1
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Lin SN, Deng Y, Zhong H, Mao LL, Ji CB, Zhu XH, Zhang X, Yang BM. Visible Light-Induced Radical Cascade Difluoromethylation/Cyclization of Unactivated Alkenes: Access to CF 2H-Substituted Polycyclic Imidazoles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28129-28143. [PMID: 38973879 PMCID: PMC11223139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and mild protocol for the visible light-induced radical cascade difluoromethylation/cyclization of imidazoles with unactivated alkenes using easily accessible and bench-stable difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide as the precursor of the -CF2H group has been developed to afford CF2H-substituted polycyclic imidazoles in moderate to good yields. This strategy, along with the construction of Csp3-CF2H/C-C bonds, is distinguished by mild conditions, no requirement of additives, simple operation, and wide substrate scope. In addition, the mechanistic experiments have indicated that the difluoromethyl radical pathway is essential for the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Lin
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Hanxun Zhong
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Liu-Liang Mao
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Cong-Bin Ji
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xian-Hong Zhu
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Bin-Miao Yang
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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2
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Ford J, Ortalli S, Gouverneur V. The 18F-Difluoromethyl Group: Challenges, Impact and Outlook. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404957. [PMID: 38640422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl functionality has proven useful in drug discovery, as it can modulate the properties of bioactive molecules. For PET imaging, this structural motif has been largely underexploited in (pre)clinical radiotracers due to a lack of user-friendly radiosynthetic routes. This Minireview provides an overview of the challenges facing radiochemists and summarises the efforts made to date to access 18F-difluoromethyl-containing radiotracers. Two distinct approaches have prevailed, the first of which relies on 18F-fluorination. A second approach consists of a 18F-difluoromethylation process, which uses 18F-labelled reagents capable of releasing key reactive intermediates such as the [18F]CF2H radical or [18F]difluorocarbene. Finally, we provide an outlook for future directions in the radiosynthesis of [18F]CF2H compounds and their application in tracer radiosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastiano Ortalli
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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3
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Wu X, Chen W, Deng H, Wang L, Nicewicz DA, Li Z, Wu Z. Manufacturing 6-[ 18F]Fluoro- L-DOPA via Flow Chemistry-Enhanced Photoredox Radiofluorination. Org Lett 2024; 26:4308-4313. [PMID: 38728659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a practical methodology for the synthesis of PET probes by seamlessly combining flow chemistry with photoredox radiofluorination. The clinical PET tracer 6-[18F]FDOPA was smoothly prepared in a 24.3% non-decay-corrected yield with over 99.0% radiochemical purity (RCP) and enantiomeric excess (ee), notably by a simple cartridge-based purification. The flow chemistry-enhanced photolabeling method supplies an efficient and versatile solution for the synthesis of 6-[18F]FDOPA and for more PET tracer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- LED Radiofluidics Corp., 250 Bell Tower Drive, Genome Science Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Huaifu Deng
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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4
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Ortalli S, Ford J, Trabanco AA, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. Photoredox Nucleophilic (Radio)fluorination of Alkoxyamines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11599-11604. [PMID: 38651661 PMCID: PMC11066844 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a photoredox nucleophilic (radio)fluorination using TEMPO-derived alkoxyamines, a class of substrates accessible in a single step from a diversity of readily available carboxylic acids, halides, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, boron reagents, and C-H bonds. This mild and versatile one-electron pathway affords radiolabeled aliphatic fluorides that are typically inaccessible applying conventional nucleophilic substitution technologies due to insufficient reactivity and competitive elimination. Automation of this photoredox process is also demonstrated with a user-friendly and commercially available photoredox flow reactor and radiosynthetic platform, therefore expediting access to labeled aliphatic fluorides in high molar activity (Am) for (pre)clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Ortalli
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Ford
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., E-45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Wales Research
and Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre, Cardiff
University, University
Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United
Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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5
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Lin D, Lechermann LM, Huestis MP, Marik J, Sap JBI. Light-Driven Radiochemistry with Fluorine-18, Carbon-11 and Zirconium-89. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317136. [PMID: 38135665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent advances in light-driven radiochemistry for three key isotopes: fluorine-18, carbon-11, and zirconium-89, and their applications in positron emission tomography (PET). In the case of fluorine-18, the predominant approach involves the use of cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride or reagents derived thereof. Light serves to activate either the substrate or the fluorine-18 labeled reagent. Advancements in carbon-11 photo-mediated radiochemistry have been leveraged for the radiolabeling of small molecules, achieving various transformations, including 11C-methylation, 11C-carboxylation, 11C-carbonylation, and 11C-cyanation. Contrastingly, zirconium-89 photo-mediated radiochemistry differs from fluorine-18 and carbon-11 approaches. In these cases, light facilitates a postlabeling click reaction, which has proven valuable for the labeling of large biomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). New technological developments, such as the incorporation of photoreactors in commercial radiosynthesizers, illustrate the commitment the field is making in embracing photochemistry. Taken together, these advances in photo-mediated radiochemistry enable radiochemists to apply new retrosynthetic strategies in accessing novel PET radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lin
