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Groué A, Tranchier JP, Rager MN, Gontard G, Métivier R, Buriez O, Khatyr A, Knorr M, Amouri H. Cyclometalated Rhodium and Iridium Complexes Containing Masked Catecholates: Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry, and Luminescence Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4909-4918. [PMID: 35289605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two neutral cyclometalated rhodium and iridium coordination assemblies [(F2ppy)2M(η-Cat)], M = Rh, (2) and M = Ir, (3) (F2ppy: 2,4-difluorophenylpyridine), displaying a masked catecholate (η-Cat = η-O∧O) are described. The catecholate ligand is π-bonded to an organometallic Cp*Ru(II) moiety. The latter brings stability to the whole system in solution and suppresses the formation of the related paramagnetic semiquinone complex. The determination of the molecular structure of the iridium complex [(F2ppy)2Ir(η-Cat)] (3) corroborates the formation of the target compound and reveals the generation of a rare two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb supramolecular architecture in the solid state, in which the Δ-enantiomer self-assembles with the Λ-enantiomer through encoded π-π interactions among individual units. The electrochemistry of complexes 2 and 3 was investigated and showed that reduction occurs at very negative potentials (∼-2.2 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE)), while oxidation of the cyclometalated Rh and Ir centers occurs at 0.8 and 0.86 V. In contrast to complexes with 1,2-dioxolene chelates, which are nonemissive, the heterodinuclear diamagnetic complexes 2 and 3 were found to be emissive at room temperature both in solution and in the solid state. Moreover, at 77 K in a solid state, both compounds display opposite emission behavior, for instance, complex 3 displays a blue-shifted emission, while rhodium compound 2 exhibits red-shifted emission to lower energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Groué
- Sorbonne Université- Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) UMR CNRS 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Tranchier
- Sorbonne Université- Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) UMR CNRS 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Geoffrey Gontard
- Sorbonne Université- Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) UMR CNRS 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Abderrahim Khatyr
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Hani Amouri
- Sorbonne Université- Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) UMR CNRS 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Enantiopure Cyclometalated Rh(III) and Ir(III) Complexes Displaying Rigid Configuration at Metal Center: Design, Structures, Chiroptical Properties and Role of the Iodide Ligand. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiopure N-heterocyclic carbene half-sandwich metal complexes of the general formula [Cp*M(C^C:)I] (M = Rh, Ir; C^C: = NI-NHC; NI-H = Naphthalimide; NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) are reported. The rhodium compound was obtained as a single isomer displaying six membered metallacycle and was resolved on chiral column chromatography to the corresponding enantiomers (S)-[Cp*Rh(C^C:)I] (S)-2 and (R)-[Cp*Rh(C^C:)I] (R)-2. The iridium congener, however, furnishes a pair of regioisomers, which were resolved into (S)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (S)-3 and (R)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (R)-3 and (S)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (S)-4 and (R)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (R)-4. These regioisomers differ from each other, only by the size of the metallacycle; five-membered for 3 and six-membered for 4. The molecular structures of (S)-2 and (S)-4 are reported. Moreover, the chiroptical properties of these compounds are presented and discussed. These compounds display exceptional stable configurations at the metal center in solution with enantiomerization barrier ΔG≠ up to 124 kJ/mol. This is because the nature of the naphthalimide-NHC clamp ligand and the iodide ligand contribute to their configuration’s robustness. In contrast to related complexes reported in the literature, which are often labile in solution.
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Fusi GM, Gazzola S, Piarulli U. Chiral Iron Complexes in Asymmetric Organic Transformations. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
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Larionov VA, Feringa BL, Belokon YN. Enantioselective "organocatalysis in disguise" by the ligand sphere of chiral metal-templated complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9715-9740. [PMID: 34259242 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00806k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis holds a prominent position among the important developments in chemistry during the 20th century. This was acknowledged by the 2001 Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded to Knowles, Noyori, and Sharpless for their development of chiral metal catalysts for organic transformations. The key feature of the catalysts was the crucial role of the chiral ligand and the nature of the metal ions, which promoted the catalytic conversions of the substrates via direct coordination. Subsequently the development of asymmetric organic catalysis opened new avenues to the synthesis of enantiopure compounds, avoiding any use of metal ions. Recently, an alternative approach to asymmetric catalysis emerged that relied on the catalytic functions of the ligands themselves boosted by coordination to metal ions. In other words, in these hybrid chiral catalysts the substrates are activated not by the metal ions but by the ligands. The activation and enantioselective control occurred via well-orchestrated and custom-tailored non-covalent interactions of the substrates with the ligand sphere of chiral metal complexes. In these metal-templated catalysts, the metal served either as a template (a purely structural role), or it constituted the exclusive source of chirality (metal-centred chirality due to the spatial arrangement of achiral or chiral bi-/tridentate ligands around an octahedral metal centre), and/or it increased the Brønsted acidity of the ligands. Although the field is still in its infancy, it represents an inspiring combination of both metal and organic catalysis and holds major unexplored potential to