
are described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel C Maier
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, NAWI Graz, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Timothy Noël
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Fernanda Neira d'Angelo
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, NAWI Graz, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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