1
|
Cao VD, Joung S. Synthesis and utility of N-boryl and N-silyl enamines derived from the hydroboration and hydrosilylation of N-heteroarenes and N-conjugated compounds. Front Chem 2024; 12:1414328. [PMID: 38911995 PMCID: PMC11190178 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1414328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalytic hydroboration and hydrosilylation have emerged as promising strategies for the reduction of unsaturated hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds, as well as for the dearomatization of N-heteroarenes. Various catalysts have been employed in these processes to achieve the formation of reduced products via distinct reaction pathways and intermediates. Among these intermediates, N-silyl enamines and N-boryl enamines, which are derived from hydrosilylation and hydroboration, are commonly underestimated in this reduction process. Because these versatile intermediates have recently been utilized in situ as nucleophilic reagents or dipolarophiles for the synthesis of diverse molecules, an expeditious review of the synthesis and utilization of N-silyl and N-boryl enamines is crucial. In this review, we comprehensively discuss a wide range of hydrosilylation and hydroboration catalysts used for the synthesis of N-silyl and N-boryl enamines. These catalysts include main-group metals (e.g., Mg and Zn), transition metals (e.g., Rh, Ru, and Ir), earth-abundant metals (e.g., Fe, Co, and Ni), and non-metal catalysts (including P, B, and organocatalysts). Furthermore, we highlight recent research efforts that have leveraged these versatile intermediates for the synthesis of intriguing molecules, offering insights into future directions for these invaluable building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seewon Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su X, Wang Y, Feng Q, Sun J. Heterodifunctionalization of Electron-Rich Alkynes Catalyzed by in Situ Generated Silylium Ions. Org Lett 2024; 26:421-426. [PMID: 38166166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Silylium ions are versatile Lewis acids in organic synthesis. While they have been well-known for the activation of σ donors, catalysis initiated by the activation of π donors remains underdeveloped, particularly for alkynes. Herein, we demonstrate an example of silylium-catalyzed alkyne heterodifunctionalization. The silylium ion generated in situ from HNTf2 and the silyl reagent serve as superior catalysts in the efficient silylphosphination and silylcyanation of electron-rich alkynes with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. The compatibility of this protocol with strongly coordinating ligands (Ph2P and CN) not only complements the metal-catalyzed systems but also expands the scope of silylium-catalyzed reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Su
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Greßies S, Süße L, Casselman T, Stoltz BM. Tandem Dearomatization/Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation of Pyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11907-11913. [PMID: 37212659 PMCID: PMC10251512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a multistep one-pot reaction of substituted pyridines leading to N-protected tetrahydropyridines with outstanding enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). An iridium(I)-catalyzed dearomative 1,2-hydrosilylation of pyridines enables the use of N-silyl enamines as a new type of nucleophile in a subsequent palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation. This telescoped process overcomes the intrinsic nucleophilic selectivity of pyridines to synthesize enantioenriched, C-3-substituted tetrahydropyridine products that have been otherwise challenging to access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Greßies
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lars Süße
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tyler Casselman
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger
Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu MM, Xu Y, He C. Catalytic Asymmetric Dehydrogenative Si-H/N-H Coupling: Synthesis of Silicon-Stereogenic Silazanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11727-11734. [PMID: 37204933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing progress in the construction of silazanes, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silazanes is significantly less explored and remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we report a highly enantioselective synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silazanes via catalytic dehydrogenative coupling of dihydrosilanes with anilines. The reaction readily produces a wide range of chiral silazanes and bis-silazanes in excellent yields and stereoselectivities (up to 99% ee). Further utility of this process is demonstrated by the construction of polycarbosilazanes featuring configurational main chain silicon-stereogenic chirality. In addition, the straightforward transformation of the enantioenriched silazanes delivers various chiral silane compounds in a stereospecific fashion, illustrating their potential utilities as synthons for the synthesis of novel silicon-containing functional molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yankun Xu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma X, Mane MV, Cavallo L, Nolan SP. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2‐Hydrosilylation of N‐Heteroarenes. European J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Manoj V. Mane
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus Kanakapura, Bangalore Karnataka 562112 India
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bories CC, Gontard G, Barbazanges M, Derat E, Petit M. Hydrido-Cobalt Complexes for the Chemo- and Regioselective 1,2-Silylative Dearomatization of N-Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:843-848. [PMID: 36688841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe an efficient regio- and chemoselective dearomatization of N-heteroarenes using hydrido-cobalt catalysts. Reactions were performed under mild conditions on a wide range of N-heteroarenes leading exclusively to the silyl-1,2-dihydroheteroarene. Various quinolines and pyridines bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents are compatible with this methodology. DFT calculations, NMR spectroscopic studies, and X-ray diffraction analysis underlined the importance of a second silane for the final step of the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre C Bories
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Gontard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Barbazanges
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Derat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Petit
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang G, Wei M, Liu T, Jin W, Zhang Y, Wang B, Xia Y, Liu C. Palladium‐catalyzed Stereoselective Intramolecular Heck Dearomative Silylation of Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiwei Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences CHINA
| | | | | | - Yu Xia
- Xinjiang University CHINA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Behera D, Thiyagarajan S, Anjalikrishna PK, Suresh CH, Gunanathan C. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2-Hydrosilylation of N-Heteroarenes and Tetrel Bonding Mechanism. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Behera
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Subramanian Thiyagarajan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Puthannur K. Anjalikrishna
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chidambaram Gunanathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar G, Roy S, Chatterjee I. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane catalyzed C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1230-1267. [PMID: 33481983 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of boron based Lewis acids have been reported to date, but among them, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) has gained the most significant attention in the synthetic chemistry community. The viability of BCF as a potential Lewis acid catalyst has been vastly explored in organic and materials chemistry due to its thermal stability and commercial availability. Most explorations of BCF chemistry in organic synthesis has occurred in the last two decades and many new catalytic reactivities are currently under investigation. This review mainly focuses on recent reports from 2018 onwards and provides a concise knowledge to the readers about the role of BCF in metal-free catalysis. The review has mainly been categorized by different types of organic transformation mediated through BCF catalysis for the C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|