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Bresciani G, Ciancaleoni G, Zacchini S, Biancalana L, Pampaloni G, Funaioli T, Marchetti F. Mixed valence triiron complexes from the conjugation of [Fe IFe I] and [Fe II] complexes via intermolecular carbyne/alkyne coupling. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4299-4313. [PMID: 38345429 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00079j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
We present a new synthetic strategy for obtaining mixed-valence triiron complexes where the metal centers are bridged by a novel, highly functionalized hydrocarbyl ligand. The alkynyl-vinyliminium complexes [Fe2Cp2(CO)(μ-CO){μ-η1:η3-C(X-CCH)CHCNMe2}]CF3SO3 (X = 4-C6H4, [2a1]CF3SO3; X = (CH2)3, [2a2]CF3SO3) were synthesized in almost quantitative yields from the aminocarbyne precursor [Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO){μ-CNMe2}]CF3SO3, [1a]CF3SO3, and the di-alkynes HCC-X-CCH. Then, the ferracycle [Fe(Cp)(CO){C(NMe2)CHC(4-C6H4CCH)C(O)}], 4a1, was produced in 47% yield from the cleavage of [2a1]CF3SO3 promoted by pyrrolidine. Subsequent reactions of the acetonitrile adducts [Fe2Cp2(CO)(μ-CO)(NCMe){μ-CNMe(R)}]CF3SO3 (R = Me, [1aACN]CF3SO3; R = Xyl, [1bACN]CF3SO3) ([FeIFeI]) with 4a1 ([FeII]) at room temperature resulted in the formation of [FeIFeIFeII] complexes [Fe2Cp2(CO)(μ-CO){μ-η1:η3-C(X-CCHC(NMe2)FeCp(CO)CO)CHCNMe(R)}]CF3SO3 (R = Me, [5a1]CF3SO3; R = Xyl, [5b1]CF3SO3) in yields ranging from 56% to 64%. The new products were characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and the structures of [2a2]CF3SO3 and 4a1 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical studies on [5a1]+ have revealed that reduction and oxidation events occur almost independently at the [FeIFeI] and [FeII] units, respectively. This observation underscores a minimal electronic interaction between the two fragments within the triiron complex. Accordingly, DFT studies pointed out that the HOMO and LUMO orbitals are predominantly localized in the two distinct compartments of [5a1]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRCC, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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Bresciani G, Cervinka J, Kostrhunova H, Biancalana L, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Novohradsky V, Brabec V, Marchetti F, Kasparkova J. N-Indolyl diiron vinyliminium complexes exhibit antiproliferative effects in cancer cells associated with disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, ROS scavenging, and antioxidant activity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110742. [PMID: 37802407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The indole scaffold has been established as a key organic moiety for developing new drugs; on the other hand, a range of diiron bis-cyclopentadienyl complexes have recently emerged for their promising anticancer potential. Here, we report the synthesis of novel diiron complexes with an indole-functionalized vinyliminium ligand (2-5) and an indole-lacking analogue for comparative purposes (6), which were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Complexes 2-6 are substantially stable in DMSO‑d6 and DMEM-d solutions at 37 °C (8% average degradation after 48 h) and display a balanced hydrophilic/lipophilic behaviour (LogPow values in the range -0.32 to 0.47), associated with appreciable water solubility. The complexes display selective antiproliferative potency towards several cancer cells in monolayer cultures, mainly in the low micromolar range, with reduced toxicity towards noncancerous epithelial cells. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the complexes is comparable to or better than clinically used metallopharmaceutical cisplatin. Comparing the antiproliferative activity obtained for complexes containing different ligands, we confirmed the importance of the indolyl group in the mechanism of antiproliferative activity of these complexes. Cell-based mechanistic studies suggest that the investigated diiron vinyliminium complexes (DVCs) show cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects and subsequently induce a population of cells to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of action involves interactions with mitochondrial DNA and proteins, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging properties and antioxidant activity of these complexes in cancer cells. This study highlights the importance of DVCs to their cancer cell activity and reinforces their prospective therapeutic potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jakub Cervinka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Via Torino 155, I-30175, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biophysics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Bresciani G, Boni S, Funaioli T, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Busto N, Biver T, Marchetti F. Adding Diversity to a Diruthenium Biscyclopentadienyl Scaffold via Alkyne Incorporation: Synthesis and Biological Studies. