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Harmalkar DS, Sivaraman A, Nada H, Lee J, Kang H, Choi Y, Lee K. Natural products as IL-6 inhibitors for inflammatory diseases: Synthetic and SAR perspective. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1683-1726. [PMID: 38305581 DOI: 10.1002/med.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic cytokine, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of various diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis, and prostate cancer. The signaling pathways associated with IL-6 offer promising targets for therapeutic interventions in inflammatory diseases and IL-6-dependent tumors. Although certain anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies are currently employed clinically, their usage is hampered by drawbacks such as high cost and potential immunogenicity, limiting their application. Thus, the imperative arises to develop novel small non-peptide molecules acting as IL-6 inhibitors. Various natural products derived from diverse sources have been investigated for their potential to inhibit IL-6 activity. Nevertheless, these natural products remain inadequately explored in terms of their structure-activity relationships. In response, our review aims to provide syntheses and structure activity perspective of natural IL-6 inhibitors. The comprehensive amalgamation of information presented in this review holds the potential to serve as a foundation for forthcoming research endeavors by medicinal chemists, facilitating the design of innovative IL-6 inhibitors to address the complexities of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh S Harmalkar
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa, India
| | - Aneesh Sivaraman
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hossam Nada
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Joohan Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyeseul Kang
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Yongseok Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
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Liu TW, Hsu SJ, Hsieh YSY, Liu HK, Lee CK. Polymethoxyflavone from Citrus depressa as an inhibitor against various variants of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117412. [PMID: 37995824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Taiwanese medicine, Citrus depressa Hayata serves as the raw material of Chen-Pi which has been widely used to treat respiratory ailments. Scientific investigations have validated the attributes of C. depressa, elucidating its valuable properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotion, hepatoprotection, and hypolipidemic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to isolate a universal inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from C. depressa and confirm the mechanism by which these inhibitors disrupt the binding of the spike protein to hACE2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The whole fruit of C. depressa was subjected to ethanol extraction, following by partitioning to obtain water, butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions. To identify the inhibitory components in citrus fruits, we performed both the SPR assay and the SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-virus assays. Subsequently, we employed a bioassay-guided approach to efficiently isolate and characterize the bioactive constituents that hindered the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2, using a combination of MPLC and Semi-preparative HPLC for compound isolation. ELISA based spike protein binding assay evaluate the inhibitory activities of the extract and potential constituents against multiple spike protein variants. To further shed light on the inhibitory mechanism, candidate inhibitors were validated through the SPR assay and molecular docking. RESULTS The crude extract and ethyl acetate layer derived from C. depressa showed significant inhibitory activity on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5, with IC50 of 77.4 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Ten potential compounds from C. depressa have been identified with inhibitory activity against various SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. 2'-hydroxy-4,4',5',6'-tetramethoxychalcone (Cd3) and 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (Cd8) also showed good inhibitory activity to the spike protein, with KD of 0.79 μM and 37.3 nM, respectively. These findings are in line with prior study, indicating Cd3 and Cd8 can bind to key amino acid residue, disrupting the formation of the spike protein and h-ACE2 complex. CONCLUSION This study presents the initial evidence showcasing the inhibitory effect of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the inhibitory activity of C. depressa extracts indicates their potential to prevent infections of different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11042, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Jung Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11042, Taiwan.
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11042, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11042, Taiwan; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE106 91, Sweden.
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine (NRICM), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan; Ph. D. Program in the Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11042, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11042, Taiwan; Ph. D. Program in the Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kamma KR, Cho J, Won HJ, Nam SY, Le NH, Jung JH, Lee KI. Synthetic Studies toward 5,6,7,3',4'-Monomethoxytetrahydroxyflavones: Synthesis of Pedalitin. Molecules 2024; 29:513. [PMID: 38276591 PMCID: PMC10821304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During the synthetic studies toward 5,6,7,3',4'-monomethoxytetrahydroxyflavones, a concise pedalitin synthesis procedure was achieved. As previously reported, 6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxyacetophenone was prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation of 1,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxybenzene with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate in acetic acid. When aldol condensation of 6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxyacetophenone 2b with vanillin was performed in basic conditions, it produced 2'-hydroxychalcone 3b, and, surprisingly, along with 3-hydroxyflavone 4 in a considerable amount. We propose that this oxidative cyclization is presumably due to the contribution of a quinone methide, likely to be subjected to aerobic oxidation. The chalcone was then subjected to oxidative cyclization with iodine in dimethyl sulfoxide to afford flavone 5 in good yield. To our delight, serial demethylation of the three methoxy groups at the 5-, 6-, and 3'-positions of 5 proceeded smoothly to produce pedalitin 1, under hydrogen bromide solution (30% in acetic acid). The crystal structures of 3-hydroxyflavone 4 and pedalitin tetraacetate 6 were unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara Rao Kamma
- Research and Development Center, Molecules & Materials Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmo Cho
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (N.H.L.)
