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Kleinheider J, Schrimpf T, Scheel R, Mairath T, Hermann A, Knepper K, Strohmann C. Tuning Reactivities of tert-Butyllithium by the Addition of Stoichiometric Amounts of Tetrahydrofuran. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304226. [PMID: 38189898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In alkyllithium chemistry the highest reactivity has historically been linked to the smallest degree of aggregation possible. Since tert-butyllithium is known to form a monomer in tetrahydrofuran solution, using just stoichiometric amounts of the lewis base to selectively form a dimeric species seemed irrational. In this study, we showed a considerable increase of the reactivity of t-BuLi when using stoichiometric amounts of THF in the non-polar solvent n-pentane in order to enable the deprotonation of simple methyl silanes and other low C-H-acidic substrates. In this context, we were able to obtain the corresponding aggregates of t-BuLi with the ligand THF in suspension and as crystalline solids and investigate them by single crystal X-ray structural analysis, in situ FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Furthermore, we were able to explain the enhanced reactivity of t-BuLi with stoichiometric amounts of THF on the basis of structural features of the bridged dimer obtained under these conditions. With these findings, we present a new target in the aggregation of alkyllithium reagents: the selectively formed "frustrated" aggregates!
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kleinheider
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Schrimpf
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scheel
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tristan Mairath
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kathrin Knepper
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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2
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Vrána J, Růžičková Z, Růžička A, Dostál L. Synthesis and reactivity of alkali metal aluminates bearing bis(organoamido)phosphane ligand. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12623-12631. [PMID: 37610275 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01859h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a group of alkali metal aluminates bearing bis(organoamido)phosphane ligand. The starting complex {[PhP(NtBu)2]AlMe2}Li·OEt2 (1) was prepared by stepwise deprotonation of the parent PhP(NHtBu)2 by nBuLi and AlMe3. Further derivatization of aluminate 1 was performed by the virtual substitution of lithium -{[PhP(NtBu)2]AlMe2}K (2), methyl substituents - {[PhP(NtBu)2]AlH2}Li·THF (3), modification of steric bulk and induction effects on the phosphorus atom - {[tBuP(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)2]AlMe2}Li·(OEt2)2 (4), and phosphorus atom oxidation state {[Ph(Y)P(NtBu)2]AlMe2}Li (Y = O (5), S (6), Se (7), Te (8)). The structure causing non-covalent interactions in 1-4 were evaluated with the help of theoretical calculations and topological analysis ranging from π-electron system-metal to agostic interactions of various types. The further reactions of 1 with various nucleophiles were found to be a versatile tool for the preparation of iminophosphonamides via the formation of P-E bond (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, and C) and followed by P(III) → P(V) tautomeric shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vrána
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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3
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Bauer JO. Influence of Amino Functions on the Coordination Ability of Silyl Ethers and Disiloxanes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
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4
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Waters JE, Hanf S, Rincón-Nocito M, Bond AD, García-Rodríguez R, Wright DS, Colebatch AL. Synthesis and coordination behaviour of aluminate-based quinolyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14551-14559. [PMID: 34698325 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02438h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of moving the donor N-atom from the 2-position in lithium (2-pyridyl)- and (2-quinolyl)aluminates to the more remote position in (8-quinolyl)aluminates have been investigated by solid-state structural and DFT computational studies of the new complexes [{EtAl(2-qy)3}Li(μ-X)Li(THF)3] (X = Cl/Br 62 : 38) [(1)Li(μ-X)Li(THF)3], [{(EtAl(2-qy)3)Li}2(μ-Br)]-Li(THF)4+ [{1Li}2(μ-Br)]-Li(THF)4+, [{EtAl(2-Me-8-qy)3}Li] [(2)Li], [{Me2Al(2-Me-8-qy)2}Li(THF)] [(3a)Li(THF)], [{Me2Al(6-Me-2-py)2}Li(THF)2] [(4)Li(THF)2] and [{{EtAl(2-Me-8-qy)2}2O}(Li2THF)] (5). Increasing the remoteness of the donor N-atom from the bridgehead results in large differences in the coordination of the Li+ cations by the (8-quinolyl)aluminate anions compared to 2-quinolyl or 2-pyridyl counterparts. The results are of potential interest in understanding how the coordination sites of ligands of this type can be tuned for the coordination requirements of specific metal centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Waters
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Schirin Hanf
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Marina Rincón-Nocito
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Raul García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química, Inorgunica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Annie L Colebatch
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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5
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Achternbosch M, Zibula L, Kirchhoff JL, Bauer JO, Strohmann C. Primary Amine Functionalization of Alkoxysilanes: Synthesis, Selectivity, and Mechanistic Insights. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11562-11568. [PMID: 34240858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a highly selective substitution of silicon-bound methoxy groups by primary lithium amides. This unusual reactivity is possible because of the formation of particularly stable lithium methoxide, which compensates for the decreased Si-N bond enthalpy compared to Si-O bonds. In contrast to substitution reactions on halosilanes, highly selective monosubstitutions under mild conditions are possible, even in the presence of further reactive methoxy groups. A combination of experiments and density functional theory calculations was carried out in order to get an extensive understanding of the reaction. The calculations reveal a possible reaction mechanism with considerably low activation barriers and the entry of the nucleophile to be the rate-determining step. The low activation energies allow for the substitutions to be carried out at low temperatures, therefore preventing side reactions from occurring. The presented investigations expand the view of fundamental transformation processes on silicon and give access to a wide variety of functionalized silicon-based building blocks for various fields of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Achternbosch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lukas Zibula
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan-Lukas Kirchhoff
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonathan O Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
C23H28OSi, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.2882(11) Å, b = 17.8169(10) Å, c = 7.6201(6) Å, β = 103.780(8)°, V = 1884.0(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0538, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.1241, T = 173(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
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7
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Bauer JO, Espinosa‐Jalapa NA, Fontana N, Götz T, Falk A. Functional Group Variation in
tert
‐Butyldiphenylsilanes (TBDPS): Syntheses, Reactivities, and Effects on the Intermolecular Interaction Pattern in the Molecular Crystalline State. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Noel Angel Espinosa‐Jalapa
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Nicolò Fontana
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias Götz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexander Falk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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Bauer JO. Crystal Structure and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of Trimethoxy(1‐naphthyl)silane – Intermolecular Interactions in a One‐Component Single‐Crystalline Trimethoxysilane. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 D-93053 Regensburg Germany
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