1
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Ahmad BIZ, Keasler KT, Stacy EE, Meng S, Hicks TJ, Milner PJ. MOFganic Chemistry: Challenges and Opportunities for Metal-Organic Frameworks in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:4883-4896. [PMID: 38222037 PMCID: PMC10785605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous, crystalline solids constructed from organic linkers and inorganic nodes that have been widely studied for applications in gas storage, chemical separations, and drug delivery. Owing to their highly modular structures and tunable pore environments, we propose that MOFs have significant untapped potential as catalysts and reagents relevant to the synthesis of next-generation therapeutics. Herein, we outline the properties of MOFs that make them promising for applications in synthetic organic chemistry, including new reactivity and selectivity, enhanced robustness, and user-friendly preparation. In addition, we outline the challenges facing the field and propose new directions to maximize the utility of MOFs for drug synthesis. This perspective aims to bring together the organic and MOF communities to develop new heterogeneous platforms capable of achieving synthetic transformations that cannot be replicated by homogeneous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayu I. Z. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Kaitlyn T. Keasler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Emily E. Stacy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Sijing Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
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2
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Impastato AC, Brown JTC, Wang Y, Tu NP. Readily Accessible High-Throughput Experimentation: A General Protocol for the Preparation of ChemBeads and EnzyBeads. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:514-520. [PMID: 37077398 PMCID: PMC10107912 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical- and enzyme-coated beads (ChemBeads and EnzyBeads) were introduced recently as a universal strategy for the accurate dispensing of various solids in submilligram quantities using automated instrumentation or manual dispensing. The coated beads are prepared using a resonant acoustic mixer (RAM)-an instrument that may be available only to well-established facilities. In this study, we evaluated alternative coating methods for preparing ChemBeads and EnzyBeads without the use of a RAM. We also evaluated the effects of bead sizes on loading accuracy using 4 coating methods and 12 solids (9 chemicals and 3 enzymes) as test subjects. While our original RAM coating method is the most versatile for the broadest range of solids, high-quality ChemBeads and EnzyBeads that are suitable for high-throughput experimentation can be prepared using alternative methods. These results should make ChemBeads and EnzyBeads readily accessible as the core technology for setting up high-throughput experimentation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Impastato
- Advanced
Chemistry Technologies, Discovery Platform Technologies, AbbVie Inc., 1N Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jesse T. C. Brown
- Center
of Catalysis, Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1N Waukegan
Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Advanced
Chemistry Technologies, Discovery Platform Technologies, AbbVie Inc., 1N Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Noah P. Tu
- Advanced
Chemistry Technologies, Discovery Platform Technologies, AbbVie Inc., 1N Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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3
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Taylor CJ, Pomberger A, Felton KC, Grainger R, Barecka M, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Johnson CN, Lapkin AA. A Brief Introduction to Chemical Reaction Optimization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3089-3126. [PMID: 36820880 PMCID: PMC10037254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
From the start of a synthetic chemist's training, experiments are conducted based on recipes from textbooks and manuscripts that achieve clean reaction outcomes, allowing the scientist to develop practical skills and some chemical intuition. This procedure is often kept long into a researcher's career, as new recipes are developed based on similar reaction protocols, and intuition-guided deviations are conducted through learning from failed experiments. However, when attempting to understand chemical systems of interest, it has been shown that model-based, algorithm-based, and miniaturized high-throughput techniques outperform human chemical intuition and achieve reaction optimization in a much more time- and material-efficient manner; this is covered in detail in this paper. As many synthetic chemists are not exposed to these techniques in undergraduate teaching, this leads to a disproportionate number of scientists that wish to optimize their reactions but are unable to use these methodologies or are simply unaware of their existence. This review highlights the basics, and the cutting-edge, of modern chemical reaction optimization as well as its relation to process scale-up and can thereby serve as a reference for inspired scientists for each of these techniques, detailing several of their respective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Taylor
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alexander Pomberger
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Kobi C Felton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Magda Barecka
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Richard A Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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4
