1
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Prabhakar Ganesh PSK, Muthuraja P, Gopinath P. Rh(III) Catalyzed Redox-Neutral C-H Activation/[5 + 2] Annulation of Aroyl Hydrazides and Sulfoxonium Ylides: Synthesis of Benzodiazepinones. Org Lett 2023; 25:8361-8366. [PMID: 37963274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the Rh(III) catalyzed redox-neutral C-H activation/[5 + 2] annulation of aroyl hydrazides with sulfoxonium ylides as safe carbene precursors. The reaction shows excellent functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and scalability. We demonstrated the synthetic utility of the protocol via the synthesis of various diazepam drug analogues, late-stage functionalization of probenecid drug, and large scale synthesis. Finally, kinetic studies revealed C-H activation as the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perumal Muthuraja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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2
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Dhami A, Chandrasekharan SP, Mohanan K. Direct Access to Trifluoromethylated Benzo[ d]oxepines from o-Alkynylaryl Aldehydes and Trifluorodiazoethane. Org Lett 2023; 25:3018-3022. [PMID: 37092874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Reported in this Letter is a silver-catalyzed reaction between o-alkynylaryl aldehydes and trifluorodiazoethane that enables an expedient synthesis of trifluoromethylated benzo[d]oxepines. The reaction works through a silver-promoted 6-endo-dig cyclization of o-alkynylbenzaldehydes for the generation of an isochromenylium intermediate, which upon a ring-expansive addition of trifluorodiazoethane delivers a novel class of trifluoromethylated benzoxepine frameworks. This strategy was applied to the synthesis of phosphonylated benzo[d]oxepines using the Seyferth-Gilbert reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Dhami
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031, India
| | - Sanoop P Chandrasekharan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031, India
| | - Kishor Mohanan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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3
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Bhorali P, Phukon J, Gogoi S. Rh(III)-catalyzed (5 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions of ortho-hydroxyethyl phenols with internal alkynes: efficient synthesis of benzoxepines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2516-2523. [PMID: 36891904 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented (5 + 2)-cycloaddition reaction of ortho-hydroxyethyl phenol and internal alkyne was developed. This Rh(III)-catalyzed reaction provided benzoxepine derivatives which have very high biological significance. A wide range of ortho-hydroxyethyl phenols and internal alkynes were studied to provide the benzoxepines in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Bhorali
- Applied Organic Chemistry, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Jyotshna Phukon
- Applied Organic Chemistry, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Sanjib Gogoi
- Applied Organic Chemistry, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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4
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Lu C, Lin Y, Wang M, Zhou J, Wang S, Jiang H, Kang K, Huang L. Nickel-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Benzofurans for the Divergent Synthesis of ortho-Functionalized Phenol Derivatives. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yueping Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Liangbin Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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5
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Lu MZ, Goh J, Maraswami M, Jia Z, Tian JS, Loh TP. Recent Advances in Alkenyl sp 2 C-H and C-F Bond Functionalizations: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17479-17646. [PMID: 36240299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes and their derivatives are featured widely in a variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. Significant efforts have been made toward the development of new and practical methods to access this important class of compounds by selectively activating the alkenyl C(sp2)-H bonds in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we describe the state-of-the-art strategies for the direct functionalization of alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bonds until June 2022. Moreover, metal-free, photoredox, and electrochemical strategies are also covered. For clarity, this review has been divided into two parts; the first part focuses on currently available alkenyl sp2 C-H functionalization methods using different alkene derivatives as the starting materials, and the second part describes the alkenyl sp2 C-F bond functionalization using easily accessible gem-difluoroalkenes as the starting material. This review includes the scope, limitations, mechanistic studies, stereoselective control (using directing groups as well as metal-migration strategies), and their applications to complex molecule synthesis where appropriate. Overall, this comprehensive review aims to document the considerable advancements, current status, and emerging work by critically summarizing the contributions of researchers working in this fascinating area and is expected to stimulate novel, innovative, and broadly applicable strategies for alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bond functionalizations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Lu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Goh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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6
