1
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Flores-Romero V, LeBlanc J, Chen Z, Lavoie GG. Ti and Zr complexes bearing guanidine-phenolate ligands: coordination chemistry and polymerization studies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25889-25899. [PMID: 39156754 PMCID: PMC11328681 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of group 4 bis(isopropoxide) complexes M[N^O]2(OiPr)2, stabilized by guanidine-phenolate N^O ligands, have been prepared and used as catalysts for the polymerization of unpurified rac-lactide under solvent-free conditions at 130 °C. The resulting polylactic acid (PLA) presented heterotactic bias (P r = 0.56-0.62) with molecular weights similar to those obtained in control experiments with Zr(OiPr)4·iPrOH, Ti(OiPr)4, and Sn(Oct)2. The molecular weights were lower than expected for living polymerization due to chain transfer and/or transesterification. Zr complexes were more active than the Ti homologues, with rate constants ranging from 1.17-3.21 × 10-4 s-1, comparable to that observed with the free guanidine-phenol ligands. The corresponding bis(guanidine-phenolate) titanium dichloride complexes Ti[N^O]2Cl2 were also prepared and tested in ethylene polymerization. The low activity (up to 1.1 kgPE mol-1 h-1) was associated to the strong electron-donating ability of the guanidine moiety and to the trans-N,N-cis-O,O-cis-Cl,Cl coordination mode of the guanidine-phenolate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse LeBlanc
- York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Zichuan Chen
- York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Gino G Lavoie
- York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
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2
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Yolsal U, Shaw PJ, Lowy PA, Chambenahalli R, Garden JA. Exploiting Multimetallic Cooperativity in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters and Ethers. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1050-1074. [PMID: 38269042 PMCID: PMC10804381 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of multimetallic complexes is a rapidly advancing route to enhance catalyst performance in the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and ethers. Multimetallic catalysts often outperform their monometallic analogues in terms of reactivity and/or polymerization control, and these improvements are typically attributed to "multimetallic cooperativity". Yet the origins of multimetallic cooperativity often remain unclear. This review explores the key factors underpinning multimetallic cooperativity, including metal-metal distances, the flexibility, electronics and conformation of the ligand framework, and the coordination environment of the metal centers. Emerging trends are discussed to provide insights into why cooperativity occurs and how to harness cooperativity for the development of highly efficient multimetallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Yolsal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Shaw
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe A. Lowy
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Raju Chambenahalli
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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3
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van der Westhuizen D, Castro AC, Hazari N, Gevorgyan A. Bulky, electron-rich, renewable: analogues of Beller's phosphine for cross-couplings. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:6733-6742. [PMID: 38026730 PMCID: PMC10680433 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy01375h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the conversion of biomass into renewable chemicals, yet the range of value-added products that can be formed from biomass remains relatively small. Herein, we demonstrate that molecules available from biomass serve as viable starting materials for the synthesis of phosphine ligands, which can be used in homogeneous catalysis. Specifically, we prepared renewable analogues of Beller's ligand (di(1-adamantyl)-n-butylphosphine, cataCXium® A), which is widely used in homogeneous catalysis. Our new renewable phosphine ligands facilitate Pd-catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura, Stille, and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions with high yields, and our catalytic results can be rationalized based on the stereoelectronic properties of the ligands. The new phosphine ligands generate catalytic systems that can be applied for the late-stage functionalization of commercial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abril C Castro
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway 9037 Tromsø Norway
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4
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Ruiz Martínez C, Pérez JM, Arrabal-Campos FM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Martínez-Lao JA, Ortuño MA, Fernández I. Lithium anthraquinoids as catalysts in the ROP of lactide and caprolactone into cyclic polymers. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New lithium anthraquinoids 2b–d active in the synthesis of cyclic PLA and cyclic PCL have been synthesized and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Juana M. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Arrabal-Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos IACT, CSIC-UGR, Av. Las Palmeras no. 4, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A. Martínez-Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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5
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Rentero C, Damián J, Medel A, Fernández-Millán M, Rusconi Y, Talarico G, Cuenca T, Sessini V, Mosquera MEG. Ring-Opening Polymerization of L-Lactide Catalyzed by Potassium-Based Complexes: Mechanistic Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152982. [PMID: 35893946 PMCID: PMC9329769 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two non-toxic potassium compounds, 1 and 2, with a commercial oximate ligand have been prepared and fully spectroscopically characterized. Their activity as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) process of LLA has been studied, showing that they are extremely active and able to polymerize the monomer in a few minutes. For derivative 2, the presence of a crown ether in the potassium coordination sphere affects the nuclearity of the compound and consequently its solubility, with both aspects having an influence in the polymerization process. Detailed studies of the polymerization mechanism have been performed, and an unusual anionic mechanism was observed in absence of a co-initiator. Indeed, the monomer deprotonation generates a lactide enolate, which initiates the polymerization propagation. On the contrary, when a 1:1 ratio of cat:BnOH is used, a mixture of mechanisms is observed, the anionic mechanism and the activated monomer one, while from a cat:BnOH ratio of 1:2 and over, only the activated monomer mechanism is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rentero
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Jesús Damián
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Asier Medel
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - María Fernández-Millán
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Yolanda Rusconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Tomás Cuenca
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Valentina Sessini
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (M.E.G.M.)