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Seifrid M, Pollice R, Aguilar-Granda A, Morgan Chan Z, Hotta K, Ser CT, Vestfrid J, Wu TC, Aspuru-Guzik A. Autonomous Chemical Experiments: Challenges and Perspectives on Establishing a Self-Driving Lab. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2454-2466. [PMID: 35948428 PMCID: PMC9454899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We must accelerate the pace at which we make technological advancements to address climate change and disease risks worldwide. This swifter pace of discovery requires faster research and development cycles enabled by better integration between hypothesis generation, design, experimentation, and data analysis. Typical research cycles take months to years. However, data-driven automated laboratories, or self-driving laboratories, can significantly accelerate molecular and materials discovery. Recently, substantial advancements have been made in the areas of machine learning and optimization algorithms that have allowed researchers to extract valuable knowledge from multidimensional data sets. Machine learning models can be trained on large data sets from the literature or databases, but their performance can often be hampered by a lack of negative results or metadata. In contrast, data generated by self-driving laboratories can be information-rich, containing precise details of the experimental conditions and metadata. Consequently, much larger amounts of high-quality data are gathered in self-driving laboratories. When placed in open repositories, this data can be used by the research community to reproduce experiments, for more in-depth analysis, or as the basis for further investigation. Accordingly, high-quality open data sets will increase the accessibility and reproducibility of science, which is sorely needed.In this Account, we describe our efforts to build a self-driving lab for the development of a new class of materials: organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs). Since they have only recently been demonstrated, little is known about the molecular and material design rules for thin-film, electrically-pumped OSL devices as compared to other technologies such as organic light-emitting diodes or organic photovoltaics. To realize high-performing OSL materials, we are developing a flexible system for automated synthesis via iterative Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. This automated synthesis platform is directly coupled to the analysis and purification capabilities. Subsequently, the molecules of interest can be transferred to an optical characterization setup. We are currently limited to optical measurements of the OSL molecules in solution. However, material properties are ultimately most important in the solid state (e.g., as a thin-film device). To that end and for a different scientific goal, we are developing a self-driving lab for inorganic thin-film materials focused on the oxygen evolution reaction.While the future of self-driving laboratories is very promising, numerous challenges still need to be overcome. These challenges can be split into cognition and motor function. Generally, the cognitive challenges are related to optimization with constraints or unexpected outcomes for which general algorithmic solutions have yet to be developed. A more practical challenge that could be resolved in the near future is that of software control and integration because few instrument manufacturers design their products with self-driving laboratories in mind. Challenges in motor function are largely related to handling heterogeneous systems, such as dispensing solids or performing extractions. As a result, it is critical to understand that adapting experimental procedures that were designed for human experimenters is not as simple as transferring those same actions to an automated system, and there may be more efficient ways to achieve the same goal in an automated fashion. Accordingly, for self-driving laboratories, we need to carefully rethink the translation of manual experimental protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Seifrid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert Pollice
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Zamyla Morgan Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Acceleration
Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Hotta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Science
& Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical
Corporation, 1000 Kamoshidacho, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Cher Tian Ser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jenya Vestfrid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tony C. Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Vector
Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
- Lebovic
Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced
Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
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5
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Li X, Dunn AL. Development of a High-Throughput Kinetics Protocol and Application to an Aza-Michael Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Pharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anna L. Dunn
- Pharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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6
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Duffield S, Da Vià L, Bellman AC, Chiti F. Automated High-Throughput Partition Coefficient Determination with Image Analysis for Rapid Reaction Workup Process Development and Modeling. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Duffield
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Medicinal Science & Technology Stevenage, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Luigi Da Vià
- CMC Analytical, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Medicinal Science & Technology, Stevenage, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Amelia Celeste Bellman
- CMC Analytical, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Medicinal Science & Technology, Stevenage, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Fabio Chiti
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Medicinal Science & Technology Stevenage, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
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7
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Christensen M, Yunker LPE, Shiri P, Zepel T, Prieto PL, Grunert S, Bork F, Hein JE. Automation isn't automatic. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15473-15490. [PMID: 35003576 PMCID: PMC8654080 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Automation has become an increasingly popular tool for synthetic chemists over the past decade. Recent advances in robotics and computer science have led to the emergence of automated systems that execute common laboratory procedures including parallel synthesis, reaction discovery, reaction optimization, time course studies, and crystallization development. While such systems offer many potential benefits, their implementation is rarely automatic due to the highly specialized nature of synthetic procedures. Each reaction category requires careful execution of a particular sequence of steps, the specifics of which change with different conditions and chemical systems. Careful assessment of these critical procedural requirements and identification of the tools suitable for effective experimental execution are key to developing effective automation workflows. Even then, it is often difficult to get all the components of an automated system integrated and operational. Data flows and specialized equipment present yet another level of challenge. Unfortunately, the pain points and process of implementing automated systems are often not shared or remain buried deep in the SI. This perspective provides an overview of the current state of automation of synthetic chemistry at the benchtop scale with a particular emphasis on core considerations and the ensuing challenges of deploying a system. Importantly, we aim to reframe automation as decidedly not automatic but rather an iterative process that involves a series of careful decisions (both human and computational) and constant adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Lars P E Yunker