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Current address: University of Southern California Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Laura M Lechermann
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Malcolm P Huestis
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeroen B I Sap
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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7
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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8
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Newton JJ, Engüdar G, Brooke AJ, Nodwell MB, Horngren-Rhodes H, Martin RE, Schaffer P, Britton R, Friesen CM. Rapid 18 F- and 19 F-Difluoromethylation through Desulfurative Fluorination of Transient N-, O-, and C-Linked Dithioles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202862. [PMID: 36318597 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group plays an important role in modern medicinal and agrochemistry. While several difluoromethylation reagents have been reported, these typically rely on difluoromethyl carbenes or anions, or target specific processes. Here, we describe a conceptually unique and general process for O-H, N-H and C-H difluoromethylation that involves the formation of a transient dithiole followed by facile desulfurative fluorination using silver(I) fluoride. We also introduce the 5,6-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodithiole (DMBDT) function, which undergoes sufficiently rapid desulfurative fluorination to additionally support 18 F-difluoromethylation. This new process is compatible with the wide range of functional groups typically encountered in medicinal chemistry campaigns, and the use of Ag18 F is demonstrated in the production of 18 F-labeled derivatives of testosterone, perphenazine, and melatonin, 58.0±2.2, 20.4±0.3 and 32.2±3.6 MBq μmol-1 , respectively. We expect that the DMBDT group and this 18 F/19 F-difluoromethylation process will inspire and support new efforts in medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry and radiotracer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah J Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Gökçe Engüdar
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3(Canada), Department of Radiology, 775 Laurel Street, 11th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alan J Brooke
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Matthew B Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Holly Horngren-Rhodes
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3(Canada), Department of Radiology, 775 Laurel Street, 11th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chadron M Friesen
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
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9
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10
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Feng J, Jia X, Zhang S, Lu K, Cahard D. State of knowledge in photoredox-catalysed direct difluoromethylation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00551d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of visible light photoredox catalysis with direct difluoromethylation has allowed the synthesis of a large choice of CF2H-containing value-added molecules under very mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Feng
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Kui Lu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS, UMR 6014 COBRA, Normandie Université, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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12
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Ajenjo J, Destro G, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Closing the gap between 19F and 18F chemistry. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 34564781 PMCID: PMC8464544 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable tool for drug discovery and diagnosis. The positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 is frequently used in PET radiopharmaceuticals due to its advantageous characteristics; hence, methods streamlining access to 18F-labelled radiotracers can make a direct impact in medicine. For many years, access to 18F-labelled radiotracers was limited by the paucity of methodologies available, and the poor diversity of precursors amenable to 18F-incorporation. During the last two decades, 18F-radiochemistry has progressed at a fast pace with the appearance of numerous methodologies for late-stage 18F-incorporation onto complex molecules from a range of readily available precursors including those that do not require pre-functionalisation. Key to these advances is the inclusion of new activation modes to facilitate 18F-incorporation. Specifically, new advances in late-stage 19F-fluorination under transition metal catalysis, photoredox catalysis, and organocatalysis combined with the availability of novel 18F-labelled fluorination reagents have enabled the invention of novel processes for 18F-incorporation onto complex (bio)molecules. This review describes these major breakthroughs with a focus on methodologies for C-18F bond formation. This reinvigorated interest in 18F-radiochemistry that we have witnessed in recent years has made a direct impact on 19F-chemistry with many laboratories refocusing their efforts on the development of methods using nucleophilic fluoride instead of fluorination reagents derived from molecular fluorine gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ajenjo
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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13
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Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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14