push the frontiers of asymmetric catalysis. Here we present an overview of this emerging field discussing the principles, applications and perspectives on the catalytic use of chiral metal complexes that operate as "organocatalysts in disguise". It has been demonstrated that these chiral metal complexes are efficient and provide high stereoselective control in asymmetric hydrogen bonding catalysis, phase-transfer catalysis, Brønsted acid/base catalysis, enamine catalysis, nucleophilic catalysis, and photocatalysis as well as bifunctional catalysis. Also, many of the catalysts have been identified as highly effective catalysts at remarkably low catalyst loadings. These hybrid systems offer many opportunities in the synthesis of chiral compounds and represent promising alternatives to metal-based and organocatalytic asymmetric transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Larionov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Puig E, Gontard G, Noelle Rager M, Amouri H. Optically active Pt-terpyridyl coordination assemblies derived from planar chiral metallothioligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Expanding the Family of Octahedral Chiral-at-Metal Cobalt(III) Catalysts by Introducing Tertiary Amine Moiety into the Ligand. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral metal-templated complexes are attractive catalysts for organic synthetic transformations. Herein, we introduce a novel chiral cobalt(III)-templated complex based on chiral trans-3,4-diamino-1-benzylpyrrolidine and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-salicylaldehyde which features both hydrogen bond donor and Brønsted base functionalities. The obtained complexes were fully characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR-, UV-vis, CD-spectroscopy and by a single X-ray diffraction analysis. It was shown that chlorine anion is connected with amino groups of the complex via a hydrogen bonding. DFT calculations of charges and molecular electrostatic potential of the cobalt(III) complex showed that the basicity of the complex is certainly diminished as compared with the routine tertiary amines but the acidity of the conjugated acid of the complex should be increased. Thus, the catalytic potential of the complex may be much greater as a chiral acid than a chiral base. We believe that this work opens a new way in chiral bifunctional catalyst design.
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Emelyanov MA, Stoletova NV, Lisov AA, Medvedev MG, Smol'yakov AF, Maleev VI, Larionov VA. An octahedral cobalt(iii) complex based on cheap 1,2-phenylenediamine as a bifunctional metal-templated hydrogen bond donor catalyst for fixation of CO2 with epoxides under ambient conditions. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00464f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An octahedral cobalt(iii) complex based on cheap 1,2-phenylenediamine operates as an efficient bifunctional hydrogen bond donor catalyst in cycloaddition of epoxides with CO2 under ambient conditions and solvent- and co-catalyst-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Emelyanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda V. Stoletova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Lisov
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Michael G. Medvedev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander F. Smol'yakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Victor I. Maleev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Larionov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- 117198 Moscow
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Wegener AR, Kabes CQ, Gladysz JA. Launching Werner Complexes into the Modern Era of Catalytic Enantioselective Organic Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2299-2313. [PMID: 32886471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactions catalyzed by transition metal complexes almost always entail binding of one or more reactants to the metal center, and nearly every corner of the "chiral pool" has been picked over in efforts to develop enantioselective catalysts. As reported by Alfred Werner in 1911-1912, salts of the formally D3-symmetric [Co(en)3]3+ trication (en = ethylenediamine) were among the first chiral inorganic compounds to be resolved into enantiomers. These air- and water-stable complexes are substitution-inert, so for 100 years they languished without application in organic synthesis. We then showed that when they are rendered soluble in organic media by lipophilic anions such as fluorinated tetraarylborates BArf-, they become potent catalysts for a variety of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions.These involve substrate activation by hydrogen bonding to the coordinated NH2 units (pKa ca. 15), a "second coordination sphere" mechanism. Only modest enantioselectivities are obtained with [Co(en)3]3+ 3BArf- or related chromium, rhodium, iridium, and platinum salts. However, high enantioselectivities are achieved when the three en ligands are replaced by the 1,2-diphenyl analogues (S,S)- or (R,R)-H2NCHPhCHPhNH2. Here only one BArf- anion is required to solubilize the trication, so a number of mixed-salt catalysts (2X-BArf-) have been evaluated. Alternatively, a dimethylamino group can be tethered to the backbone of one en ligand, providing bifunctional catalysts that obviate any need for an external base. Interestingly, the counteranions modulate the enantioselectivities somewhat. However, catalysts with chiral anions do not significantly outperform benchmark catalysts with achiral anions. Cagelike chiral hexaaminecobalt(III) complexes known as sepulchrates and sarcophagines, which feature secondary NH donor atoms, can also serve as catalysts, but the enantioselectivities are very low.In a spinoff application, certain salts are found to be superb "chiral solvating agents", leading to distinct sets of NMR signals for enantiomers of chiral analytes with Lewis basic functional groups. Loadings of 10-25 mol % generally suffice, providing the best way of assaying the enantiomeric purities of a host of compounds. Also, mixtures of several chiral compounds can be simultaneously analyzed. It is not surprising that complexes that perform well in chiral recognition phenomena also excel as enantioselective catalysts.In this Account, the stereochemical properties of the preceding complexes are treated, as well as arcana generally known only to specialists in the field. These include the use of charcoal for equilibrating configurations of the cobalt stereocenter and Sephadex for separating enantiomers and diastereomers. Other types of metal-containing hydrogen-bond-donor catalysts are briefly surveyed (noncoordinating NH units can also be effective), including several developed by other groups. However, the mechanisms of enantioselection in all of these transformations remain obscure. The optimum diastereomer and anion set varies from reaction to reaction, suggesting a "phenotypic plasticity" that allows adaption to a variety of processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Wegener