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Parisa Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Tara Zepel
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Paloma L Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Shad Grunert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Finn Bork
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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8
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Bahr MN, Nandkeolyar A, Kenna JK, Nevins N, Da Vià L, Işık M, Chodera JD, Mobley DL. Automated high throughput pK a and distribution coefficient measurements of pharmaceutical compounds for the SAMPL8 blind prediction challenge. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:1141-1155. [PMID: 34714468 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the Statistical Assessment of the Modeling of Proteins and Ligands (SAMPL) challenge is to improve the accuracy of current computational models to estimate free energy of binding, deprotonation, distribution and other associated physical properties that are useful for the design of new pharmaceutical products. New experimental datasets of physicochemical properties provide opportunities for prospective evaluation of computational prediction methods. Here, aqueous pKa and a range of bi-phasic logD values for a variety of pharmaceutical compounds were determined through a streamlined automated process to be utilized in the SAMPL8 physical property challenge. The goal of this paper is to provide an in-depth review of the experimental methods utilized to create a comprehensive data set for the blind prediction challenge. The significance of this work involves the use of high throughput experimentation equipment and instrumentation to produce acid dissociation constants for twenty-three drug molecules, as well as distribution coefficients for eleven of those molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Bahr
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - Aakankschit Nandkeolyar
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.,Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - John K Kenna
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Neysa Nevins
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Luigi Da Vià
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Mehtap Işık
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John D Chodera
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David L Mobley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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9
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Aguirre AL, Loud NL, Johnson KA, Weix DJ, Wang Y. ChemBead Enabled High-Throughput Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reveals a New Complementary Ligand. Chemistry 2021; 27:12981-12986. [PMID: 34233043 PMCID: PMC8554800 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput experimentation (HTE) methods are central to modern medicinal chemistry. While many HTE approaches to C-N and Csp2 -Csp2 bonds are available, options for Csp2 -Csp3 bonds are limited. We report here how the adaptation of nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl bromides with alkyl halides to HTE is enabled by AbbVie ChemBeads technology. By using this approach, we were able to quickly map out the reactivity space at a global level with a challenging array of 3×222 micromolar reactions. The observed hit rate (56 %) is competitive with other often-used HTE reactions and the results are scalable. A key to this level of success was the finding that bipyridine 6-carboxamidine (BpyCam), a ligand that had not previously been shown to be optimal in any reaction, is as general as the best-known ligands with complementary reactivity. Such "cryptic" catalysts may be common and modern HTE methods should facilitate the process of finding these catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Aguirre
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Nathan L Loud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Keywan A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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10
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High-throughput blend segregation evaluation using automated powder dispensing technology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105702. [PMID: 33429045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complexity in the interactions of variables and mechanisms leading to blend segregation, quantifying the segregation propensity of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) has been challenging. A high-throughput segregation risk prediction workflow for early drug product development has been developed based on the dispensing mechanism of automated powder dispensing technology. The workflow utilized liquid handling robots and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a well-plate autosampler for sample preparation and analysis. Blends containing three different APIs of varying concentrations and particle sizes of different constituents were evaluated through this automated workflow. The workflow enabled segregation evaluation of different API blends in very small quantities (~7g) compared to other common segregation testers that consume hundreds of grams. Segregation patterns obtained were well explained with vibration induced percolation-based segregation phenomena. Segregation risk was translated quantitatively using relative standard deviation (RSD) calculations, and the results matched well with large-scale segregation studies. The applied approach increased the throughput, introduced a simple and clean walk-up method with minimized equipment space and API exposures to conduct segregation studies. Results obtained can provide insights about optimizing particle size distributions, as well as selecting appropriate formulation constituents and secondary processing steps in early drug product development when the amount of available API is very limited.
