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Högnäsbacka AA, Poot AJ, Plisson C, Bergare J, Bonsall DR, McCluskey SP, Wells LA, Kooijman E, Schuit RC, Verlaan M, Beaino W, van Dongen GAMS, Vugts DJ, Elmore CS, Passchier J, Windhorst AD. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [ 11C]EAI045 as a PET tracer for imaging tumors expressing mutated epidermal growth factor receptor. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:19. [PMID: 38363422 PMCID: PMC10873260 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase domain are common in non-small cell lung cancer. Conventional tyrosine kinase inhibitors target the mutation site in the ATP binding pocket, thereby inhibiting the receptor's function. However, subsequent treatment resistance mutations in the ATP binding site are common. The EGFR allosteric inhibitor, EAI045, is proposed to have an alternative mechanism of action, disrupting receptor signaling independent of the ATP-binding site. The antibody cetuximab is hypothesized to increase the number of accessible allosteric pockets for EAI045, thus increasing the potency of the inhibitor. This work aimed to gain further knowledge on pharmacokinetics, the EGFR mutation-targeting potential, and the influence of cetuximab on the uptake by radiolabeling EAI045 with carbon-11 and tritium. RESULTS 2-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((2-iodobenzyl)amino)-N-(thiazol-2-yl)acetamide and 2-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(5-iodothiazol-2-yl)-2-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)acetamide were synthesized as precursors for the carbon-11 and tritium labeling of EAI045, respectively. [11C]EAI045 was synthesized using [11C]CO in a palladium-catalyzed ring closure in a 10 ± 1% radiochemical yield (decay corrected to end of [11C]CO2 production), > 97% radiochemical purity and 26 ± 1 GBq/µmol molar activity (determined at end of synthesis) in 51 min. [3H]EAI045 was synthesized by a tritium-halogen exchange in a 0.2% radiochemical yield, 98% radiochemical purity, and 763 kBq/nmol molar activity. The ability of [11C]EAI045 to differentiate between L858R/T790M mutated EGFR expressing H1975 xenografts and wild-type EGFR expressing A549 xenografts was evaluated in female nu/nu mice. The uptake was statistically significantly higher in H1975 xenografts compared to A549 xenografts (0.45 ± 0.07%ID/g vs. 0.31 ± 0.10%ID/g, P = 0.0166). The synergy in inhibition between EAI045 and cetuximab was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. While there was some indication that cetuximab influenced the uptake of [3H]EAI045 in vitro, this could not be confirmed in vivo when tumor-bearing mice were administered cetuximab (0.5 mg), 24 h prior to injection of [11C]EAI045. CONCLUSIONS EAI045 was successfully labeled with tritium and carbon-11, and the in vivo results indicated [11C]EAI045 may be able to distinguish between mutated and non-mutated EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer mouse models. Cetuximab was hypothesized to increase EAI045 uptake; however, no significant effect was observed on the uptake of [11C]EAI045 in vivo or [3H]EAI045 in vitro in H1975 xenografts and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia A Högnäsbacka
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Alex J Poot
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Esther Kooijman
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Verlaan
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Biomarkers and Imaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Susam MM, Wang J, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH, Sparidans RW. Bioanalytical assay for the quantification of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor EAI045 and its major metabolite PIA in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5457. [PMID: 35855648 PMCID: PMC9786734 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
EAI045 is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that targets the mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It was developed to control resistance to available EGFR TKIs. In this study, a major metabolite of EAI045, (5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)acetic acid (PIA), was discovered as a hydrolysis product of the parent drug. A validated assay for both analytes in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates from brain, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and small intestine with content was set up using LC-MS/MS. Samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile and with PLX4720 as internal standard. Separation was performed on a bridged ethylene hybrid C18 column by gradient elution with 0.1% v/v formic acid and methanol. Using positive electrospray, detection was performed in selected reaction monitoring mode. A linear calibration range of 2-2,000 ng/ml was used and validated for both analytes. Precision values ranged between 2.0 and 7.5% for EAI045 and between 2.2 and 12.1% for the metabolite, and accuracy values were between 91.1 and 107.6% for EAI045 and between 87.6 and 100.6% for the metabolite. Both analytes were sufficiently stable under the relevant analytical conditions. Finally, the assay was applied to analyze mouse plasma and tissue levels in a pharmacokinetic study in FVB/NRj wild-type female mice treated with oral EAI045.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Merve Susam
- Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, CXAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical PharmacologyUtrecht University, CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, CXAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alfred H. Schinkel
- Division of PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, CXAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, CXAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical PharmacologyUtrecht University, CGUtrechtThe Netherlands,Division of PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, CXAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rolf W. Sparidans
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of PharmacologyUtrecht University, CGUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Zhang W, Su Z, Liu H, Zhang Y, Ye W, Peng D, Xie H, Peng H, Peng Z, Dong W, An D. Manufacturable Process of a Novel EGFR Inhibitor (Larotinib) for the Treatment of ESCC. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Su
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Dongguan 523871, P. R. China
| | - Haiwang Liu
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Dongguan 523871, P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Dongguan 523871, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Ye
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Dongguan 523871, P. R. China
| | - Dahua Peng
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Dongguan 523871, P. R. China
| | - Hongpeng Xie
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Dongguan 523871, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Peng
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Dongguan 523871, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wanrong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Delie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Farhid H, Khodkari V, Nazeri MT, Javanbakht S, Shaabani A. Multicomponent reactions as a potent tool for the synthesis of benzodiazepines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3318-3358. [PMID: 33899847 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs), a diverse class of benzofused seven-membered N-heterocycles, display essential pharmacological properties and play vital roles in some biochemical processes. They have mainly been prescribed as potential therapeutic agents, which interestingly represent various biological activities such as anticancer, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculosis, muscle relaxant, and antimicrobial activities. The extensive biological activities of BZDs in various fields have encouraged medicinal chemists to discover and design novel BZD-based scaffolds as potential therapeutic candidates with the favorite biological activity through an efficient protocol. Although certainly valuable and important, conventional synthetic routes to these bicyclic benzene compounds contain methodologies often requiring multistep procedures, which suffer from waste materials generation and lack of sustainability. By contrast, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have recently advanced as a green synthetic strategy for synthesizing BZDs with the desired scope. In this regard, MCRs, especially Ugi and Ugi-type reactions, efficiently and conveniently supply various complex synthons, which can easily be converted to the BZDs via suitable post-transformations. Also, MCRs, especially Mannich-type reactions, provide speedy and economic approaches for the one-pot and one-step synthesis of BZDs. As a result, various functionalized-BZDs have been achieved by developing mild, efficient, and high-yielding MCR protocols. This review covers all aspects of the synthesis of BZDs with a particular focus on the MCRs as well as the mechanism chemistry of synthetic protocols. The present manuscript opens a new avenue for organic, medicinal, and industrial chemists to design safe, environmentally benign, and economical methods for the synthesis of new and known BZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Farhid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vida Khodkari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Nazeri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Siamak Javanbakht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran. and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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