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Connor Q. Kabes
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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Fanourakis A, Docherty PJ, Chuentragool P, Phipps RJ. Recent Developments in Enantioselective Transition Metal Catalysis Featuring Attractive Noncovalent Interactions between Ligand and Substrate. ACS Catal 2020; 10:10672-10714. [PMID: 32983588 PMCID: PMC7507755 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective transition metal catalysis is an area very much at the forefront of contemporary synthetic research. The development of processes that enable the efficient synthesis of enantiopure compounds is of unquestionable importance to chemists working within the many diverse fields of the central science. Traditional approaches to solving this challenge have typically relied on leveraging repulsive steric interactions between chiral ligands and substrates in order to raise the energy of one of the diastereomeric transition states over the other. By contrast, this Review examines an alternative tactic in which a set of attractive noncovalent interactions operating between transition metal ligands and substrates are used to control enantioselectivity. Examples where this creative approach has been successfully applied to render fundamental synthetic processes enantioselective are presented and discussed. In many of the cases examined, the ligand scaffold has been carefully designed to accommodate these attractive interactions, while in others, the importance of the critical interactions was only elucidated in subsequent computational and mechanistic studies. Through an exploration and discussion of recent reports encompassing a wide range of reaction classes, we hope to inspire synthetic chemists to continue to develop asymmetric transformations based on this powerful concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fanourakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Docherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Padon Chuentragool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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A computational study of hydrogen bonding motifs in halide, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, and tetraarylborate salts of chiral cationic ruthenium and cobalt guanidinobenzimidazole hydrogen bond donor catalysts; acceptor properties of the “BArf” anion. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Roque‐Ramires MA, Shen L, Le Lagadec R. Synthesis of Non‐Symmetric Ruthenium(II) POCOP Pincer Complexes and Their Bimetallic Derivatives by π‐Coordination of Arenophile Fragments. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Roque‐Ramires
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | | | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
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Luu QH, Gladysz JA. An Air‐ and Water‐Stable Hydrogen‐Bond‐Donor Catalyst for the Enantioselective Generation of Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Additions of Substituted Cyanoacetate Esters to Acetylenic Esters. Chemistry 2020; 26:10230-10239. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quang H. Luu
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012 College Station Texas 77842-3012 USA
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012 College Station Texas 77842-3012 USA
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Wititsuwannakul T, Mukherjee T, Hall MB, Gladysz JA. Computational Investigations of Enantioselection in Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions of Ruthenium Guanidinobenzimidazole Second Coordination Sphere Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taveechai Wititsuwannakul
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77843-3012, United States
| | - Tathagata Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77843-3012, United States
| | - Michael B. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77843-3012, United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77843-3012, United States
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Maximuck WJ, Ganzmann C, Alvi S, Hooda KR, Gladysz JA. Rendering classical hydrophilic enantiopure Werner salts [M(en) 3] n+nX - lipophilic (M/n = Cr/3, Co/3, Rh/3, Ir/3, Pt/4); new chiral hydrogen bond donor catalysts and enantioselectivities as a function of metal and charge. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3680-3691. [PMID: 32124905 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Known hydrophilic halide salts of the title compounds are converted to new lipophilic BArf- (B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4-) salts. These are isolated as hydrates (Λ- or Δ-[M(en)3]n+nBArf-·zH2O; z = 17-9) and characterized by NMR (acetone-d6) and microanalyses. Thermal stabilities are probed by capillary thermolyses and TGA and DSC measurements (onset of dehydration 71-151 °C). In the presence of tertiary amines, they are effective catalysts for enantioselective Michael type carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen bond forming additions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (acceptors: trans-β-nitrostyrene, di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate, 2-cyclopenten-1-one; average ee = 33%, 52%, 17%). Effects of the metal and charge upon enantioselectivities are analyzed. A number of properties appear to correlate to the NH Brønsted acidity order ([Pt(en)3]4+ > [Cr(en)3]3+ > [Co(en)3]3+ > [Rh(en)3]3+ > [Ir(en)3]3+).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Maximuck
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Carola Ganzmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Scheherzad Alvi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Karan R Hooda
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.
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