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11
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Upadhya R, Kosuri S, Tamasi M, Meyer TA, Atta S, Webb MA, Gormley AJ. Automation and data-driven design of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:1-28. [PMID: 33242537 PMCID: PMC8127395 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are uniquely suited for drug delivery and biomaterial applications due to tunable structural parameters such as length, composition, architecture, and valency. To facilitate designs, researchers may explore combinatorial libraries in a high throughput fashion to correlate structure to function. However, traditional polymerization reactions including controlled living radical polymerization (CLRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) require inert reaction conditions and extensive expertise to implement. With the advent of air-tolerance and automation, several polymerization techniques are now compatible with well plates and can be carried out at the benchtop, making high throughput synthesis and high throughput screening (HTS) possible. To avoid HTS pitfalls often described as "fishing expeditions," it is crucial to employ intelligent and big data approaches to maximize experimental efficiency. This is where the disruptive technologies of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) will likely play a role. In fact, ML and AI are already impacting small molecule drug discovery and showing signs of emerging in drug delivery. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research in drug delivery, gene delivery, antimicrobial polymers, and bioactive polymers alongside data-driven developments in drug design and organic synthesis. From this insight, important lessons are revealed for the polymer therapeutics community including the value of a closed loop design-build-test-learn workflow. This is an exciting time as researchers will gain the ability to fully explore the polymer structural landscape and establish quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) with biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Supriya Atta
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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12
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13
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Rapid screening approaches for solubility enhancement, precipitation inhibition and dissociation of a cocrystal drug substance using high throughput experimentation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Becica J, Glaze OD, Hruszkewycz DP, Dobereiner GE, Leitch DC. The influence of additives on orthogonal reaction pathways in the Mizoroki–Heck arylation of vinyl ethers. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Translating microscale high-throughput screening hits into preparative scale chemistry often requires an understanding of scale-dependent factors, such as the effect of additives on catalyst activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Becica
- Chemical Development
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Collegeville
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Owen D. Glaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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15
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Clayson IG, Hewitt D, Hutereau M, Pope T, Slater B. High Throughput Methods in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization of Porous Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002780. [PMID: 32954550 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials are widely employed in a large range of applications, in particular, for storage, separation, and catalysis of fine chemicals. Synthesis, characterization, and pre- and post-synthetic computer simulations are mostly carried out in a piecemeal and ad hoc manner. Whilst high throughput approaches have been used for more than 30 years in the porous material fields, routine integration of experimental and computational processes is only now becoming more established. Herein, important developments are highlighted and emerging challenges for the community identified, including the need to work toward more integrated workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G Clayson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin Hutereau
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom Pope
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ben Slater
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Bahr MN, Morris MA, Tu NP, Nandkeolyar A. Recent Advances in High-Throughput Automated Powder Dispensing Platforms for Pharmaceutical Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Bahr
- GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Mark A. Morris
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Noah P. Tu
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Aakankschit Nandkeolyar
- GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Biba M, Wong M, Akin A, Manning ET, Schaffter L, Miller L, Zhang Y, Farrell W, DaSilva JO, Nogle L, Hritzko B, Riley F, DePianta RP, Barry K, Gao DA, Seest E, Goel M, Chung L, Paulson J, Lee H, Moore DB, Dong S, Leister W, Fukushima N, Sasaki A, Lee T, Iriki T, Nishimura M, Tomita M, Owa M, Tanaka K, Shagawa T, Moran TJ, Bamba T, Welch CJ. Cross-Pharma Collaboration on the Development and Evaluation of a New Mid-Scale Preparative Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Instrument. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirlinda Biba
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mengling Wong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anne Akin
- Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eric T. Manning
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | | | - Larry Miller
- Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - William Farrell