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (M.E.G.M.)
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6
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Dordahan F, Schaper F. Lactide polymerization using a sterically encumbered, flexible zinc complex. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4-(tert-Butyl)-2-trityl-6-(di-(2-picolyl)amine)phenol, LH, was prepared from paraformaldehyde, 4-(tert-butyl)-2-tritylphenol and di-(2-picolyl)amine. Reaction with Zn(N(SiMe3)2)2 gave LZnN(SiMe3)2. The complex was shown by X-ray diffraction study, variable
temperature NMR and DFT calculations to coordinate only one pyridine ligand, which allows for fast and facile complex isomerisation. LZnN(SiMe3)2 was active in rac-lactide polymerization, but in contrast to previous complexes of this type did not show any evidence for isotactic monomer enchainment via a catalytic-site mediated chain-end control mechanism. Addition of alcohol led to increased activity, but the complex was unstable in the presence of free alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dordahan
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Schaper
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
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7
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Zhou Y, Nichol GS, Garden JA. Lithium Half‐Salen Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Studies as Catalysts for
rac
‐Lactide Ring‐Opening Polymerization. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhou
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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8
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Bhattacharjee J, Sarkar A, Panda TK. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Complexes as Versatile Catalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1898-1911. [PMID: 34197009 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polyesters such as poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been considered for use in several areas, such as drug delivery devices, sutures, tissue engineering, and GBR membranes, due to its bio-renewability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Several synthetic techniques for the preparation of polyesters have been reported in the literature, amongst which the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters is the most efficient. A convenient approach to access iso-selective PLAs is polymerization of racemic lactide (rac-LA), which shows excellent stereoregularity without the need for costly chiral auxiliaries or ligands. In this personal account, we review a series of methods that have been practiced to the synthesis of biodegradable polyesters from various cyclic monomers using alkali and alkaline earth metal complexes as efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Alok Sarkar
- Momentive Performance Materials Pvt. Ltd., Survey No. 09, Hosur Road, Electronic City (west), Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Tarun K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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9
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkali-Metal Mediation: Diversity of Applications in Main-Group Organometallic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9247-9262. [PMID: 33017511 PMCID: PMC8247348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds have been at the forefront of synthetic chemistry for over a century, as they mediate the synthesis of myriads of compounds that are utilised worldwide in academic and industrial settings. For that reason, lithium has always been the most important alkali metal in organometallic chemistry. Today, that importance is being seriously challenged by sodium and potassium, as the alkali-metal mediation of organic reactions in general has started branching off in several new directions. Recent examples covering main-group homogeneous catalysis, stoichiometric organic synthesis, low-valent main-group metal chemistry, polymerization, and green chemistry are showcased in this Review. Since alkali-metal compounds are often not the end products of these applications, their roles are rarely given top billing. Thus, this Review has been written to alert the community to this rising unifying phenomenon of "alkali-metal mediation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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10
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Tian F, Shen N, Huang K, Chen S, Chen Q, He M. Construction of Alkali‐metal‐based Imidazolecarboxylate Coordination Polymers as Efficient Catalysts for Solvent‐free Ring‐opening polymerization of
ϵ
‐Caprolactone. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Nan Shen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| | - Kun‐Lin Huang
- College of Chemistry Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Chun Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| | - Qun Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| | - Ming‐Yang He
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
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11
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Liu N, Liu D, Liu B, Zhang H, Cui D. Stereoselective polymerization of rac-lactide catalyzed by zwitterionic calcium complexes. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01397h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two zwitterionic calcium complexes L1CaN(SiMe3)2(THF) (1) and L2CaN(SiMe3)2 (2) via protolysis reaction were synthesized. At −75 °C, 1 gave a heterotactic sequence enriched polylactide, whilst 2 produced an isotactic sequence enriched polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Scattered Elements
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Doudou Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Changchun
- China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Changchun
- China
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12
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Martínez CR, Pérez JM, Arrabal-Campos FM, Batuecas M, Ortuño MA, Fernández I. Cyclic polylactide synthesis initiated by a lithium anthraquinoid: understanding the selectivity through DFT and diffusion NMR. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present herein the application of a lithium anthraquinoid in the catalytic synthesis of cyclic PLA, showing that the aggregation plays a critical role in cyclic vs. linear selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | - Juana M. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | | | - María Batuecas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
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13
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkalimetall‐Mediatoren: Vielfältige Anwendungen in der metallorganischen Chemie der Hauptgruppenelemente. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
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