| | - Hyo Jun Won
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea (J.H.J.)
| | - So-Yeon Nam
- Research and Development Center, Molecules & Materials Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngan Hong Le
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (N.H.L.)
| | - Je Hyeong Jung
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea (J.H.J.)
| | - Kee-In Lee
- Research and Development Center, Molecules & Materials Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (N.H.L.)
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Ding H, You Q, Li D, Liu Y. 5-Demethylnobiletin: Insights into its pharmacological activity, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154285. [PMID: 35809375 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Demethylnobiletin (5DN) is a polymethoxyflavone (PMF) primarily found in citrus fruits. It has various health-promoting properties and hence has attracted significant attention from scholars worldwide. PURPOSE This review is the first to systematically summarize the recent research progress of 5DN, including its pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological effects. In addition, the pharmacological mechanism of action of 5DN has been discussed from a molecular biological perspective, and data from in vivo and in vitro animal studies have been compiled to provide a more thorough understanding of 5DN as a potential lead drug. METHODS Data were extracted from SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from database inception to January 2022. RESULTS 5DN has broad pharmacological activities. It exerts anti-inflammatory effects, promotes apoptosis and autophagy, and induces melanogenesis mainly by regulating the JAK2/STAT3, caspase-dependent apoptosis, ROS-AKT/mTOR, MAPK and PKA-CREB signaling pathways. 5DN can be used for treating diseases such as cancer, inflammation-related diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases. To date, there have been only a few toxicological studies on 5DN, and both in vitro and in vivo on 5DN have not revealed significant toxic side effects. Pharmacokinetic studies have revealed that the metabolites of 5DN are mainly 5,3'-didemethylnobiletin (M1); 5,4'-didemethylnobiletin (M2) and 5,3',4'-tridemethylnobiletin (M3), in either, glucuronide-conjugated or monomeric form. The pharmacokinetic products of 5DN, especially M1, possess better activity than 5DN for the treatment of cancer. CONCLUSION The anticancer effects of 5DN and its metabolites warrant further investigation as potential drug candidates, especially through in vivo studies. In addition, the therapeutic effects of 5DN in neurodegenerative diseases should be examined in more experimental models, and the absorption and metabolism of 5DN should be further investigated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiang You
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Youping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Synthesis of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Hesperidin and Naringin and their Antiproliferative Activity. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Asakawa T. Memory of Prof. Toshiyuki Kan in Shizuoka. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang X, Zhou B, Wu D, Chen X, Li B, Wang L, Liang H. Ultrasound-based one-step fabrication of nobiletin particle: A facile stabilization strategy. Food Chem 2022; 369:130896. [PMID: 34482239 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a typical representative of polymethoxylated flavones, nobiletin (NOB) is beneficial to health but hard to be processed, stored, and absorbed, due to its hydrophobicity and crystallinity. Herein, we developed a stabilization system based on an efficient manufacturing procedure of NOB nanocrystal by anti-solvent method combined with ultrasonic treatment. Metal-phenolic networks composed of tannic acid and metal ions were introduced to conformally coat on formed nanocrystal for further stabilization. From the results, the size and morphology of the prepared particles could be altered by the amount, ratio, and kind of the coating materials. The optimized samples could be redispersed after centrifugation, and keep stable at 4 ℃ for at least 120 days. Moreover, they possessed higher acid stability and more effective release than the control sample during the in vitro digestion experiment. Therefore, this work provided a promising idea for overcoming storage and delivery obstacle of hydrophobic crystalline bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China.