- Pfizer, La
Jolla, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Lisa Nogle
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Benjamin Hritzko
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Frank Riley
- Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Kevin Barry
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Donghong A. Gao
- Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Eric Seest
- Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Meenakshi Goel
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Loanne Chung
- Pfizer, La
Jolla, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Paulson
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Heewon Lee
- Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Douglas B. Moore
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Shuping Dong
- GSK, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | | | | | - Andy Sasaki
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Timothy Lee
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Takayuki Iriki
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Masayuki Nishimura
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J. Moran
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | | | - Christopher J. Welch
- Indiana Consortium for Analytical Science & Engineering (ICASE), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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18
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Godfrey AG, Michael SG, Sittampalam GS, Zahoránszky-Köhalmi G. A Perspective on Innovating the Chemistry Lab Bench. Front Robot AI 2020; 7:24. [PMID: 33501193 PMCID: PMC7805875 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovating on the design and function of the chemical bench remains a quintessential challenge of the ages. It requires a deep understanding of the important role chemistry plays in scientific discovery as well a first principles approach to addressing the gaps in how work gets done at the bench. This perspective examines how one might explore designing and creating a sustainable new standard for advancing automated chemistry bench itself. We propose how this might be done by leveraging recent advances in laboratory automation whereby integrating the latest synthetic, analytical and information technologies, and AI/ML algorithms within a standardized framework, maximizes the value of the data generated and the broader utility of such systems. Although the context of this perspective focuses on the design of advancing molecule of potential therapeutic value, it would not be a stretch to contemplate how such systems could be applied to other applied disciplines like advanced materials, foodstuffs, or agricultural product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Godfrey
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Martin MC, Goshu GM, Hartnell JR, Morris CD, Wang Y, Tu NP. Versatile Methods to Dispense Submilligram Quantities of Solids Using Chemical-Coated Beads for High-Throughput Experimentation. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cynthia Martin
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Gashaw M. Goshu
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jeffery R. Hartnell
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Collin D. Morris
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Noah P. Tu
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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20
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Isbrandt ES, Sullivan RJ, Newman SG. High Throughput Strategies for the Discovery and Optimization of Catalytic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7180-7191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Isbrandt
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Ryan J. Sullivan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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21
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Tu NP, Dombrowski AW, Goshu GM, Vasudevan A, Djuric SW, Wang Y. High‐Throughput Reaction Screening with Nanomoles of Solid Reagents Coated on Glass Beads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah P. Tu
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Gashaw M. Goshu
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Anil Vasudevan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Stevan W. Djuric
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
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22
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Tu NP, Dombrowski AW, Goshu GM, Vasudevan A, Djuric SW, Wang Y. High‐Throughput Reaction Screening with Nanomoles of Solid Reagents Coated on Glass Beads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7987-7991. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah P. Tu
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Gashaw M. Goshu
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Anil Vasudevan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Stevan W. Djuric
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064 USA
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23
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Isbrandt ES, Sullivan RJ, Newman SG. Hochdurchsatzstrategien zur Entdeckung und Optimierung katalytischer Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Isbrandt
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Kanada
| | - Ryan J. Sullivan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Kanada
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Kanada
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24
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Allen CL, Leitch DC, Anson MS, Zajac MA. The power and accessibility of high-throughput methods for catalysis research. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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