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12453-12467. [PMID: 37478132 PMCID: PMC10410612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and the assessment of the anticancer potential of two series of diruthenium biscyclopentadienyl carbonyl complexes. Novel dimetallacyclopentenone compounds (2-4) were obtained (45-92% yields) from the thermal reaction (PhCCPh exchange) of [Ru2Cp2(CO)(μ-CO){μ-η1:η3-C(Ph)═C(Ph)C(═O)}], 1, with alkynes HCCR [R = C5H4FeCp (Fc), 3-C6H4(Asp), 2-naphthyl; Cp = η5-C5H5, Asp = OC(O)-2-C6H4C(O)Me]. Protonation of 1-3 by HBF4 afforded the corresponding μ-alkenyl derivatives 5-7, in 40-86% yields. All products were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy; moreover, cyclic voltammetry (1, 2, 5, 7) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (5, 7) analyses were performed on representative compounds. Complexes 5-7 revealed a cytotoxic activity comparable to that of cisplatin in A549 (lung adenocarcinoma), SW480 (colon adenocarcinoma), and ovarian (A2780) cancer cell lines, and 2, 5, 6, and 7 overcame cisplatin resistance in A2780cis cells. Complexes 2, 5, and 7 (but not the aspirin derivative 6) induced an increase in intracellular ROS levels. Otherwise, 6 strongly stabilizes and elongates natural DNA (from calf thymus, CT-DNA), suggesting a possible intercalation binding mode, whereas 5 is less effective in binding CT-DNA, and 7 is ineffective. This trend is reversed concerning RNA, and in particular, 7 is able to bind poly(rA)poly(rU) showing selectivity for this nucleic acid. Complexes 5-7 can interact with the albumin protein with a thermodynamic signature dominated by hydrophobic interactions. Overall, we show that organometallic species based on the Ru2Cp2(CO)x scaffold (x = 2, 3) are active against cancer cells, with different incorporated fragments influencing the interactions with nucleic acids and the production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University
of Pisa, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Boni
- University
of Pisa, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- University
of Pisa, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- University
of Bologna, Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University
of Pisa, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Natalia Busto
- University
of Burgos, Departamento de
Química, Plaza
Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tarita Biver
- University
of Pisa, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University
of Pisa, Dipartimento di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Wang Y, Pigeon P, Li W, Yan J, Dansette PM, Othman M, McGlinchey MJ, Jaouen G. Diversity-oriented synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of N-substituted ferrocifen compounds as novel antiproliferative agents against TNBC cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schoch S, Iacopini D, Dalla Pozza M, Di Pietro S, Degano I, Gasser G, Di Bussolo V, Marchetti F. Tethering Carbohydrates to the Vinyliminium Ligand of Antiproliferative Organometallic Diiron Complexes. Organometallics 2022; 41:514-526. [PMID: 35308582 PMCID: PMC8924928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schoch
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dalila Iacopini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Dalla Pozza
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Schoch S, Braccini S, Biancalana L, Pratesi A, Funaioli T, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Chiellini F, Marchetti F. When ferrocene and diiron organometallics meet: triiron vinyliminium complexes exhibit strong cytotoxicity and cancer cell selectivity. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Robust and versatile cationic triiron complexes, obtained from the assembly of ferrocenyl with a di-organoiron structure, display an outstanding cytotoxicity profile, which may be related to redox processes provided by the two metallic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schoch
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Braccini
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Braccini S, Rizzi G, Biancalana L, Pratesi A, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Chiellini F, Marchetti F. Anticancer Diiron Vinyliminium Complexes: A Structure-Activity Relationship Study. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1158. [PMID: 34452119 PMCID: PMC8398472 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 16 novel diiron complexes of general formula [Fe2Cp2(CO)(μ-CO){μ-η1:η3-C(R')C(R″)CN(R)(Y)}]CF3SO3 (2-7), bearing different substituents on the bridging vinyliminium ligand, was synthesized in 69-95% yields from the reactions of diiron μ-aminocarbyne precursors with various alkynes. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy; moreover the X-ray structures of 2c (R = Y = CH2Ph, R' = R″ = Me) and 3a (R = CH2CH=CH2, Y = R' = Me, R″ = H) were ascertained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. NMR and UV-Vis methods were used to assess the D2O solubility, the stability in aqueous solution at 37 °C and the octanol-water partition coefficients of the complexes. A screening study evidenced a potent cytotoxicity of 2-7 against the A2780 cancer cell line, with a remarkable selectivity compared to the nontumoral Balb/3T3 cell line; complex 4c (R = Cy, Y = R' = R″ = Me) revealed as the most performant of the series. The antiproliferative activity of a selection of complexes was also assessed on the cisplatin-resistant A2780cisR cancer cell line, and these complexes were capable of inducing a significant ROS production. Moreover, ESI-MS experiments indicated the absence of interaction of selected complexes with cytochrome c and the potentiality to inhibit the thioredoxin reductase enzyme (TrxR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Braccini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Giorgia Rizzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
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