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Zhang XH, Wu X, Shi HX. Mechanistic investigation on rhodium(III)-catalyzed cycloaddition of 2-vinylphenol derivatives with ethyne or carbon monoxide by DFT study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2009172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction was calculated by density functional theory M06-2X method to directly synthesize benzoxepine and coumarin derivatives. In this work, we conducted a computational study of two competitive mechanisms in which the carbon atom of acetylene or carbon monoxide attacked and inserted from two different directions of the six-membered ring reactant to clarify the principle characteristics of this transformation. The calculation results reveal that: (i) the insertion process of alkyne or carbon monoxide is the key step of the reaction; (ii) for the (5+2) cycloaddition reaction of acetylene, higher energy is required to break the Rh−O bond of the reactant, and the reaction tends to complete the insertion from the side of the Rh−C bond; (iii) for the (5+1) cycloaddition of carbon monoxide, both reaction paths have lower activation free energy, and the two will generate a competition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-hui Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, Lanzhou 730010, China
| | - Xi Wu
- School of Foreign Languages, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, Lanzhou 730010, China
| | - Hai-xiong Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, Lanzhou 730010, China
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7
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Ren Z, Lv M, Xu H. Osthole: Synthesis, Structural Modifications and Biological Properties. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2124-2137. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220214101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Osthole, a naturally occurring coumarin-type compound, is isolated from a Chinese herbal medicine Cnidium monnieri (L.), and exhibits a broad range of biological properties. In this review, the total synthesis and structural modifications of osthole and its analogs are described. Additionally, the progress on bioactivities of osthole and its analogs is outlined since 2016. Moreover, the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action of osthole and its derivatives are discussed. These can provide references for future design, development and application of osthole and its analogs as drugs or pesticides in the fields of medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
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8
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Rafiee F, Hasani S. Exciting progress in the transition metal‐catalyzed synthesis of oxepines, benzoxepines, dibenzoxepines, and other derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry Alzahra University Tehran Iran
| | - Samira Hasani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry Alzahra University Tehran Iran
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9
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Ren J, Pi C, Cui X, Wu Y. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation of N-Arylbenzamidines with Propargyl Alcohols: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of 1-Aminoisoquinolines Controlled by Noncovalent Interaction. Org Lett 2021; 23:6628-6632. [PMID: 34474576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective synthesis of 1-aminoisoquinolines has been explored via rhodium(III)-catalyzed C-H bond activation/annulation reactions of propargyl alcohols with N-arylbenzamidines. The imidamide was used as the directing group and the nitrogen source of the heterocycle and for regulating the regioselective migratory insertion of propargyl alcohol through a hydrogen bond. In this transformation, a specific isomer was obtained that would provide a new strategy for the synthesis of 1-aminoisoquinolines with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chao Pi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
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10
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Kumar S, Kumar A, Sharma D, Das P. Free Amine, Hydroxyl and Sulfhydryl Directed C-H Functionalization and Annulation: Application to Heterocycle Synthesis. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100171. [PMID: 34436813 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed direct C-H bond functionalization is recognized as an efficient strategy to assemble heterocyclic frameworks. For this purpose, directing groups (DGs) installation on an organic molecule has remained a widely exploited strategy for the years. The installation of directing groups, especially for the amine, alcohol and thiol containing reactants and their removal after the reaction need additional steps. In this regard, the use of free amine, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl as directing groups in native form is advantageous and in recent times, these transformations have stirred undisputable advancements for applications to heterocycle synthesis. In this review, the aromatic sp2 -C attached free amine, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl as native functionalities are shown to be useful for the construction of five to seven-membered N-, O- and S-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, DAV University, Jalandhar, 144012, Punjab, India.,Chemical Technology Division, CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, H.P.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, DAV University, Jalandhar, 144012, Punjab, India
| | - Dharminder Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, H.P.,PG Department of Chemistry, JCDAV College Dasuya, Punjab, 144205, India
| | - Pralay Das
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, H.P.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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11
