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Masuda R, Yasukawa T, Yamashita Y, Maki T, Yoshida T, Kobayashi S. Heterogeneous Single-Atom Zinc on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Catalyzed Electrochemical Allylation of Imines. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37224473 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic reagents are effective for carbon-carbon bond formation; however, consumption of stoichiometric amounts of metals is problematic. We developed electrochemical allylation reactions of imines catalyzed by nitrogen-doped carbon-supported single-atom zinc, which were fixed on a cathode to afford a range of homoallylic amines efficiently. The system could suppress generation of metallic waste, and the catalyst electrode showed advantages over bulk zinc in terms of activity and robustness. An electrochemical flow reaction was also successfully performed to produce the homoallylic amine continuously with minimum amounts of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tei Maki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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The applications of organozinc reagents in continuous flow chemistry: Negishi coupling. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Park JY, Ko JH, Lee HJ, Park JH, Lee J, Sa S, Shin EJ, Lee BY. Up-Scale Synthesis of p-(CH 2=CH)C 6H 4CH 2CH 2CH 2Cl and p-ClC 6H 4SiR 3 by CuCN-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Grignard Reagents with Organic Halides. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46849-46858. [PMID: 36570214 PMCID: PMC9773938 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grignard reagents featuring carbanion characteristics are mostly unreactive toward alkyl halides and require a catalyst for the coupling reaction. With the need to prepare p-(CH2=CH)C6H4CH2CH2CH2Cl on a large scale, the coupling reaction of p-(CH2=CH)C6H4MgCl with BrCH2CH2CH2Cl was attempted to screen the catalysts, and CuCN was determined to be the best catalyst affording the desired compound in 80% yield with no formation of Wurtz coupling side product CH2=CHC6H4-C6H4CH=CH2. The p-(CH2=CH)C6H4Cu(CN)MgCl species was proposed as an intermediate based on the X-ray structure of PhCu(CN)Mg(THF)4Cl. p-ClC6H4MgCl did not react with sterically encumbered R3SiCl (R = n-Bu or n-octyl). However, the reaction took place with the addition of 3 mol % CuCN catalyst, affording the desired compound p-ClC6H4SiR3. The structures of p-(CH2=CH)C6H4CH2CH2CH2MgCl and p-ClC6H4MgCl were also elucidated, which existed as an aggregate with MgCl2, suggesting that some portion of the Grignard reagents were possibly lost in the coupling reaction due to coprecipitation with the byproduct MgCl2. R3SiCl (R = n-Bu or n-octyl) was also prepared easily and economically with no formation of R4Si when SiCl4 was reacted with 4 equiv of RMgCl. Using the developed syntheses, [p-(CH2=CH)C6H4CH2CH2CH2]2Zn and iPrN[P(C6H4-p-SiR3)2]2, which are potentially useful compounds for the production of PS-block-PO-block-PS and 1-octene, respectively, were efficiently synthesized with substantial cost reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yong Park
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeong Ko
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, South Korea
| | | | | | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
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4
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Orekhov D. Commercially Viable Synthesis of Medetomidine Using a Classical Approach to the Imidazole Ring Formation. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Orekhov
- R&D Department, VIC Animal Health, 1/18, Berezovaiya Street, Severny, Belgorod Region 308519, Russia
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5
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Scattolin T, Simoens A, Stevens CV, Nolan SP. Flow chemistry of main group and transition metal complexes. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Pfennig VS, Villella RC, Nikodemus J, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Grignard Reactions with Gaseous CO
2
and Sodium Methyl Carbonate**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S. Pfennig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Romina C. Villella
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Julia Nikodemus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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7
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Pfennig V, Villella R, Nikodemus J, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Grignard Reactions with Gaseous CO2 and Sodium Methyl Carbonate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116514. [PMID: 34942056 PMCID: PMC9306648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot three-step protocol for the preparation of Grignard reagents from organobromides in a ball mill and their subsequent reactions with gaseous carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or sodium methyl carbonate providing aryl and alkyl carboxylic acids in up to 82% yield is reported. Noteworthy are the short reaction times and the significantly reduced solvent amounts [2.0 equiv. for liquid assisted grinding (LAG) conditions]. Unexpectedly, aryl bromides with methoxy substituents lead to symmetric ketones as major products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pfennig
- RWTH Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Romina Villella
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Julia Nikodemus
- RWTH Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Carsten Bolm
- RWTH Aachen, Institut f�r Organische Chemie, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, GERMANY
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8
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Menges-Flanagan G, Deitmann E, Gössl L, Hofmann C, Löb P. Scalable Continuous Synthesis of Organozinc Reagents and Their Immediate Subsequent Coupling Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Deitmann
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Fachhochschule Münster, Stegerwaldstrasse 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Löb
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
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Kelly AM, Chen PJ, Klubnick J, Blair DJ, Burke MD. A Mild Method for Making MIDA Boronates. Org Lett 2020; 22:9408-9414. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M. Kelly
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S, Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Peng-Jui Chen
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S, Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jenna Klubnick
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S, Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel J. Blair
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S, Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S, Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, 807 South Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Berton M, Sheehan K, Adamo A, McQuade DT. Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel-Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1343-1356. [PMID: 32595782 PMCID: PMC7308606 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium organometallic reagents occupy a central position in organic synthesis. The freshness of these compounds is the key for achieving a high conversion and reproducible results. Common methods for the synthesis of Grignard reagents from metallic magnesium present safety issues and exhibit a batch-to-batch variability. Tubular reactors of solid reagents combined with solution-phase reagents enable the continuous-flow preparation of organomagnesium reagents. The use of stratified packed-bed columns of magnesium metal and lithium chloride for the synthesis of highly concentrated turbo Grignards is reported. A low-cost pod-style synthesizer prototype, which incorporates single-use prepacked perfluorinated cartridges and bags of reagents for the automated on-demand lab-scale synthesis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen turbo magnesium bases is presented. This concept will provide access to fresh organomagnesium reagents on a discovery scale and will do so independent from the operator’s experience in flow and/or organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Berton
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Kevin Sheehan
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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11
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Singer RA, Monfette S, Bernhardson DJ, Tcyrulnikov S, Hansen EC. Recent Advances in Nonprecious Metal Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Singer
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David J. Bernhardson
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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