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You Q, Li D, Ding H, Chen H, Hu Y, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolites of 12 Bioactive Polymethoxyflavones in Rat Plasma. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12705-12716. [PMID: 34699208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are a subgroup of flavonoids possessing various health benefits. 3,5,7,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone (1), 5,6,7,4'-tetramethylflavone (2), 3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (3), 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (4), 5-hydroxy-3,7,2',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5), 3,5,7,2',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (6), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (7), 3-hydroxy-5,7,3',4'-tetramethylflavone (8), 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (9), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (10), 3-hydroxy-5,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (11), and 3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxylflavone (12) were 12 bioactive and available PMFs. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic, metabolite, and antitumor activities as well as the structure-pharmacokinetic-antitumor activity relationships of these 12 PMFs to facilitate further studies of their medicinal potentials. The cytotoxicity of PMFs with a hydroxy group toward HeLa, A549, HepG2, and HCT116 cancer cell lines was generally significantly more potent than that of PMFs without a hydroxy group. Compounds 5, 7, 8, 10, and 11 were all undetectable in rat plasma, while compounds 1-4, 6, 9, and 12 were detectable. Both the number and position of hydroxy and methoxy groups played an important role in modulating PMF pharmacokinetics and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang You
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Youping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, People's Republic of China
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Nobiletin and Xanthohumol Sensitize Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells to Standard Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163927. [PMID: 34439086 PMCID: PMC8392547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer stem cells (CR-CSCs) play a pivotal role in the therapy resistance and relapse of CRC patients. Herein we demonstrate that new treatment approaches comprising polymethoxyflavones and prenylflavonoids extracted from Citrus sinensis and Humulus lupulus, respectively, hamper the viability of CR-CSCs as well as synergizing with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOX)-based chemotherapy. Extract fractions containing Nobiletin and Xanthohumol, in combination with chemotherapy, decreased stemness properties of CR-CSCs and restrained the outgrowth of chemoresistant metastatic CR-CSCs. These data pinpoint Nobiletin and Xanthohumol as efficacious anti-cancer compounds in metastatic settings. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality is mainly caused by patient refractoriness to common anti-cancer therapies and consequent metastasis formation. Besides, the notorious toxic side effects of chemotherapy are a concurrent obstacle to be tackled. Thus, new treatment approaches are needed to effectively improve patient outcomes. Compelling evidence demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for treatment failure and relapse. New natural treatment approaches showed capabilities to selectively target the CSC subpopulation by rendering them targetable by standard cytotoxic compounds. Herein we show the anti-cancer properties of the polymethoxyflavones and prenylflavonoids extracted from Citrus sinensis and Humulus lupulus, respectively. The natural biofunctional fractions, singularly and in combination, reduced the cell viability of CRC stem cells (CR-CSCs) and synergized with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOX) chemotherapy. These phenomena were accompanied by a reduced S and G2/M phase of the cell cycle and upregulation of cell death-related genes. Notably, both phytoextracts in combination with FOX thwarted stemness features in CR-CSCs as demonstrated by the impaired clonogenic potential and decreased Wnt pathway activation. Extracts lowered the expression of CD44v6 and affected the expansion of metastatic CR-CSCs in patients refractory to chemotherapy. Together, this study highlights the importance of polymethoxyflavones and prenylflavonoids as natural remedies to aid oncological therapies.
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Murakami H, Asakawa T, Muramatsu Y, Ishikawa R, Hiza A, Tsukaguchi Y, Tokumaru Y, Egi M, Inai M, Ouchi H, Yoshimura F, Taniguchi T, Ishikawa Y, Kondo M, Kan T. Total Synthesis of Sophoraflavanone H and Confirmation of Its Absolute Configuration. Org Lett 2020; 22:3820-3824. [PMID: 32324417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sophoraflavanone H (1) is a polyphenol with a hybrid-type structure containing 2,3-diaryl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and flavanone ring moieties. This compound and related analogues are promising leads for antimicrobial and antitumor drug development. Here we describe a total synthesis of 1 and its diastereomer. The dihydrobenzofuran and flavanone rings were constructed by a Rh-catalyzed asymmetric C-H insertion reaction and selective oxy-Michael reaction. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis and CD spectral investigation of synthetic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Murakami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Asakawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.,Department of Fisheries-Food Science, Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Muramatsu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishikawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Aiki Hiza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsukaguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yohei Tokumaru
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Egi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tohru Taniguchi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 11, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ishikawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kondo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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