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Kumar A, Prabhu KR. Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed [5+1] annulation of 2-alkenylphenols with maleimides: access to highly functionalized spirocyclic skeletons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8194-8197. [PMID: 34313254 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01758f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new edition of [5+1] annulation reaction of maleimides with 2-alkenylphenols has been discovered under a Rh(iii)-catalytic system. The process leads to an efficient synthesis of valued spirocyclic scaffolds bearing an oxygen-containing spiro carbon in a single step and shows a broad substrate scope with good functional group tolerance. The synthetic utility has been exemplified by synthesizing highly functionalized 2,2-disubstituted-2H-chromene skeletons and a gram-scale synthesis with a low catalyst loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Osthole: an overview of its sources, biological activities, and modification development. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:1767-1794. [PMID: 34376964 PMCID: PMC8341555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osthole, also known as osthol, is a coumarin derivative found in several medicinal plants such as Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens. It can be obtained via extraction and separation from plants or total synthesis. Plenty of experiments have suggested that osthole exhibited multiple biological activities covering antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, osteogenic, cardiovascular protective, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic activities. In addition, there has been some research done on the optimization and modification of osthole. This article summarizes the comprehensive information regarding the sources and modification progress of osthole. It also introduces the up-to-date biological activities of osthole, which could be of great value for its use in future research. ![]()
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13
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Tan H, Laishram RD, Zhang X, Shi G, Li K, Chen J. Rhodium-Catalyzed Spiro Indenyl Benzoxazine Synthesis via C-H Activation/Annulation of 3-Aryl-2 H
-Benzo[ b
][1,4]oxazines and Alkynes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; 650500 Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Ronibala Devi Laishram
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; 650500 Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; 650500 Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Guangrui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; 650500 Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Kangkui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; 650500 Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; 650500 Kunming Yunnan China
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14
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Khairnar PV, Wu CY, Lin YF, Edukondalu A, Chen YR, Lin W. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Spiropentadiene Pyrazolones and 1 H-Oxepino[2,3- c]pyrazoles from Doubly Conjugated Pyrazolones via Intramolecular Wittig Reaction. Org Lett 2020; 22:4760-4765. [PMID: 32515972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the diversity-oriented synthesis of spiropentadiene pyrazolones and 1H-oxepino[2,3-c]pyrazoles is reported. The methodology attributes O-acylation of phosphorus zwitterions which were formed by a tandem phospha-1,6-addition of PBu3 to α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated pyrazolones, further generating betaine intermediates that preferentially resulted in the aforementioned cyclic products in a diversity-oriented manner. The mechanistic investigations revealed that formation of the betaines is the key step to provide the products via an intramolecular Wittig reaction or an unprecedented δ-C-acylation/cyclization/Wittig reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj V Khairnar
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chi-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yi-Fang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Athukuri Edukondalu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ru Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
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15
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Theoretical study of rhodium(III)-catalyzed synthesis of benzoxepine and coumarin. J Mol Model 2020; 26:143. [PMID: 32417972 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition of 2-vinylphenol with diphenylacetylene and carbon monoxide have been studied using density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) (Lanl2dz for Rh) level of theory. The SMD solvation model was used in MeCN solvents at M06-2X/6-311 ++ G (d, p) (Lanl2dz (f) for Rh) levels using a single-point calculation to consider the solvent effect. The calculation results show that there are two competitive reaction pathways for the cycloaddition reaction of rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of benzohexine and coumarin. Starting from the precursor reaction complex, the reaction channel is more favorable for the carbon atoms of diphenylacetylene and carbon monoxide to attack the Rh-C bond (the barriers of 9.88 and 10.01 kcal/mol) rather than attack the Rh-O bond (the barriers of 15.37 and 30.17 kcal/mol), and carbon monoxide in two different reaction channels has a greater energy difference than diphenylacetylene. The results show that the computational study of the rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction has a high catalytic activity consistent with the high yield of the experiment of Gulías et al.
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