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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Evaluating Enzymatic Productivity—The Missing Link to Enzyme Utility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136908. [PMID: 35805910 PMCID: PMC9266678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic productivity analysis is critical to the characterization of enzyme catalytic performance and capacity. However, productivity analysis has been largely overlooked in the published literature. Less than 0.01% of studies which report on enzyme characterization present productivity analysis, despite the fact that this is the only measurement method that provides a reliable indicator of potential commercial utility. Here, we argue that reporting productivity data involving native, modified, and immobilized enzymes under different reaction conditions will be of immense value in optimizing enzymatic processes, with a view to accelerating biotechnological applications. With the use of examples from wide-ranging studies, we demonstrate that productivity is a measure of critical importance to the translational and commercial use of enzymes and processes that employ them. We conclude the review by suggesting steps to maximize the productivity of enzyme catalyzed reactions.
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Lorente-Arevalo A, Garcia-Martin A, Ladero M, Bolivar JM. Chemical Reaction Engineering to Understand Applied Kinetics in Free Enzyme Homogeneous Reactors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2397:277-320. [PMID: 34813070 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1826-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reaction engineering is interested in elucidating the reaction kinetics through the determination of the fundamental influencing variables. The understanding of enzyme kinetics is needed to implement the potential of enzymes to satisfy determined production targets and for the design of the reactor. The quantification of the enzyme kinetics is implemented by the elucidation and building of the kinetic model (it includes one or more kinetic equations). In the context of process development, the kinetic model is not only useful to identify feasibility and for optimizing reaction conditions but also, at an early stage of development it is very useful to anticipate implementation bottlenecks, and so guide reactor setup. In this chapter we describe theoretical and practical considerations to illustrate the methodological framework of kinetic analysis. We take as study cases four archetypal kinetic cases by using as example the hydrolysis of cellobiose catalyzed by a beta-glucosidase. We show the different experimental data that can be obtained by the monitoring of enzymatic reactions in different configuration of free enzyme homogeneous ideal reactors; we show step-by-step the visualization, treatment, and analysis of data to elucidate kinetic models and the procedure for the quantification of kinetic constants. Finally, the performance of different reactors is compared in the interplay with the enzyme kinetics. This book chapter aims at being useful for a broad multidisciplinary audience and different levels of academic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Lorente-Arevalo
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Garcia-Martin
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ladero
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Tavanti M, Hosford J, Lloyd RC, Brown MJB. Recent Developments and Challenges for the Industrial Implementation of Polyphosphate Kinases. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tavanti
- Synthetic Biochemistry Medicinal Science and Technology Pharma R&D GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG12NY UK
- Early Chemical development Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca Astrazeneca PLC 1 Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB20AA UK
| | - Joseph Hosford
- Synthetic Biochemistry Medicinal Science and Technology Pharma R&D GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG12NY UK
| | - Richard C. Lloyd
- Chemical Development Medicinal Science and Technology Pharma R&D GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG12NY UK
| | - Murray J. B. Brown
- Synthetic Biochemistry Medicinal Science and Technology Pharma R&D GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG12NY UK
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Lorente-Arevalo A, Ladero M, Bolivar JM. Framework of the kinetic analysis of O 2-dependent oxidative biocatalysts for reaction intensification. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A framework for kinetic modelling and evaluation of the reaction intensification of O2-dependent enzyme catalyzed reactions is built from measurements of consumption rates of the initially dissolved O2 in homogeneous liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Lorente-Arevalo
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel Ladero
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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6
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Woodley JM. Advances in biological conversion technologies: new opportunities for reaction engineering. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00422j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction engineering needs to embrace biological conversion technologies, on the road to identify more sustainable routes for chemical manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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Cosgrove SC, Mattey AP, Riese M, Chapman MR, Birmingham WR, Blacker AJ, Kapur N, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Biocatalytic Oxidation in Continuous Flow for the Generation of Carbohydrate Dialdehydes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley P. Mattey
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Riese
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Chapman
- Institute of Process Research & Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Birmingham
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research & Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Process Research & Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Considerations when Measuring Biocatalyst Performance. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193573. [PMID: 31623317 PMCID: PMC6804192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As biocatalysis matures, it becomes increasingly important to establish methods with which to measure biocatalyst performance. Such measurements are important to assess immobilization strategies, different operating modes, and reactor configurations, aside from comparing protein engineered variants and benchmarking against economic targets. While conventional measurement techniques focus on a single performance metric (such as the total turnover number), here, it is argued that three metrics (achievable product concentration, productivity, and enzyme stability) are required for an accurate assessment of scalability.
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Meyer L, Gummesson A, Kragl U, Langermann J. Development of Ionic Liquid‐Water‐Based Thermomorphic Solvent (TMS)‐Systems for Biocatalytic Reactions. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900215. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars‐Erik Meyer
- Biocatalytic Synthesis Group, Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 3A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anja Gummesson
- Biocatalytic Synthesis Group, Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 3A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Udo Kragl
- Department of Chemistry, Industrial and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 3A 18059 Rostock Germany
- Department Life, Light and MatterUniversity of Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany
| | - Jan Langermann
- Biocatalytic Synthesis Group, Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 3A 18059 Rostock Germany
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Abstract
Enzyme catalyzed reactions are rapidly becoming an invaluable tool for the synthesis of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. These reactions are commonly performed in batch, but continuous biocatalysis is gaining interest in industry because it would allow seamless integration of chemical and enzymatic reaction steps. However, because this is an emerging field, little attention has been paid towards the suitability of different reactor types for continuous biocatalytic reactions. Two types of continuous flow reactor are possible: continuous stirred tank and continuous plug-flow. These reactor types differ in a number of ways, but in this contribution, we focus on residence time distribution and how enzyme kinetics are affected by the unique mass balance of each reactor. For the first time, we present a tool to facilitate reactor selection for continuous biocatalytic production of pharmaceuticals. From this analysis, it was found that plug-flow reactors should generally be the system of choice. However, there are particular cases where they may need to be coupled with a continuous stirred tank reactor or replaced entirely by a series of continuous stirred tank reactors, which can approximate plug-flow behavior. This systematic approach should accelerate the implementation of biocatalysis for continuous pharmaceutical production.
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Hülsewede D, Meyer L, von Langermann J. Application of In Situ Product Crystallization and Related Techniques in Biocatalytic Processes. Chemistry 2019; 25:4871-4884. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hülsewede
- Biocatalytic Synthesis Group, Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Rostock A-Einstein-Str. 3A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Lars‐Erik Meyer
- Biocatalytic Synthesis Group, Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Rostock A-Einstein-Str. 3A 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Jan von Langermann
- Biocatalytic Synthesis Group, Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Rostock A-Einstein-Str. 3A 18059 Rostock Germany
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12
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Meissner MP, Süss P, Brundiek H, Woodley JM, von Langermann J. Scoping the Enantioselective Desymmetrization of a Poorly Water-Soluble Diester by Recombinant Pig Liver Esterase. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murray P. Meissner
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Oxford Biotrans
Ltd., 127 Olympic Avenue, Milton Park OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Süss
- Enzymicals AG, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrike Brundiek
- Enzymicals AG, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - John M. Woodley
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan von Langermann
- University of Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic Synthesis Group, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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