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Bui TT, Kim HK. Recent Advances in Photo-mediated Radiofluorination. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2155-2167. [PMID: 34189852 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fluorine bond formations have received a lot of attention because organofluorine compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and materials science applications. In particular, the incorporation of fluorine-18, which is a commonly used radioisotope for radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging tool for the visualization of biochemical events, human metabolism processes, and the measurement and diagnosis of diseases in humans, plays a crucial role in clinical and preclinical studies. Several synthetic methodologies for carbon-fluorine-18 bond formation have been developed. However, conventional fluorination methods have some remaining drawbacks such as the high temperature and basic environment. Photo-induced catalysis is an emerging technique that allow chemists to achieve the synthesis of target molecular architectures under mild conditions. Moreover, several radiofluorination strategies have been developed via photocatalysis. In this review, we focused on describing recent advances in the field of light-mediated radiofluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Tan Bui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
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15
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Kong D, Munch M, Qiqige Q, Cooze CJC, Rotstein BH, Lundgren RJ. Fast Carbon Isotope Exchange of Carboxylic Acids Enabled by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2200-2206. [PMID: 33507731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole/cyanobenzene photocatalysts promote the direct isotopic carboxylate exchange of C(sp3) acids with labeled CO2. Substrates that are not compatible with transition-metal-catalyzed degradation-reconstruction approaches or prone to thermally induced reversible decarboxylation undergo isotopic incorporation at room temperature in short reaction times. The radiolabeling of drug molecules and precursors with [11C]CO2 is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanyang Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Maxime Munch
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Qiqige Qiqige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Rylan J Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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16
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Sap JBI, Meyer CF, Straathof NJW, Iwumene N, am Ende CW, Trabanco AA, Gouverneur V. Late-stage difluoromethylation: concepts, developments and perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8214-8247. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the conceptual advances that have led to the multiple difluoromethylation processes making use of well-defined CF2H sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen B. I. Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Claudio F. Meyer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Natan J. W. Straathof
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Ndidi Iwumene
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Inc
- Medicine Design, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and 1 Portland Street
- Cambridge
- USA
| | | | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
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17
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Becker G, Dammicco S, Bahri MA, Salmon E. The Rise of Synaptic Density PET Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102303. [PMID: 32422902 PMCID: PMC7288098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurological disorders are related to synaptic loss or pathologies. Before the boom of positrons emission tomography (PET) imaging of synapses, synaptic quantification could only be achieved in vitro on brain samples after autopsy or surgical resections. Until the mid-2010s, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical labelling of synaptic proteins were the gold-standard methods for such analyses. Over the last decade, several PET radiotracers for the synaptic vesicle 2A protein have been developed to achieve in vivo synapses visualization and quantification. Different strategies were used, namely radiolabelling with either 11C or 18F, preclinical development in rodent and non-human primates, and binding quantification with different kinetic modelling methods. This review provides an overview of these PET tracers and underlines their perspectives and limitations by focusing on radiochemical aspects, as well as preclinical proof-of-concept and the main clinical outcomes described so far.
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18
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Radical C–H 18F-Difluoromethylation of Heteroarenes with [18F]Difluoromethyl Heteroaryl-Sulfones by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18F-labeling of CF2H groups has been recently studied in radiopharmaceutical chemistry owing to the favorable nuclear and physical characteristics of the radioisotope 18F for positron emission tomography (PET). Following up on the reported efficiency of the [18F]difluoromethyl benzothiazolyl-sulfone ([18F]1) as a 18F-difluoromethylating reagent, we investigated the influence of structurally-related [18F]difluoromethyl heteroaryl-sulfones in the reactivity toward the photoredox C–H 18F-difluoromethylation of heteroarenes under continuous-flow conditions. In the present work, six new [18F]difluoromethyl heteroaryl-sulfones [18F]5a–[18F]5f were prepared and, based on the overall radiochemical yields (RCYs), three of these reagents ([18F]5a, [18F]5c, and [18F]5f) were selected for the fully automated radiosynthesis on a FASTlabTM synthesizer (GE Healthcare) at high level of starting radioactivity. Subsequently, their efficiency as 18F-difluoromethylating reagents was evaluated using the antiherpetic drug acyclovir as a model substrate. Our results showed that the introduction of molecular modifications in the structure of [18F]1 influenced the amount of fac-IrIII(ppy)3 and the residence time needed to ensure a complete C–H 18F-difluoromethylation process. The photocatalytic C–H 18F-difluoromethylation reaction with the reagents [18F]5a, [18F]5c, and [18F]5f was extended to other heteroarenes. Radical-trapping experiments demonstrated the likely involvement of radical species in the C–H 18F-difluoromethylation process.
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